Scandinavian prehistory

{{Short description|none}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=May 2007}} {{Missing information|the prehistory of the entirety of Scandinavia, ie. present day Denmark, Norway and perhaps parts of Finland. See Talk page.|date=March 2016}} }}

{{Scandinavia}} The [[Scandinavian Peninsula]] became ice-free around the end of the [[Last glacial period#Weichselian glaciation (Scandinavia and northern Europe)|last ice age]]. The [[Nordic Stone Age]] begins at that time, with the [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[Ahrensburg culture]], giving way to the [[Mesolithic]] [[hunter-gatherers]] by the 7th millennium BC ([[Maglemosian culture]] c. 7500 – 6000 BC, [[Kongemose culture]] c. 6000 – 5200 BC, [[Ertebølle culture]] c. 5300 – 3950 BC). The Neolithic stage is marked by the [[Funnelbeaker culture]] (4000–2700 BC), followed by the [[Pitted Ware culture]] (3200–2300 BC).

Around 2800 BC, metal was introduced in Scandinavia in the [[Corded Ware culture]]. In much of Scandinavia, a [[Corded Ware culture#Scandinavian Battle Axe culture|Battle Axe culture]] became prominent, known from some 3,000 graves. The period 2500–500 BC also left many visible remains to modern times, most notably the many thousands rock carvings ([[petroglyph]]s) in western [[Sweden]] at [[Tanumshede]] and in [[Norway]] at [[Rock carvings at Alta|Alta]]. A more advanced culture came with the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] (c. 2000/1750 – 500 BC). It was followed by the [[Iron Age Scandinavia|Iron Age]] in the 4th century BC.

==After the last ice age== [[File:Last Glacial Maximum topo contours of Europe 1.svg|thumb|220px|left|Europe during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] c. 20,000 years ago]] [[File:Baltic History 8000-BC.svg|thumb|210px|[[Ancylus Lake]] c. 10,000 years ago. "Svea älv" was a [[Sound (geography)|strait]] within the lake while [[Göta älv]] formed an outlet to the Atlantic Sea.]] [[File:Archeological site density km2 Sweden.svg|thumb|210px|The density of archaeological sites in [[Sweden]]]]

The pre-history of Scandinavia begins at the end of the [[Pleistocene]] epoch, following the [[last glacial period]]'s receding [[Weichselian glaciation|Fenno-Scandian ice sheet]].

Parts of [[Denmark]], [[Skåne|Scania]] and the [[Norway|Norwegian]] coastline were free from ice by around 13,000 BC, and around 10,000 BC the rim of ice was around [[Dalsland]], [[Västergötland]] and [[Östergötland]]. It was not until 7000 BC that all of [[Svealand]] and the modern coastal regions of northeastern [[Sweden]] were free of ice, although the huge weight of the ice sheet had caused [[isostatic depression]] of [[Fennoscandia]], placing large parts of eastern Sweden and western [[Finland]] under water.

In Scandinavia, the period following the last ice age begins around circa 9500 BC. It is divided into: # the [[Yoldia Stage]], after the [[Yoldia Sea]], # the [[Ancylus Stage]], after the [[Ancylus Lake]] in turn named after ''[[Ancylus fluviatilis]]'', a small [[fresh water|fresh-water]] [[gastropod]] from that time. At that time, Denmark and Sweden were joined, and the "[[Baltic Sea]]" of the age was a fresh water lake called the Ancylus Lake. # The Ancylus age is followed by formation of the [[Littorina Sea]] and the [[Litorina Stage]] (named after the ''[[Littorina littorea]]'' mollusc) at around 6200 BC.

With the first human colonization of this new land (the territory of modern Sweden was partly under water though, and with radically different coastlines) during the Ancylus and Litorina stages begins the [[Nordic Stone Age]]. In recent years there have been [[Archaeology of Scandinavia|archaeological]] finds in caves which strongly suggest human inhabitation of Scandinavia ''before'' the Weichsel glaciation, at least 50,000 years ago, presumably by [[Neanderthal]]s.

==Stone age== {{main|Nordic Stone Age}}

===Upper Paleolithic=== {{Main|Upper Paleolithic}} As the ice receded reindeer grazed on the plains of Denmark and southernmost Sweden. This was the land of the [[Ahrensburg culture]], whose members hunted over territories 100,000 km<sup>2</sup> vast and lived in [[teepee]]s on the [[tundra]]. On this land there was little forest but [[white birch|arctic white birch]] and [[rowan]], but the [[taiga]] slowly appeared.

===Mesolithic=== {{Main|Mesolithic}} The [[Scandinavia]]n peninsula was the last part of [[Europe]] to be colonized after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]. The migration routes, cultural networks, and the genetic makeup of the first Scandinavians remain elusive and several hypotheses exist based on archaeology, climate modeling, and genetics. Analysis of genomes of early [[Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer]]s (SHGs) from the cave [[Stora Förvar]] on [[Stora Karlsö]], [[Stora Bjers]] on Gotland, [[Hummervikholmen]] in [[Norway]] showed that migrations followed two routes: one from the south and another from the northeast along the ice-free Norwegian Atlantic coast. These groups met and mixed in Scandinavia, creating a population more diverse than contemporaneous central and [[Western European Hunter-Gatherers|western European hunter-gatherers]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Günther|first1=Torsten|last2=Malmström|first2=Helena|last3=Svensson|first3=Emma M.|last4=Omrak|first4=Ayça|last5=Sánchez-Quinto|first5=Federico|last6=Kılınç|first6=Gülşah M.|last7=Krzewińska|first7=Maja|last8=Eriksson|first8=Gunilla|last9=Fraser|first9=Magdalena|date=9 January 2018|title=Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation|journal=PLOS Biology|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|article-number=e2003703|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703|pmid=29315301|issn=1545-7885|pmc=5760011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 7th millennium BC, when the reindeer and their hunters had moved for northern Scandinavia, forests had been established in the land. A culture called the [[Maglemosian culture]] lived in Denmark and southern Sweden, and north of them, in Norway and most of southern Sweden, the [[Fosna-Hensbacka culture]], who lived mostly along the shores of the thriving forests. Utilizing fire, boats and stone tools enabled these [[Stone Age]] inhabitants to survive life in northern [[Europe]]. The northern hunter/gatherers followed the herds and the salmon runs, moving south during the winters, and moving north again during the summers. These early peoples followed cultural traditions similar to those practiced throughout other regions in the far-north areas, including modern Finland, Russia, and across the [[Bering Strait]] into the northernmost strip of North America (containing portions of today's [[Alaska]] and Canada)

[[Image:Skivyxa, Nordisk familjebok.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Flake axe typical of the [[Ertebølle culture]].]]

The Maglemosian people lived in forest and wetland environments using fishing and hunting tools made from wood, bone and flint [[microlith]]s. A characteristic of the culture are the sharply edged microliths of [[flint]]stone which were used for spear heads and arrowheads. Microliths finds are more sparse from c. 6000 BC and the period is said to transit into the [[Kongemose culture]] (c. 6000–5200 BC). The finds from this period are characterised by long flintstone flakes which were used for making the characteristic rhombic arrowheads, scrapers, drills, awls and toothed blades.

During the 6th millennium BC, southern Scandinavia was clad in lush forests of [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forest]]s. In these forests roamed animals such as [[aurochs]], [[wisent]], [[moose]] and [[red deer]]. Now, the [[Kongemose culture]] lived off these animals. Like their predecessors, they also hunted seals and fished in the rich waters. North of the Kongemose people, lived other [[hunter-gatherers]] in most of southern Norway and Sweden, called the [[Nøstvet and Lihult cultures]], descendants of the Fosna and Hensbacka cultures. These cultures still hunted, in the end of the 6th millennium BC when the Kongemose culture was replaced by the [[Ertebølle culture]] in the south.

===Neolithic=== {{further|Neolithic Europe}} [[File:Миграция индоевропейцев.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle-Axe culture]] was an offshoot of the [[Corded Ware culture]], and replaced the [[Funnelbeaker culture]] in southern Scandinavia, probably through a process of mass migration and population replacement.]] During the 5th millennium BC, the Ertebølle culture took up point-based pottery, from human groups in the eastern Baltic areas ([[Narva culture|Narva]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Piezonka |first=Henny |date=31 December 2012 |title=Stone Age hunter-gatherer ceramics of North-Eastern Europe: new insights into the dispersal of an essential innovation |url=https://journals.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica/article/view/39.2/1543 |journal=Documenta Praehistorica |language=en |volume=39 |pages=22–51 |doi=10.4312/dp.39.2 |issn=1854-2492|doi-access=free }}</ref> About 4000 BC south Scandinavia up to River [[Dalälven]] in Sweden became part of the [[Funnelbeaker culture]] (4000–2700 BC), a culture that originated in southern parts of Europe and slowly advanced up through today's [[Uppland]], Sweden. In southern Scandinavia it replaced the Ertebølle culture, which had maintained a Mesolithic lifestyle for about 1500 years after farming arrived in Central Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=New study unearths our Scandinavian ancestors |url=https://www.gu.se/en/news/new-study-unearths-our-scandinavian-ancestors |work=University of Gothenburg |date=10 January 2024}}</ref> Tribes along the coasts of [[Svealand]], [[Götaland]], [[Åland]], northeastern Denmark and southern Norway learnt new technologies that became the [[Pitted Ware culture]] (3200–2300 BC). The [[Pitted Ware culture]] then developed along Sweden's east coast as a return to a hunting economy in the mid-4th millennium BC (see the [[Alvastra pile-dwelling]]).

Genetically, the Funnelbeaker culture population was of [[Early European Farmers|Neolithic Anatolian]] origin with a proportion of Hunter-gatherer ancestries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allentoft |first1=Morten E. |last2=Sikora |first2=Martin |last3=Fischer |first3=Anders |last4=Sjögren |first4=Karl-Göran |last5=Ingason |first5=Andrés |last6=Macleod |first6=Ruairidh |last7=Rosengren |first7=Anders |last8=Schulz Paulsson |first8=Bettina |last9=Jørkov |first9=Marie Louise Schjellerup |last10=Novosolov |first10=Maria |last11=Stenderup |first11=Jesper |last12=Price |first12=T. Douglas |last13=Fischer Mortensen |first13=Morten |last14=Nielsen |first14=Anne Birgitte |last15=Ulfeldt Hede |first15=Mikkel |date=10 January 2024 |title=100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=625 |issue=7994 |pages=329–337 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06862-3 |pmid=38200294 |issn=1476-4687 |quote=Although the Neolithic transition was delayed by more than a millennium relative to Central Europe, it was very abrupt and resulted in a population turnover with limited genetic contribution from local hunter-gatherers. The succeeding Neolithic population, associated with the Funnel Beaker culture, persisted for only about 1,000 years before immigrants with eastern Steppe-derived ancestry arrived.|pmc=10781617 |bibcode=2024Natur.625..329A }}</ref> This archaeological culture is well-known for its intensive building of enclsoures and megalithic tombs, which are very similar to those found in many regions of western Europe. Before medieval and modern church building requeired stones and before modern land use started, the number of megaliths in northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia was much higher than today. In Denmark, 2,800 monuments are registered and about 7,300 additional examples existed. In northern Germany, [[Johannes Müller (archaeologist)|Johannes Müller]] reports 11,658 known monuments. He expects about 75.000 megaliths to have originally been constructed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müller |first=Johannes |last2=Sjögren |first2=Karl-Göran |url=https://www.academia.edu/93984735/Early_monumentality_in_northern_Europe |editor-last=Laporte |editor-first=Luc |editor2-last=Large |editor2-first=Jean-Marc |editor3-last=Nespoulous |editor3-first=Laurent |editor4-last=Scarre |editor4-first=Chris |editor5-last=Steimer-Herbert |editor5-first=Tara |title=Early monumentality in northern Europe |journal=Megaliths of the World |location=Oxford |publisher=Acrhaeopress}}</ref> Additionally, in the distribution area of this culture, thousands of deposition of (partly extremely large 40–50 cm or more) [[Flint axe|flint axes]] appear and finely made [[Battle axe|battle axes]] (often double axes) of hard stone.

Towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they were overrun by new groups who many scholars think spoke [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], the [[Battle-Axe culture]]. This new people with [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe-derived ancestry]] advanced up to Uppland and the [[Oslofjord]], and they probably provided the language that was the ancestor of the modern Scandinavian languages. This new culture had the battle axe as a status symbol, and were cattle herders.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Bronze Age== [[File:Rock carvings density-km2-Sweden.svg|thumb|The density of petroglyphs and cup marks in Sweden.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} Petroglyphs have also been found in northern Sweden, for example [[:sv:Nämforsen|Nämforsen]], [[Glösa]] and [[:sv:Gärdesån|Gärdesån]].]] {{see also|Nordic Bronze Age}}

During the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] from c. 1700–500 BC, an advanced civilization appears in Denmark, parts of Sweden and parts of Norway. They manufactured bronze tools and weapons as well as jewellery and artifacts of bronze and gold. All the bronze and gold was imported and it has been assumed that the civilization was founded in [[amber]] trade, through contacts with [[Central Europe]]an and [[Mediterranean]] cultures.

The period between 2300 and 500 BC was the most intensive [[petroglyph]]-carving period in Scandinavia, with carvings depicting agricultural activities, animals, nature, hunts, ships, ceremonies, warfare, etc.. Petroglyphs with themes of a sexual nature have also been found in [[Bohuslän]], dating from 800 to 500 BC.

==Iron Age== [[Image:Haljesta.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Petroglyphs from Scandinavia (Häljesta, [[Västmanland]] in Sweden). Composite image.]] {{see also|Iron Age Scandinavia}} :''See also the separate articles on the [[Pre-Roman Iron Age]], the [[Vendel Age]], and the [[Roman Iron Age]]''

[[Tacitus]] (about 98 AD) described a nation called "[[Suiones]]" living on an island in the [[Oceanus|Ocean]]. These Suiones had ships that were peculiar because they had a prow in both ends (the shape we recognise as Viking ships). This word ''Suiones'' is the same name as in [[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''Sweon'' whose country in Angle-Saxon was called ''Sweoland'' ([[Svealand]]). In ''[[Beowulf]]'', this tribe is also called ''[[Sweoðeod]]'', from which the name ''Sweden'' is derived, and the country has the name ''Sweorice'', which is an old form, in [[Old English]] (Anglo-Saxon), of the present Swedish name for Sweden, ''Sverige''.

In the 6th century the [[Ostrogoth]] [[Jordanes]] mentioned a tribe named ''Suehans'' which is the same name as Tacitus' ''Suiones''. He also unwittingly described the same tribe by a different name, the ''Suetidi'' which is the same as an old name for Sweden, ''Svíþjóð'' and the English ''Sweoðeod''.

Several sources, such as ''[[Beowulf]]'', ''[[Ynglingatal]]'', ''[[Ynglinga saga]]'', [[Saxo Grammaticus]] and ''[[Historia Norvegiæ|Historia Norwegiae]]'', mention a number of Swedish kings who lived in the 6th century, such as [[Eadgils]], [[Ohthere]] and [[Onela]], as well as a number of [[Geatish kings]]. Some of these kings were in all likelihood historic kings, although the sources sometimes give contradictory information, such as the death of [[Ottar (king)|Ottar]]. See [[Mythological kings of Sweden]] and [[Swedish semi-legendary kings|Semi-legendary kings of Sweden]].

One of the most powerful kings was the Swedish king who according to early sources only ruled what is today eastern [[Svealand]]. It is unknown when it happened and it probably happened several times, but when sources become more reliable the territories of the Swedish kings include [[Västergötland]] and other parts of [[Götaland]]. This stage is by some considered to be the beginning of Sweden, as we know it today.

==See also== * [[Sami history]] * [[Prehistoric Sweden]]

==References== <references /> * [[Curt Weibull|Weibull, Curt]], 1922: ''Sveriges och Danmarks äldsta historia – en orientering'', CWK Gleerups förlag, Lund.

[[Category:History of Scandinavia|Prehistoric]] [[Category:Prehistoric Scandinavia| ]] [[Category:Prehistory of Denmark|*]] [[Category:Prehistory of Norway|*]] [[Category:Prehistory of Sweden|*]] [[Category:History of Finland by period]] [[Category:Prehistoric Europe|Scandinavia]] [[Category:Archaeology of Denmark]] [[Category:Archaeology of Finland]] [[Category:Archaeology of Norway]] [[Category:Archaeology of Sweden]]