{{Short description|1958 experimental short film}} {{Infobox film | name = Schwechater | director = Peter Kubelka | cinematography = Peter Kubelka | editing = Peter Kubelka | released = {{Film date|1958}} | runtime = 1 minute | country = Austria }} '''''Schwechater''''' {{IPA|de|ˈʃvɛçaːtɐ|}} is a 1958 experimental short film by Austrian filmmaker Peter Kubelka. It is the second entry in his trilogy of metrical films, between ''Adebar'' and ''Arnulf Rainer''.
Originally commissioned to make an advertisement for {{ill|Schwechater Bier|de}}, Kubelka edited footage from the shoot based on a complex set of rules, producing a rapid procession of images. Although the company was displeased with the commercial, ''Schwechater'' found favour as a work of avant-garde cinema.
==Description== ''Schwechater'' contains 1,440 frames, making it exactly one minute long when projected at the standard rate of 24 frames per second. The film has no narrative, and it cuts between images quickly enough that they form flickering patterns.<ref name="sitney-visionary-film">Sitney 1974, pp. 286–287.</ref>
Four different moving images appear throughout the film. One shows a woman sitting at a table as beer is poured into her glass, and another shows her drinking the beer. There is also footage of a champagne glass filled with beer as well as a group of people in a restaurant.<ref name="sitney-visionary-film"/>
==Production== [[File:Peter Kubelka und Gerhard Rühm, 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Director Peter Kubelka in 2014]] ===Photography=== The Schwechater Bier brewery commissioned Kubelka to make an advertisement for its beer.<ref>MacDonald 2008, p. 186.</ref> Kubelka shot using an old, hand-operated 35 mm scientific camera. The camera had no viewfinder, and Kubelka largely ignored the composition of the images. Once the film stock was used up, Kubelka humored the art director for Schwechater Bier and cranked the empty camera, pretending to continue filming.<ref name="bodien-film-quarterly">{{cite journal |last=Bodien |first=Earl |year= 1966 |title=The Films of Peter Kubelka |journal=Film Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=55 |doi=10.2307/1210702 |jstor=1210702 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=MacDonald |first=Scott |year=2004 |title=His African Journey: An Interview with Peter Kubelka |journal=Film Quarterly |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=5–7 |doi=10.1525/fq.2004.57.3.2 }}</ref>
===Editing=== thumb|right|upright=0.5|A sequence of red frames from the film Kubelka used four shots spanning 16, 30, 90, and 1,440 frames as the material for ''Schwechater''. He produced high-contrast positive and negative prints, copied so that each shot looped for exactly 1,440 frames.<ref name=p6869>Tscherkassky 2012, pp. 68–69.</ref> After getting the developed film from the laboratory, Kubelka let it sit for six weeks until executives from Schwechater Bier began asking about the commercial.<ref name="bodien-film-quarterly"/>
The editing process for ''Schwechater'' lasted six months.<ref name="bodien-film-quarterly"/> Kubelka produced a score for the film with a complex system of overlapping structures to determine how to combine the eight film strips. One such structure specifies outlines the gradual permeation of the colour red in ''Schwechater''. The film alternates between black-and-white sequences and red sequences; the black and white sequences decrease in duration from 110 frames down to 10 frames as the red sequences remain are all roughly 30 frames. As such, the film becomes increasingly red over the course of its runtime.<ref>Tscherkassky 2012, pp. 69–70.</ref>
Another structure specifies which frames do and do not contain images. Each sequence of frames with images is immediately followed by a sequence of the same length containing frames showing a solid color—either black or red. The frame count of these sequences traverses the powers of two, from 1 up to 32 and back down.<ref name=p6869/>
===Soundtrack=== For the film's soundtrack, Kubelka created a score of rasping sounds and beeps. The intermittent periods of sound happen parallel to the red-tinted sequences, with a low hum and one to three sine tones. When the Schwechater logo appears at the end of the film, Kubelka used a sustained, high-pitched sine tone.<ref name="bodien-film-quarterly"/><ref>Tscherkassky 2012, p. 70.</ref>
==Release== After Kubelka delivered the finished version to Schwechater, they stopped payment to him, ended their relation with him, and destroyed the company's print of the film.<ref name="bodien-film-quarterly"/> Initial reaction to ''Schwechater'' was very negative. The company sued Kubelka, and the film lab, which had Schwechater as a client, stopped making prints for him. His decision to leave Austria was in part because of the response to ''Schwechater''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grissemann |first=Stefan |date=September 2012 |title=Frame by Frame |url=https://www.filmcomment.com/article/peter-kubelka-frame-by-frame-antiphon-adebar-arnulf-rainer/ |magazine=Film Comment |volume=48 |issue=5 |page=74 |access-date=8 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electricsheepmagazine.co.uk/features/2013/04/04/monument-film-interview-with-peter-kubelka/ |title=Monument Film: Interview with Peter Kubelka |last= Jahn |first=Pamela |date=4 April 2013 |website=Electric Sheep Magazine |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>
The film found success on the European film festival circuit, and it was included in the third {{ill|Knokke-Le-Zoute Experimental Film Festival|fr|Festival international du cinéma expérimental de Knokke-le-Zoute}} in 1963.<ref name="bodien-film-quarterly"/><ref>{{cite magazine |date=October 1968 |title=Third international experimental film competition |magazine=Film Culture |volume=46 |page=11}}</ref> After several years, Schwechater Bier requested another print of it.<ref name="bodien-film-quarterly"/> ''Schwechater'' is now part of Anthology Film Archives' Essential Cinema Repertory collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anthologyfilmarchives.org/about/essential-cinema |title=Essential Cinema |publisher=Anthology Film Archives |access-date=October 8, 2018}}</ref>
==See also== * List of avant-garde films of the 1950s
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Scott |author-link=Scott MacDonald (media scholar) |year=2008 |title=Canyon Cinema: The Life and Times of an Independent Film Distributor |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94061-1 }} * {{cite book |last=Sitney |first=P. Adams |author-link=P. Adams Sitney |year=1974 |title=Visionary Film: The American Avant-Garde, 1943–2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514886-2 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Tscherkassky |editor-first=Peter |author-last=Tscherkassky |author-first=Peter |author-link=Peter Tscherkassky |year=2012 |title=Film Unframed: A History of Austrian Avant-garde Cinema |chapter=The World According to Kubelka |publisher=FilmmuseumSynemaPublikation |isbn=978-3-901644-42-9 }}
==External links== * {{IMDb title|0378717}}
{{Peter Kubelka}}
Category:1950s avant-garde and experimental films Category:1958 short films Category:1958 films Category:Advertisements Category:Austrian short films Category:Films about beer Category:Films directed by Peter Kubelka Category:Films without speech Category:Non-narrative films Category:1958 Austrian films