{{Short description|Citrus fruit and plant}} {{Redirect|Cabuyao (fruit)|the other citrus species also known as cabuyao or kabuyaw|Citrus hystrix}} {{Speciesbox |image = Macroptère.jpg |image_caption = |taxon = Citrus macroptera |authority = Montrouz. |synonyms = * ''C. aurantium'' subsp. ''saponacea'' <small>Saff.</small> * ''C. papuana'' <small>F.M.Bailey</small> |synonyms_ref = <ref name = GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = December 15, 2017}}</ref> }}
'''''Citrus macroptera''''', commonly known as '''Melanesian papeda''',<ref name="GRIN" /> or '''wild orange''',<ref name="Harley">Harley I. Manner, Richard S. Buker, Virginia Easton Smith, Deborah Ward, and Craig R. Elevitch 2006. Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry: ''Citrus'' (citrus) and ''Fortunella'' (kumquat), Rutaceae (Rue family). [http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Citrus-citrus.pdf pdf]</ref> is a semi-wild species of citrus native to the Malesian ecoregion (Island Southeast Asia and Melanesia).<ref name="Aktar"/>
Some authorities consider ''C. macroptera'' to be a taxonomic synonym of ''C. hystrix'' (kaffir lime),<ref name=tpl>{{ cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2724129 |title=TPL, treatment of ''Citrus hystrix'' DC. |work=The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet) |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden |year=2010 |access-date=March 9, 2013}}</ref> while others consider ''C. macroptera'' var. ''annamensis'' to be a synonym of ''C. hystrix'', but not ''C. macroptera'' var. ''macroptera''.<ref name=Porcher/>
''Citrus macroptera'' is cultivated widely in the Sylhet region (South Asia) of Bangladesh and the Barak Valley Division of the Indian state of Assam, where it is known as '''hatkhora''' ({{langx|syl|ꠢꠣꠔꠇꠞꠣ}}, {{IPA|syl|ɦat̪xɔɾa|}}).<ref name="Aktar">{{cite journal |last1=Aktar |first1=Koly |last2=Foyzun |first2=Tahira |title=Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Studies of Citrus macroptera : A Medicinal Plant Review |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=January 2017 |volume=2017 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/2017/9789802|doi-access=free |pmid=28740540 |pmc=5504973 }}</ref>
== Description == ''Citrus macroptera'' is so-named because of the large "wings" (-ptera) on the petiole, which is as large as the blade of the leaf.<ref name=Harley/> The tree, which has thorns, can reach {{cvt|5|m}} in height. Its fruit is about {{cvt|6|–|7|cm|in|frac=2}} in diameter, has a fairly smooth, moderately thick rind, and is yellow when ripe. The pulp of the fruit is light yellow and quite dry (does not produce much juice). The juice is bitter, and somewhat sour.<ref name=Harley/>
== Varieties == The species is sometimes divided into four varieties, or alternatively into three separate species, as follows:<ref name="Porcher">Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020 (2007). Sorting Citrus Names: Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus.html]</ref> * ''C. macroptera'' var. ''macroptera'' * ''C. macroptera'' var. ''annamensis'' Tanaka -> ''C. combara'' Raf. * ''C. macroptera'' var. ''combara'' (Raf.) Tanaka -> ''C. combara'' Raf. * ''C. macroptera'' var. ''kerrii'' Swingle -> ''C. kerrii'' (Swingle) Tanaka
== Cultivation == ''Citrus macroptera'' is cultivated widely in the Sylhet region (South Asia) of Bangladesh and the Barak Valley Division of the Indian state of Assam, where it is known as '''hatkhora''' or ({{langx|syl|ꠢꠣꠔꠇꠞꠣ}}, {{IPA|syl|ɦat̪xɔɾa|}}).<ref name="Aktar">{{cite journal |last1=Aktar |first1=Koly |last2=Foyzun |first2=Tahira |title=Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Studies of Citrus macroptera : A Medicinal Plant Review |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=January 2017 |volume=2017 |issue=1 |doi=10.1155/2017/9789802|doi-access=free |pmid=28740540 |pmc=5504973 }}</ref>
''Citrus macroptera'' is cultivated on a small scale in home gardens in the northeast Indian states of Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya, where its fruit is used for various purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=S. K. Malik |author2=Susheel Kumar |author3=I. P. Singh |author4=O. P. Dhariwal |author5=Rekha Chaudhury |title=Socio-economic importance, domestication trends and in situ conservation of wild Citrus species of Northeast India |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |date=June 2013 |volume=60 |issue=5 |page=1660 |doi=10.1007/s10722-012-9948-x}}</ref> A cultivar of ''C. macroptera'' var. ''annamensis'' is grown in the Sylhet Division of northeastern Bangladesh.<ref name=Miah>{{cite journal |author1=M. N. Miah |author2=Sahina Islam |author3=Syed Hadiuzzaman |year=2002 |title=Regeneration of Plantlets Through Somatic Embryogenesis from Nucellus Tissue of ''Citrus macroptera'' Mont. var. ''anammensis'' ('Sat Kara') |journal=Plant Tissue Culture |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=167 |url=https://www.baptcb.org/public/article/ptc12_2_10.pdf}}</ref>
''Citrus macroptera'' is also commercially cultivated in South Africa, Spain, and Tonga. In Spain the plant serves as a rootstock for other ''Citrus'' species.<ref name="Hanelt2001">Peter Hanelt (ed.) 2001 ''Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals), first English edition''. Springer. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kqqH6UdyYnoC&pg=PA1020 in Google Books]</ref>
== Uses ==
=== Culinary uses === In Bangladesh, especially Sylhet, the thick fleshy rind of the ''Citrus macroptera'' is eaten as a vegetable, while the pulp is usually discarded because of its bitter-sour taste. The thick rind is cut into pieces and cooked (either green or ripe) in beef, goat, and fish curries. It is also used in lentil curries. Adding and cooking the rind in the curry gives a unique flavour and aroma to the curry. The rind is often sun-dried to preserve it for later cooking and consumption. The rind of this citrus fruit is also pickled and commercially sold.
=== Perfumery === The oil of the ''annamensis'' cultivar is used in the perfume industry.<ref name=Miah/>
== See also == * Bangladeshi cuisine * Beef Hatkora * ''Citrus latipes'' a similar-looking species native to Northeast India
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
== External links == * [http://www.plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CIMA10 USDA PLANTS profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511032833/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CIMA10 |date=2013-05-11 }} {{citrus}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q5122910}}
macroptera Category:Agriculture in Bangladesh Category:Bangladeshi cuisine Category:Bengali cuisine Category:Economy of Bangladesh Category:Flora of tropical Asia Category:Medicinal plants of Asia Category:Medicinal plants of Oceania Category:Sylheti cuisine Category:Austronesian agriculture