{{Short description|Method of fishing with a net}} {{Other uses|Seine (disambiguation)}} {{multiple image | align = right | width = 220 | direction = vertical | image1 = Seining for wild fish.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Seining for fish in a river. | image2 = Seine (PSF).png | alt2 = | caption2 = An illustration of a basic seine net. }}
'''Seine fishing''' (or '''seine-haul fishing'''; {{IPAc-en|s|eɪ|n}} {{respell|SAYN|'}}) is a method of [[fishing]] that employs a [[surrounding net]], called a seine, that hangs vertically in the water with its bottom edge held down by weights and its top edge buoyed by floats. Seine nets can be deployed from the shore as a beach seine, or from a boat.
Boats deploying seine nets are known as [[Fishing vessel#Seiners|seiners]]. Two main types of seine net are deployed from seiners: ''purse seines'' and ''Danish seines''. A seine differs from a [[Gillnetting|gillnet]], in that a seine encloses fish, where a gillnet directly snares fish.
==Etymology== The word ''seine'' has its origins in the [[Old English]] ''segne'',<ref>[[Etymonline]] https://www.etymonline.com/word/seine#etymonline_v_23124</ref> which entered the language via [[Latin]] ''sagena'', from the original {{langx|el|σαγήνη}} {{transl|el|sagēnē}} (a drag-net).<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (1926) 13th edition, volume 23, p. 587.</ref>
==History== Seines have been used widely in the past, including by [[Stone Age]] societies. For example, the [[Māori people|Māori]] used large canoes to deploy seine nets which could be over a kilometer long. The nets were woven from green flax, with stone weights and light wood or gourd floats, and could require hundreds of men to haul.<ref>Meredith, Paul [http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-hi-ika-maori-fishing/2 "Te hī ika – Māori fishing"] ''Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand''. Updated 2 March 2009.</ref>
[[File:Fishermen horse seining for salmon on the Columbia River, nd (COBB 99).jpeg|thumb|Haul seining with horses on the [[Columbia River]]]] Native Americans on the [[Columbia River]] wove seine nets from spruce root fibers or wild grass, again using stones as weights. For floats they used sticks made of cedar which moved in a way which frightened the fish and helped keep them together.<ref name=Smith>Smith, Courtland L [http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/seine_fishing/ Seine fishing] ''Oregon Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref>
[[Arrian]]'s description of [[Alexander the Great]]'s expedition on the [[Makran]] coast in 325 B.C. includes a detailed description of seine fishing by a tribe known as the Ichthyophagi (''Fish-eaters'').<ref>{{cite book | author=Arrian | last2=Hammond | first2=Martin | last3=Atkinson | first3=John | author4=Arrian | author5=Arrian | title=Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=2013 | isbn=978-0-19-958724-7 | oclc=806014733| page=324-325| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hdHI2Gd0HwC&q=fish}}</ref>
Seine nets are also well documented in [[History of the Mediterranean region|ancient cultures in the Mediterranean region]]. They appear in [[Art of ancient Egypt|Egyptian tomb paintings]] from 3000 BCE. In ancient Roman literature, the poet [[Ovid]] makes many references to seine nets, including the use of cork [[Fishing net#Floats|floats]] and lead weights.<ref>Radcliffe W (1926) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118679# ''Fishing from the Earliest Times''] John Murray, London.</ref><ref name=Johnson1999>Johnson WM and Lavigne DM (1999) [http://www.monachus-guardian.org/library/mededelingen35_2008a.pdf ''Monk Seals in Antiquity'']{{dead link|date=December 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Fisheries, pp. 48–54. Netherlands Commission for International Nature Protection.</ref><ref>Gilroy, Clinton G (1845) [http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/clinton-g-gilroy/the-history-of-silk-cotton-linen-wool-and-other-fibrous-substances-includin-rli/page-44-the-history-of-silk-cotton-linen-wool-and-other-fibrous-substances-includin-rli.shtml "The history of silk, cotton, linen, wool, and other fibrous substances: including observations on spinning, dyeing and weaving"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081023/http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/clinton-g-gilroy/the-history-of-silk-cotton-linen-wool-and-other-fibrous-substances-includin-rli/page-44-the-history-of-silk-cotton-linen-wool-and-other-fibrous-substances-includin-rli.shtml |date=1 December 2017 }} pp. 455–464. Harper & Brothers, Harvard University.</ref>
== Beach seine == [[File:Seining for fish, 1991.jpg|right|thumb|Seining at the Atlantic Ocean beach, St. Simons, Georgia, US, 1991]] The beach seine is employed by anchoring a section of netting on the shoreline, then dragging the net into the water and surrounding the fish, before pulling it ashore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO/FIIT Gear Type Fact-Sheet : Beach seines |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/CDrom/ARTFIMED/ArtFiWeb/descript/Gear/geartype/gt202.htm |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Several countries have prohibited the use of the seines; [[Kenya]] outlawed the use of beach seines in 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Signa |first=Davide |date=June 2008 |title=SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF BEACH SEINING IN KENYA |url=https://aquadocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/6834/ktf0261.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref>
==Purse seine== {{multiple image | align = right | width = 220 | direction = vertical | image1 = Salmon purse seining.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Fish swimming near the surface are surrounded by a wall of netting supported by floats. | image2 = Salmon purse seining drawing 1.png | alt2 = | caption2 = The net is drawn or "pursed" so it is closed at the bottom as well. }}
[[File:Ring netter boat 2 by Kernow Skies.jpg|thumb|250px|Ring netter operating in Mount's Bay, Cornwall]] A common type of seine is a purse seine, named such because along the bottom are a number of rings. A line (referred to as a purse-line) passes through all the rings, and when pulled, draws the rings close to one another, preventing the fish from "sounding", or swimming down to escape the net. This operation is similar to a traditional style purse, which has a drawstring. The purse seine is a preferred technique for capturing fish species which [[Shoaling and schooling|school]], or aggregate, close to the surface: [[sardine]]s, [[mackerel]], [[anchovies]], [[herring]], and certain species of [[tuna]] (schooling); and [[salmon]] soon before they swim up rivers and streams to spawn (aggregation). Boats equipped with purse seines are called [[Factory ship#Purse seiner|purse seiners]].
[[File:Purse seining boat, location unknown, nd (COBB 314).jpeg|thumb|Purse seiner on the U.S. Pacific Coast]] Purse seines are ranked by experts as one of the most [[Sustainable fishery|sustainable commercial fishing]] methods when compared with other options.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chuenpagdee |first=Ratana |date=1 December 2003 |title=Shifting gears: assessing collateral impacts of fishing methods in US waters |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/1540-9295%282003%29001%5B0517%3ASGACIO%5D2.0.CO%3B2?sid=vendor%3Adatabase |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|volume=1 |issue=10 |page=517 |doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0517:SGACIO]2.0.CO;2 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Purse seine fishing can result in smaller amounts of by-catch (unintentionally caught fish), especially when used to catch large species of fish (like herring or mackerel) that [[Shoaling and schooling|shoal]] tightly together.<ref name = "gp">[http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/oceans/purse-seining-when-fishing-methods-go-bad-20100518 Purse-seining: when fishing methods go bad], Greenpeace, 18 May 2010</ref> When used to catch fish that shoal together with other species, or when used in parallel with [[fish aggregating device]]s, the percentage of by-catch greatly increases.<ref name = "gp" />
Use of purse seines is regulated in many countries; in [[Sri Lanka]], for example, using this type of net within {{convert|7|km|nmi mi}} of the shore is illegal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka fisheries authorities and navy to act against local fishermen using illegal fishing methods|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_13B/Oct21_1382334068JV.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060302/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_13B/Oct21_1382334068JV.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 October 2013|newspaper=Colombopage|date=21 Oct 2013}}</ref> However, they can be used in the deep sea, after obtaining permission from authorities. Purse seine fishing can have negative impacts on fish stocks because it can involve the bycatch of non-target species and it can put too much pressure on fish stocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/oceans/purse-seining-when-fishing-methods-go-bad-20100518|title=Overfishing - emptying our seas - Greenpeace UK|website=greenpeace.org.uk|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref>
{{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = center | image1 = Purse seine illustration, Historic American Engineering Record.png | width1 = 110 | alt1 = | caption1 = Purse seine boat encircling a school of fish | image2 = Chilean purse seine.jpg | width2 = 191 | alt2 = | caption2 = A [[Shoaling and schooling|school]] of about 400 tons of [[jack mackerel]] encircled by a Chilean purse seiner }}
{{clear}}
===Power block=== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = center | image1 = Salmon seiner drumming in the net.jpg | width1 = 250 | alt1 = | caption1 = Salmon seiner with [[power block]] 1967 | image2 = Hauling net with power block on salmon purse seiner.jpg | width2 = 152 | alt2 = | caption2 = Closeup of the power block }}
The power block is a mechanized pulley used on some seiners to haul in the nets. According to the UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], no single invention has contributed more to the effectiveness of purse seine net hauling than the power block.<ref name="FAO">[[FAO]] [http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=equipment&xml=powerblock.xml Fishing Equipment: Power block] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026080330/http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=equipment&xml=powerblock.xml |date=26 October 2007 }}</ref>
The [[Puretic power block]] line was introduced in the 1950s and was the key factor in the mechanization of purse seining. The combination of these blocks with advances in fluid hydraulics and the new large synthetic nets changed the character of purse seine fishing. The original Puretic power block was driven by an endless rope from the warping head of a winch. Nowadays, power blocks are usually driven by hydraulic pumps powered by the main or auxiliary engine. Their rpm, pull and direction can be controlled remotely.<ref name="FAO"/>
A minimum of three people are required for power block seining; the skipper, skiff operator, and corkline stacker. In many operations a fourth person stacks the leadline, and often a fifth person stacks the web.
{{clear}}
===Drum=== [[File:Drum net seiner.jpg|thumb|right|Drum net seiner in [[Johnstone Strait]], British Columbia]]
In certain parts of the western United States as well as Canada, specifically on the coast of British Columbia, drum seining is a method of seine fishing which was adopted in the late 1950s and is used exclusively in that region.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060504005813/http://archive.seattlepressonline.com/article-1093.html A Paean to Purse Seiners and Seafood Fest]}} ''Seattle Press Online'', 15 July 1999.</ref>
The drum seine uses a horizontally mounted drum to haul and store the net instead of a power block. The net is pulled in over a roller, which spans the stern, and then passes through a spooling gear with upright rollers. The spooling gear is moved from side to side across the stern which allows the net to be guided and wound tightly on the drum.<ref>[[FAO]]: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/fishtech/1004/en Fishing Techniques: Drum seining] Rome. Retrieved 22 December 2009.</ref>
There are several advantages to the drum seine over the power block. The net can be hauled very quickly - at more than twice the speed of using a power block, the net does not require overhead handling, and the process is therefore safer. The most important advantage is that the drum system can be operated with fewer deckhands. However, it is illegal to use a seine drum in the state of [[Alaska]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/346/1286/1879084/|title = Glenovich v. Noerenberg, 346 F. Supp. 1286 (D. Alaska 1972)}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Danish seine== {{unreferenced section | date = March 2024}} A Danish seine, also occasionally called an anchor seine, consists of a conical net with two long wings with a bag where the fish collect. Drag lines extend from the wings, and are long so they can surround an area.
A Danish seine is similar to a small [[trawling|trawl]] net, but the wire warps are much longer and there are no otter boards. The seine boat drags the warps and the net in a circle around the fish. The motion of the warps herds the fish into the central net.
Danish seiner vessels are usually larger than purse seiners, though they are often accompanied by a smaller vessel. The drag lines are often stored on drums or coiled onto the deck by a coiling machine. A brightly coloured buoy, anchored as a "marker", serves as a fixed point when hauling the seine. A power block, usually mounted on a boom or a slewing deck crane, hauls the seine net.
Danish seining works best on [[demersal fish]] which are either scattered on or close to the bottom of the sea, or are aggregated ([[Shoaling and schooling|schooling]]). They are used when there are flat but rough seabeds which are not trawlable. It is especially useful in northern regions, but not much in tropical to sub-tropical areas.
The net is deployed, with one end attached to an anchored dan (marker) buoy, by the main vessel, the [[Fishing vessel#Seiners|seiner]], or by a smaller auxiliary boat. A drag line is paid out, followed by a net wing. As the seiner sweeps in a big circle returning to the buoy, the deployment continues with the seine bag and the remaining wing, finishing with the remaining drag line. In this way a large area can be surrounded. Next the drag lines are hauled in using rope-coiling machines until the catch bag can be secured.
The seine netting method developed in Denmark. Scottish seining ("fly dragging") was a later modification. The original procedure is much the same as fly dragging except for the use of an anchored marker buoy when hauling, and closing the net and warps and net by winch.
==Other images== {| |- ! |- | {{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | header = Purse seining | header_align = center | image1 = French tuna purse seiner.jpg | width1 = 215 | alt1 = | caption1 = Modern French tuna purse seiner using a power block. The helicopter is used to search for tuna schools. | image2 = Skiff tuna purser.jpg | width2 = 262 | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Skiff]] tuna purser | image3 = Seine skiff setting the net.jpg | width3 = 114 | alt3 = | caption3 = Seine skiff setting the net | image4 = Brailing salmon.jpg | width4 = 98 | alt4 = | caption4 = Brailing the salmon on board }}
{{clear}}
{{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | header = Seining in the past | header_align = center | image1 = Verbena (ship).jpg | width1 = 220 | alt1 = | caption1 = Early steam seine netter | image2 = Seining salmon.jpg | width2 = 220 | alt2 = | caption2 = Manually seining salmon on [[Columbia River]], Oregon, 1914 | image3 = Hauling in beach seine using horse teams.jpg | width3 = 250 | alt3 = | caption3 = Hauling in a beach seine using horse teams 1938 | image4 = RV John R. Manning (FWS 1002) purse-seining.JPG | width4 = 250 | alt4 = | caption4 = [[R/V John R. Manning (FWS 1002)|R/V ''John R. Manning'']] starting a purse seine set in the tropical [[Pacific Ocean]], ca. 1950. }}
{{clear}} |}
==See also== * [[Fishing vessel#Seiners|Seiners]]
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References== * {{cite web |url=http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/region1/finfish/salmon/netfisheries/ps_info.php |title=Commercial Purse Seine Fishery |access-date=2008-04-20 |author=Division of Commercial Fisheries |date=2005-07-26 |publisher=Alaska Department of Fish and Game }} * Gabriel O., von Brandt A., Lange K., Dahm E. and Wendt T. (2005) ''Fish catching methods of the world'': [https://books.google.com/books?id=ziAI8AZsmUoC&pg=PA444 ''Seining in fresh and sea water''] Wiley-Blackwell, Page 431–448. {{ISBN|978-0-85238-280-6}} * [http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/102/en Seine nets] Fishing Gear Types. FAO, Rome. Retrieved 13 March 2012. * [http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/202/en Beach seines] Fishing Gear Types. FAO, Rome. Retrieved 13 March 2012. * [http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/203/en Boat seines] Fishing Gear Types. FAO, Rome. Retrieved 13 March 2012. * [http://www.fao.org/fishery/fishtech/1009/en Two boat purse seining] Fishing Techniques. FAO, Rome. Retrieved 13 March 2012. * [http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/249/en Purse seines] Fishing Gear Types. FAO, Rome. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
==External links== {{wiktionary|seine}} {{commons category|Seine fishing}} * [http://www.worldfishingtoday.com/fishingboatinfo/default.asp WorldFishingToday - Fishing vessels photos and data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328201227/http://www.worldfishingtoday.com/fishingboatinfo/default.asp |date=28 March 2010 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBxgdskXTy8 Video: Purse Seine Fishing] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKdwFOs2nQg Video: Purse Seine Delivery - Prince William Sound, Alaska] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSgIWAlCFFc Video: Purse Seiner at Work] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Cj5cL_ef8E Video: Traditional purse seining in the Bali Strait, Indonesia] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/video/seining.html Safety Video: The Most Powerful Thing...Deck Safety Awareness for Purse Seiners] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090430153417/http://www.fisheriesmanagement.co.uk/seine_netting.htm Seine Netting] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130916175717/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_Longlining%26PurseSeiningFactCards.pdf Purse Seining] ''Seafood Watch'', Fishing Methods Fact Card. Retrieved 23 January 2012. * Thomson, David: Pair trawling and pair seining. The technology of two-boat fishing. Farnham: [[Fishing News Books]], 1978 * Thomson, David B.: Seine fishing. Bottom fishing with rope warps and wing trawls. Farnham: Fishing News Books, 1981
{{fishing tackle|expanded=techniques}} {{fisheries and fishing}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
[[Category:Fishing industry]] [[Category:Fishing equipment]] [[Category:Fishing techniques and methods]] [[Category:Fishing nets]]