Savandurga

{{Short description|Asia's largest monolith hill}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Savandurga | other_name = | image = File:Savandurga Hill 02.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_upright = | image_alt = | image_caption =  | map = #Karnataka | highest = | highest_location = | elevation = {{convert|1226|m|ft}} | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_ref = | elevation_system = | prominence = | prominence_m = | prominence_ft = | prominence_ref = | parent_peak = | isolation = | isolation_km = | isolation_mi = | isolation_parent = | isolation_ref = | listing = | coordinates = {{coord|12.9195|77.2921|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref =  | length = | length_km = | length_mi = | length_orientation = | length_ref = | width = | width_km = | width_mi = | width_orientation = | width_ref = | area = | area_km2 = | area_mi2 = | area_ref = | volume = | volume_km3 = | volume_mi3 = | volume_ref =  | etymology = {{bulleted list |Hoysala Ballala III from Madabalu where it is called Savandi |Another view is that the name originates from Samantadurga }} | nickname = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | translation = | pronunciation = | authority = Government of Karnataka | location = Savanadurga State Forest, Madagi Taluka, Ramanagara district, Karnataka | country = India | state_type = State | state = Karnataka | region = South Karnataka | district = Ramanagara | part_type = | part =  | settlement_type = | settlement = | range_coordinates = | range_coordinates_ref = | range = | borders_on = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_UK_ref = | grid_ref_Ireland = | grid_ref_Ireland_ref = | topo_maker = | topo_map = | biome =  | formed_by = Two hills named black hill (Karigudda) and white hill (Biligudda) | orogeny = | age = 2-3 billion years | type = Monolith Hill | geology = | volcanic_zone = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | volcanic_arc/belt = | last_eruption =  | first_ascent = | easiest_route = South-Side route | normal_route = | access = | embedded = | module = }}

thumb|Map of the Savandurga area '''Savandurga''' is a hill 60 km west of Bengaluru, Karnataka, off the Magadi road in India. It is the largest monolith hills in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengalooru Tourism - Savandurga |url=https://bengaloorutourism.com/savandurga.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321112003/https://bengaloorutourism.com/savandurga.php |url-status=live |access-date=2023-02-28|archive-date=21 March 2019 }}</ref> The hill rises to 1226 m above mean sea level and forms a part of the Deccan Plateau. It consists of peninsular gneiss, granites, basic dykes, and laterites. The Arkavathi river passes nearby through the Thippagondanahalli reservoir and towards Manchanabele dam.

The Savandurga hills are frequented by pilgrims who come to visit the Savandi Veerabhadreshwara Swamy and Narasimha Swamy temple situated at the foothills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savanadurga {{!}} Veerabhadreshwara Swamy Temple |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/savanadurga/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rock climbers, cave explorers, and adventurers are among others who frequent the locale. Nearby Manchanabele Dam is often visited by water-sports enthusiasts.

==Origin of name== '''Savandurga''' is formed by two hills locally known as Karigudda (black hill) and Biligudda (white hill). The earliest record of the name of the hill is from 1340 AD by Hoysala Ballala III from Madabalu where it is called ''Savandi''. Another view is that the name originates from ''Samantadurga'', attributed to a ''Samantharaya'', a governor under Ahchutaraya at Magadi, although there is no inscription confirming this. This was the secondary capital of the Magadi rulers such as Kempegowda. From 1638 to 1728, Mysore took over Savandurga, with the Dalavayi Devaraja controlling it from the palace at Nelapattana. In 1791 Lord Cornwallis captured it from Tipu Sultan's forces during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.<ref>Wilks, Mark. ''Historical Sketches of the South of India in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor: from the origin of the Hindoo government of that state, to the extinction of the Mohammedan dynasty in 1799.'' Edited with notes by Murray Hammick. Mysore: Government Branch Press, 1930-1932.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anon.|page=150|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Volume 22|url= https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee015644mbp#page/n155/mode/2up/search/savandurga|publisher=Oxford|year=1908}}</ref> Robert Home in his ''Select views in Mysore'' (1794) shows distant views of the hill from Bangalore.<ref>Home, Robert. ''Select Views in Mysore: the country of Tippoo Sultan from drawings taken on the spot by Mr. Home with historical descriptions.'' First publ. London: Bower, 1794.</ref> He called it ''Savinadurga'' or the ''fort of death''. There were no steps to reach the hill top and it was covered by bamboos and other trees forming a barricade.

thumb|Pottery from the Kistvaens Savandurga, excavated in 1881

Megalithic burial urns have been found in the area.<ref>Branfill, BR (1881) On the Savandurga rude stone cemetery, central Maisur. Indian Antiquary 10:1-12</ref> Saavana in Sanskrit also means three time rituals.

The principal local deity is Sri Savandi Veerabhadraswamy Virabhadra, a temple to whom is situated at the foot of the Savandurga hill. The lord Veerabhadraswamy has followers across the south Karnataka districts like Bangalore, Ramanagara, Tumkur and Mysore.

There is a Temple of Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy, where there is an Idol of Lord Narasimha has been worshiped for many generations.

==Climbing==

There are a dozen routes, bolted or otherwise, on the south face of the monolith. Most of these routes can be completed in half a day to a day, depending on various factors. Some of the routes have long runouts, and most of them face south or are exposed to the south-east, so that when the sun comes up, the rock becomes quite hot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountainproject.com/v/savandurga-hill/111646874/|title=Rock Climbing in Savandurga Hill, Bangalore Area and Southern Karnataka}}</ref>

==Fauna==

The hills are home to the endangered yellow-throated bulbuls and were once home to long-billed vultures and white-backed vultures. Other wildlife includes sloth bear and leopard.

<gallery mode=packed heights=80px> Golden Angle-Savan Durga-Bangalore Rural .jpg|''Caprona ransonnetii'' Common Three Ring-SavanDurga Bangalore rural.jpg|''Ypthima asterope'' Small Cupid-Savan Durga-Bangalore Rural.jpg|''Luthrodes contracta'' Grass jewel-Savan Durga.jpg|Grass jewel Pointed Cileate Blue and Brigh Babul Blue-Savan Durga .jpg|Pointed ciliate blue (left) <br/>and bright babul blue (right Common Lineblue Savandurga.jpg|Common lineblue </gallery>

==Flora== Surrounding the area is a state forest with scrub and dry deciduous forest covering 27 km. The degraded forest, which is considered as shrub and tree savanna of the ''Anogeissus''–''Chloroxylon''–''Acacia'' series is highly diverse, recording over 59 tree and 119 shrub species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savandurga - An adventure awaits you |url=http://www.discoverbangalore.com/Savandurga.htm |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.discoverbangalore.com}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://wikimapia.org/300630/Savan-Durga Bird's eye view of Savandurga] * http://www.mapability.com/travel/p2i/marabar_2.html * [https://archive.org/details/SavandurgaFlora Economically important flora of the region]

Category:Bornhardts Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru Category:Hills of Karnataka Category:Forts in Karnataka Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru South district Category:Monoliths Category:Geography of Bengaluru South district Category:Inselbergs of Asia Category:Climbing areas of India