Scientific production association

{{Short description|Research, design, and manufacturing organizations in the USSR and its successor states}} {{Soviet-type economics |expanded=Organizations}}

A '''scientific production association''' ({{langx|ru|Научно-производственное объединение|Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye}}, abbr. '''NPO''') is a type of integrated research-and-production organization that originated in the Soviet Union and continues to exist in Russia and other successor states. Such associations combine scientific research, engineering design, technology development, and industrial production within a single structure, typically including research institutes, design bureaus, and manufacturing plants.

Closely related organizational forms include the ''scientific and production enterprise'' ({{langx|ru|научно-производственное предприятие|Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye predpriyatiye|label=none}}, ''NPP'') and the ''scientific and implementation enterprise'' ({{langx|ru|научно-внедренческое предприятие|Nauchno-vnedrencheskoye predpriyatiye|label=none}}, ''NVP'').

Prominent examples of NPOs include NPO Mashinostroyeniya and NPO Almaz.

==History== The NPO structure first appeared in the late 1960s, after a Soviet decree was approved on 24 September 1968 to reform research and development structures; by 1980 there were 250 NPOs in the Soviet Union.<ref name="guroff14">{{cite book|last1=Guroff|first1=Gregory|last2=Carstensen|first2=Fred V.|title=Entrepreneurship in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400855285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csT_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA318|language=en}}</ref>

NPOs were established to consolidate research and production activities into a single entity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rockets and People, Volume III, Hot Days of the Cold War|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160867125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf-odeaeoqkC&pg=PA307|language=en}}</ref> They were meant to bridge the technological gap between design bureaus and production plants, as new designs were often developed without considering the technical capabilities of the production facilities, leading to long delays between the start of development and serial production.<ref name="kassel">{{cite book|last1=Kassel|first1=Simon|title=Soviet Advanced Technologies in the Era of Restructuring|date=1989|page=51|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a215696.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051356/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a215696.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=April 28, 2017}}</ref> {{gallery|mode=packed | title = Famous examples from various NPOs |File:LunokhodNASA.jpg|Lunokhod 1 from Lavochkin |File:Antonov An-225 Mriya AN1134884.jpg|Buran from Molniya |File:Вывоз ракеты-носителя «Ангара-А5» на стартовый комплекс космодрома Плесецк 01.jpg|Angara from Polyot }} They are usually headed by a research or design organization.<ref name="barry79">{{cite book|last1=Barry|first1=Donald D.|last2=Gingsburgs|first2=George|last3=Maggs|first3=Peter B.|title=Soviet Law After Stalin: Soviet Institutions and the Administration of Law|date=1979|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9028606793|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRGSfGPUy8kC&pg=PA125|language=en}}</ref> Though they exist in many sectors, they are most common in electrical engineering, electronics, aviation, instrument-making and chemical industries.<ref name="guroff14"/>

Research and production association (abb. NPO), also a research and production enterprise (abb. NPP; научно-производственное предприятие (НПП)) is an organization of any organizational and legal form that conducts research and development along with their development in production and production. As a rule, the structure of the NPO includes research, design and engineering, technological organizations, pilot production and industrial enterprises.

==List of NPOs== {{div col}} * NPO Altair * NPO Almaz * NPO Antey * NPO Biosintez<ref name="glob">{{cite news |title=Obolensk NPO Biosintez State Research Center for Applied Microbiology |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/obolensk.htm |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref> * NPO Electropribor (Kharkiv, Ukraine) * NPO Energomash (Moscow) * NPO ELSIB (Novosibirsk) * NPO Novator (Yekaterinburg) * NPO Almaz (Moscow) * NPO Avtomatiki (Yekaterinburg) * NPO Lavochkin (Khimki) * NPO Luch (Novosibirsk) * NPO Luch (Podolsk) * NPO Mashinostroyeniya (Reutov) * NPO Molniya (Moscow) * NPO NIIIP-NZiK (Novosibirsk) * NPO Orion (Moscow) * NPO Petrovax (Moscow) * NPO Polyot (Omsk) * NPO Splav (Tula) * NPO Tekhnomash (Moscow) * NPO Toriy (Moscow) * NPO Trud/Kusnetsov (Samara)<ref name=nti/><ref name=fas5>[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/missile/shahab-5.htm Shahab-5/IRSL-X-3, KOSAR/IRIS]</ref> * NPO Yuzhnoye (Dnipro) designers of the R-12 Dvina rocket<ref name="nti">{{cite web |title=Iran Missile Chronology |url=https://media.nti.org/pdfs/iran_missile.pdf |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |accessdate=30 June 2020 |date=August 2011}}</ref> {{div col end}}

==List of NVPs== * NVP Protek

==References== {{reflist}}

==See also== *Production association

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Category:Types of business entity Category:Science and technology in the Soviet Union Category:Companies of the Soviet Union Category:Research institutes in the Soviet Union Category:Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union Category:Soviet and Russian space institutions Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of Russia Category:Government-owned companies of Russia Category:Roscosmos divisions and subsidiaries Category:Aerospace companies of Russia Category:Aerospace companies of Ukraine *