Scandinavism

{{Short description|Ideology supporting cooperation between Scandinavian countries}} {{distinguish|text=the Nordic model}} [[File:Skandinavism.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century poster image of (from left to right) Norwegian, Danish and Swedish soldiers joining hands. The Norwegian and Swedish flags have the union mark.]] [[File:Nordiska studentmötet 1856.jpg|thumb|An 1856 meeting of Scandinavian students in Uppsala, Sweden, with a parade marching next to Svandammen]] '''Scandinavism''' ({{langx|da|skandinavisme}}; {{langx|no|skandinavisme}}; {{langx|sv|skandinavism}}), also called '''Scandinavianism'''<ref name="brit">{{Cite web |title=Pan-Scandinavianism |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Pan-Scandinavianism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063632/https://www.britannica.com/event/Pan-Scandinavianism |archive-date=7 February 2018 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> or '''pan-Scandinavianism''',<ref name="EB">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058208/Pan-Scandinavianism "Pan-Scandinavianism"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929222338/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058208/Pan-Scandinavianism|date=29 September 2007}}. (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved April 29, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> is an ideology that supports various degrees of cooperation among the Scandinavian countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Skandinavism |trans-title=Scandinavism |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/skandinavism |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=www.ne.se |publisher=Nationalencyklopedin |language=sv |quote=}}</ref> Scandinavism comprises the literary, linguistic and cultural movement that focuses on promoting a shared Scandinavian past, a shared cultural heritage, a common Scandinavian mythology and a common language or dialect continuum (from the common ancestor language of Old Norse) and which led to the formation of joint periodicals and societies in support of Scandinavian literature and languages.<ref>[http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-02.htm The Literary Scandinavism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623141434/http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-02.htm|date=23 June 2007}}. Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007. </ref> The movement was most popular among Danes and Swedes.<ref name=":0" />

== History == According to historian Sverre Bagge, prior to the formation of state-like kingdoms, Scandinavia was culturally and linguistically homogeneous.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagge|first=Sverre|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fgk28|title=Early state formation in Scandinavia|date=2009|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3-7001-6604-7|volume=16|pages=145|jstor=j.ctt3fgk28}}</ref>

Pan-Scandinavianism as a modern movement originated in the 19th century,<ref name="brit" /> but the movement had already begun spreading a century earlier in circles of literature and science.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/nfce/0464.html |title=Nordisk familjebok |publisher=Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag |year=1917 |location=Stockholm |pages=879–882 |language=sv |access-date=1 October 2022 |via=Project Runeberg}}</ref> The Pan-Scandinavian movement paralleled the unification movements of Germany and Italy.<ref name="Tunander">Ola Tunander (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050312142345/http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/foreign/032005-990418/dok-bn.html "Nordic cooperation"], UDA085ENG. In ''Nytt fra Norge, ODIN – Information from the government and the ministries'', Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. See also Tunander, Ola (1999). "Norway, Sweden and Nordic cooperation". In ''The European North – Hard, soft and civic security''. Eds. Lassi Heininen and Gunnar Lassinantti. The Olof Palme International Center/Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 1999. pp. 39–48. {{ISBN|951-634-690-1}}. </ref> As opposed to the German and Italian counterparts, the Scandinavian state-building project was not successful and is no longer pursued.<ref name="EB" /><ref name="Tunander" /> It was at its height in the mid-19th century and supported the idea of Scandinavian unity.<ref>{{Cite book |author=J. P. T Bury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQ9AAAAIAAJ&q=scandinavianism&pg=PA220 |title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 10 |date=3 January 1960 | publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=9780521045483 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414012502/https://books.google.ie/books?id=jRQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220&dq=pan+scandinavianism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCqIi9_bfaAhULXMAKHXykBHsQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=scandinavianism&f=false |archive-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="brit" />

The movement was initiated by Danish and Swedish university students in the 1840s, with a base in Scania.<ref name="oresund" /> In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries, including the absolute monarch Christian VIII and Charles XIV John with his "one man government", were suspicious of the movement.<ref name="oresund">[http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-03-tekst.htm The Students] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813020411/http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-03-tekst.htm|date=13 August 2007}}. Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007. </ref> The movement was a significant force from 1846 to 1864, however the movement eventually dwindled and only had strong support among the Swedish-speaking population of Finland.<ref name=brit/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles XV |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012050600/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XV |archive-date=12 October 2017 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

The collapse of Pan-Scandinavianism came in 1864 when the Second Schleswig-Holstein War broke out. King Charles XV of Sweden (who was also King Charles IV of Norway), who reigned from 1859 until his death in 1872, in spite of championing Pan-Scandinivianism, failed to help Denmark in the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Pan-Scandinavianism. Reference Points in the 19th Century (1815-1864) |url=https://www.academia.edu/10741968 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317102722/http://www.academia.edu/10741968/About_Pan-Scandinavianism._Reference_Points_in_the_19th_Century_1815-1864_ |archive-date=17 March 2016 |publisher=academia.edu}}</ref>

Author Hans Christian Andersen became an adherent of Scandinavism after a visit to Sweden in 1837, and committed himself to writing a poem that would convey the relatedness of Swedes, Danes and Norwegians.<ref name="Scandinavian">{{cite web |title=I am a Scandinavian |url=http://www.kb.dk/elib/noder/hcamusik/skandinav/index_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113082313/http://www.kb.dk/elib/noder/hcamusik/skandinav/index_en.htm |archive-date=13 January 2009 |access-date=12 January 2007 |work=Hans Christian Andersen and Music}}</ref> It was in July 1839, during a visit to the island of Funen in Denmark, that Andersen first wrote the text of his poem, ''Jeg er en Skandinav'' ("I am a Scandinavian").<ref name="Scandinavian"/> Andersen composed the poem to capture "the beauty of the Nordic spirit, the way the three sister nations have gradually grown together", as part of a Scandinavian national anthem.<ref name="Scandinavian"/> Composer Otto Lindblad set the poem to music, and the composition was published in January 1840. Its popularity peaked in 1845, after which it was seldom sung.<ref name="Scandinavian"/>

In 1923, the Clara Lachmann Foundation was established with the goal of promoting Scandinavian unity through culture.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1979 |title=Clara Lachmann |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Swedish National Biography |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=10817 |last=Kjellander |first=Rune |volume=22 |page=23 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stiftelsens historik |trans-title=The Foundation's History |url=https://www.claralachmann.org/historik/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Clara Lachmanns Stiftelse |language=sv-SE}}</ref>

== References == {{reflist}}

== Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Hilson|first=Mary|url=https://port.rl.talis.com/items/D8F0205C-25AE-65A6-16EB-850B430B8C38.html |title=Denmark, Norway, and Sweden: Pan-Scandinavianism and Nationalism |publisher=University of Portsmouth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010837/https://port.rl.talis.com/items/D8F0205C-25AE-65A6-16EB-850B430B8C38.html |archive-date=2018-04-14 }} * '[https://www.academia.edu/10741968/About_Pan-Scandinavianism._Reference_Points_in_the_19th_Century_1815-1864_ Pan-Scandinavianism. Reference Points in the 19th Century (1815-1864)]' by Mircea-Cristian Ghenghea

== External links == * [http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/agreements/treaties-and-agreements/basic-agreement/the-helsinki-treaty The Helsinki Treaty of 1962] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530190456/http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/agreements/treaties-and-agreements/basic-agreement/the-helsinki-treaty |date=2014-05-30 }} Nicknamed as constitution of the Nordic Countries. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siIeHjqwhIA Jeg er en Skandinav]. A rendition of H. C. Andersen's poem, set to Otto Lindblad's music.

Category:Scandinavia Category:Pan-nationalism Category:Political theories Category:Nordic politics