{{Short description|25th edition of environmental conference}} {{Redirect2|CMA 2|CMA2|the airport|Mattawa Airport}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019|cs1-dates=y}} {{Infobox event | title = 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference | image = COP25Madrid.jpg | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = | native_name = Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2019 | native_name_lang = es | english_name = | time = | duration = | date = {{start and end dates|2019|12|02|2019|12|13|df=yes}} | venue = | location = Madrid, Spain{{efn|name=fn1|The event was originally planned to be held in Brazil and Chile.}} | coordinates = | also_known_as = COP25 (UNFCCC)<br />CMP15 (Kyoto Protocol)<br />CMA2 (Paris Agreement) | type = | theme = | cause = | motive = | target = | first_reporter = | budget = | organizers = Chile and Spain | filmed_by = | participants = UNFCCC member countries | outcome = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | reported deaths = | reported injuries = | reported missing = | reported property damage = | burial = | inquiries = | inquest = | coroner = | arrests = | suspects = | accused = | convicted = | charges = | trial = | verdict = | convictions = | sentence = | publication_bans = | litigation = | awards = | url = | blank1_label = Previous event | blank1_data = ← Katowice 2018 | blank2_label = Next event | blank2_data = Glasgow 2021 → | website = {{URL|https://www.cop25.cl/|cop25.cl/en}} | notes = }}
The '''2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference''', also known as '''COP25''', was the 25th United Nations Climate Change conference. It was held in Madrid, Spain, from 2 to 15 December 2019 under the presidency of the Chilean government. The conference incorporated the 25th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 15th meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol ('''CMP15'''), and the second meeting of the parties to the Paris Agreement ('''CMA2'''). Carolina Schmidt, Chili's Minister of Environment, served as the COP25 President. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/conference/un-climate-change-conference-december-2019 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref>
==Prelude== COP25 was originally planned to be held in Brazil in November 2019, but a year before the planned start, newly elected President Jair Bolsonaro withdrew the offer to host the event, citing economic reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/world/americas/brazil-climate-meeting.html |title=Brazil Backs Out of Hosting 2019 Climate Change Meeting |work=New York Times |language=en |author-first1=Ernesto |author-last1=Londoño |author-first2=Lisa |author-last2=Friedman |date=28 November 2018 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815122154/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/world/americas/brazil-climate-meeting.html |archive-date=15 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chile stepped up and became the new host, but massive protests against social inequality in the lead-up to the meeting forced it in late October 2019 to withdraw from hosting.<ref>{{cite news |author-last1=Londoño |author-first1=Ernesto |author-last2=Sengupta |author-first2=Somini |date=30 October 2019 |title=Chile, Rocked by Unrest, Withdraws From Hosting Climate and Trade Summits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/world/americas/chile-cop25-apec.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031171248/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/world/americas/chile-cop25-apec.html |archive-date=31 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Then by mutual agreement between the UN, Chile, and Spain, the latter became the new host.<ref>{{cite news |author-last=Sengupta |author-first=Somini |date=31 October 2019 |title=Spain Agrees to Host Key Climate Talks After Chile Pulls Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/climate/spain-chile-cop25-climate-meeting.html |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031220450/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/climate/spain-chile-cop25-climate-meeting.html |archive-date=31 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Various climate activists had set out from Europe to South America by sailboat, before the decision had been taken to relocate COP25 to Madrid. In mid-November, some of these activists joined an alternative conference, the "Forest COP", near the centre of the Amazon jungle, in Terra do Meio. The event was attended by indigenous leaders, scientists and academics such as Eduardo Góes Neves, and activists such as Nadezhda Tolokonnikova. After the Forest COP, a follow-on event, "''Amazônia Centro do Mundo''" (Amazon: The Centre of the World) took place on 17 November in nearby Altamira.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/15/a-journey-to-the-centre-of-the-amazon-in-radical-bid-to-solve-climate-crisis |title=Activists hold climate conference deep in the Amazon rainforest |work=The Guardian |author-first=Jonathan |author-last=Watts |author-link=Jonathan Watts |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102349/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/15/a-journey-to-the-centre-of-the-amazon-in-radical-bid-to-solve-climate-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/17/amazon-rain-forest-protest-climate-crisis |title=The Amazon: on the frontline of a global battle to tackle the climate crisis |work=The Guardian |author-first=Jonathan |author-last=Watts |author-link=Jonathan Watts |date=17 November 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516121915/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/17/amazon-rain-forest-protest-climate-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/11/15/opinion/1573820553_621324.html |title=Amazônia Centro do Mundo |work=El País |author-first=Eliane |author-last=Brum |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506015209/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/11/15/opinion/1573820553_621324.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Event planning== In November, Teresa Ribera, the Spanish Minister for the Ecological Transition, announced the conference would be held at the IFEMA facilities in Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cadenaser.com/programa/2019/11/01/hora_25/1572639592_285846.html |publisher=Cadena SER |date=1 November 2019 |title=Teresa Ribera desvela que IFEMA es el lugar elegido para la Cumbre del Clima |website=cadenaser.com |access-date=2019-11-02 |archive-date=2020-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024130005/https://cadenaser.com/programa/2019/11/01/hora_25/1572639592_285846.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Spanish government divided the COP25 into two zones, one blue and one green.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/cop25/ |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica |title=25ª Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP25) |access-date=2019-11-21 |archive-date=2019-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202222054/https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/cop25/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The blue zone hosted sessions for negotiation between the parties of the COP. This included the 15th session of the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and the 2nd session of the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. The blue zone also hosted events and activities run by NGO actors and side events organized by states other than Spain. The green zone was dedicated to civil society initiatives aiming to promote social participation. This area was divided into three thematic sub-zones: one involving youth events, the second designated to indigenous peoples, and the third focused on science and innovation. The green zone was intended to be an open-dialogue pavilion for all types of civil actors, ranging from NGOs to businesses, academia and sponsors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ambientum.com/ambientum/cambio-climatico/quieres-participar-en-la-zona-verde-de-la-cop25.asp |publisher=Ambientum |title=¿Quieres participar en la Zona Verde de la COP25? |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202222056/https://www.ambientum.com/ambientum/cambio-climatico/quieres-participar-en-la-zona-verde-de-la-cop25.asp |archive-date=2 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The event was supported among others by Iberdrola, Endesa, Santander, Suez, Telefónica, Fundación Abertis, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, Acciona and Indra.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-06|title=COP25 Bankrolled by Big Polluters|url=https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/12/cop25-bankrolled-big-polluters|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Corporate Europe Observatory|archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192142/https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/12/cop25-bankrolled-big-polluters|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Participants== Harjeet Singh, of environmental group ActionAid International, said that moving the summit from Chile to Spain with only four weeks' notice presented "real barriers to participation" for delegates from the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/03/greta-thunberg-asks-for-lift-back-across-atlantic-as-climate-meeting-shifts-to-madrid |title=Greta Thunberg asks for lift back across Atlantic as climate meeting shifts to Madrid |author=<!-- staff writer --> |work=The Guardian |date=3 November 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102350/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/03/greta-thunberg-asks-for-lift-back-across-atlantic-as-climate-meeting-shifts-to-madrid |url-status=live }}</ref>
In August 2019, youth climate change activist Greta Thunberg and her father Svante sailed from Plymouth, England across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas in sailboat ''Malizia II'' to participate in the UN Climate Action Summit in New York City in September. At that time it was not clear how she was going to return to Europe, but she was planning to go on to Chile for the conference.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/greta-thunberg-sailing-boat-climate-change-un-summits-new-york-santiago-a9058541.html |title=Greta Thunberg sets sail from UK on two-week journey aboard high-tech yacht to reach climate summits |publisher=Independent |language=en |author-first=Zoe |author-last=Tidman |date=14 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815165323/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/greta-thunberg-sailing-boat-climate-change-un-summits-new-york-santiago-a9058541.html |archive-date=15 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> With the move of the conference to Madrid, the need to return to Europe became more urgent. Teresa Ribera, as Spain's environment minister, offered her help in finding a way to travel to the conference.<ref>{{cite news |author-last=Rosan |author-first=Olivia |title=It's Official: Madrid Will Host COP25 |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/madrid-host-cop25-chile-2641211571.html |access-date=5 November 2019 |agency=Ecowatch |date=4 November 2019 |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102349/https://www.ecowatch.com/madrid-host-cop25-chile-2641211571.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Riley Whitelum and his wife, Elayna Carausu, two Australians who had been sailing around the world aboard their {{convert|48|ft|m|adj=on}} catamaran, ''La Vagabonde'', took Thunberg back across the Atlantic. On 13 November 2019, Thunberg set sail from Hampton, Virginia for Lisbon, Portugal. Her departing message was the same as it has been since she began her activism: "My message to the Americans is the same as to everyone – that is to unite behind the science and to act on the science."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/climate/greta-thunberg-return-europe.html |title=Greta Thunberg Sets Sail, Again, After Climate Talks Relocate |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |date=12 November 2019 |work=The New York Times|access-date=14 November 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114072255/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/climate/greta-thunberg-return-europe.html|archive-date=14 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50403488 |work=BBC News |title=Greta Thunberg to sail to climate summit in Spain |date=13 November 2019|access-date=14 November 2019 |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114151205/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50403488|archive-date=14 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-13/australian-sailors-taking-greta-thunberg-back-to-un-cop25-summit/11699990 |title=Australian sailing couple and their son come to Greta Thunberg's rescue |last1=Shine |first1=Rhiannon |last2=Carmody |first2=James |date=13 November 2019 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114014102/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-13/australian-sailors-taking-greta-thunberg-back-to-un-cop25-summit/11699990|archive-date=14 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/12/greta-thunberg-climate-crisis-message-vote |title=Greta Thunberg leaves US with simple climate crisis message: vote |last=Holden |first=Emily |date=12 November 2019 |work=The Guardian|access-date=14 November 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114103555/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/12/greta-thunberg-climate-crisis-message-vote|archive-date=14 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{further|Voyage of Greta Thunberg}}
Speaker of the US House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi led a 15-member Congressional delegation to the talks to demonstrate continued U.S. support for the negotiations, despite the Trump administration's decision to pull the U.S. out of the Paris Agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/02/pelosi-to-climate-conference-were-still-in-paris-agreement-074756 |title=Pelosi to climate conference: 'We're still in' Paris agreement |author-last=Wolff |author-first=Eric |website=POLITICO |date=2 December 2019 |language=en |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102349/https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/02/pelosi-to-climate-conference-were-still-in-paris-agreement-074756 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Ecuadorian environmental activist Helena Gualinga participated. She spoke about her concern on the Ecuadorian government authorizing oil extraction in indigenous land. She said: "Our country's government is still granting our territories to the corporations responsible of climate change. This is criminal." She criticized the Ecuadorian government for claiming interest in protecting the Amazon during the conference instead of attending indigenous Amazon women's demands brought to the government during the 2019 Ecuadorian protests.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/helena-gualinga-sarayaku-ecuador-cop25.html|title=La adolescente Helena Gualinga, activista del pueblo Sarayaku, arremetió contra el Gobierno de Ecuador en la COP25 de Madrid|date=11 December 2019|website=El Comercio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212103032/https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/helena-gualinga-sarayaku-ecuador-cop25.html|archive-date=12 December 2019|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> She also expressed her disappointment towards world leaders' lack of interest to discuss topics brought by indigenous peoples to the conference.<ref name=":2" />
The International Union for Conservation of Nature presented research showing that the number of low-oxygen zones in the oceans is increasing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-07|title=Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/07/oceans-losing-oxygen-at-unprecedented-rate-experts-warn|access-date=2021-11-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107193256/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/07/oceans-losing-oxygen-at-unprecedented-rate-experts-warn|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Negotiations == [[File:Marcha por el clima Madrid 06 diciembre 2019, (16).jpg|thumb|Mapuche people protesting against REDD+, Climate March in Madrid, Friday 6 December 2019]]
The last part of the Paris regime that remains to be resolved is ''Article 6'', which describes rules for a carbon market and other forms of international cooperation. In the COP24 conference no agreement could be reached on this topic. Several politically difficult decisions have to be made for this article. Negative emissions could be traded under the Kyoto Protocol to offset emissions by developed countries, but many of these negative emission projects would have happened anyway without the extra incentive from the Kyoto Protocol, so that this mechanism was described as 'hot air'. International trading of carbon can make overall emission cuts cheaper. If negotiations about this fail, it will come up again in 2020's COP26<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-q-and-a-how-article-6-carbon-markets-could-make-or-break-the-paris-agreement |title=In-depth Q&A: How 'Article 6' carbon markets could 'make or break' the Paris Agreement |author-last1=Evans |author-first1=Simon |author-last2=Gabbattis |author-first2=Josh |date=29 November 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=2020-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420143355/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-q-and-a-how-article-6-carbon-markets-could-make-or-break-the-paris-agreement |url-status=live }}</ref> (postponed to 2021).<ref name="govuk-newdates">{{cite web|date=28 May 2020|title=New dates agreed for COP26 United Nations Climate Change Conference|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-dates-agreed-for-cop26-united-nations-climate-change-conference|website=gov.uk|access-date=2020-06-05 |archive-date=2021-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531022338/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-dates-agreed-for-cop26-united-nations-climate-change-conference|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to scientists, talks focused on some of the rules for implementing the 2015 Paris agreement, but the overriding issue of how fast the world needs to cut greenhouse gas emissions has received little official attention. Urgent UN talks on tackling the climate emergency are still not addressing the true scale of the crisis, one of the world's leading climate scientists has warned.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/08/un-climate-talks-are-failing-to-see-urgency-of-crisis-says-scientist UN climate talks failing to address urgency of crisis, says top scientist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213043129/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/08/un-climate-talks-are-failing-to-see-urgency-of-crisis-says-scientist |date=2019-12-13 }} The Guardian, 2019-12-08</ref>
Negotiations concluded on 15 December 2019, two days after the stated deadline.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/un-climate-talks-end-with-hard-feelings-few-results-and-new-doubts-about-global-unity/2019/12/15/38918278-1ec7-11ea-b4c1-fd0d91b60d9e_story.html |title=U.N. climate talks end with hard feelings, few results and new doubts about global unity |author-last1=Dennis |author-first1=Brady |date=15 December 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=16 December 2019 |author-last2=Harlan |author-first2=Chico |archive-date=2019-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216143016/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/un-climate-talks-end-with-hard-feelings-few-results-and-new-doubts-about-global-unity/2019/12/15/38918278-1ec7-11ea-b4c1-fd0d91b60d9e_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Results == The results of the conference were disappointing at a time when climate action and concrete measures are considered urgent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/15/climate/cop25-un-climate-talks-madrid.html|title=U.N. Climate Talks End With Few Commitments and a 'Lost' Opportunity. The New York Times. Dic 15, 2019|work=The New York Times |date=15 December 2019 |access-date=2020-01-07 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107031905/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/15/climate/cop25-un-climate-talks-madrid.html|url-status=live |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somini }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/12/cop25-ended-in-failure-whats-the-way-forward.html|title=U.N. Climate Talks Collapsed in Madrid. What's the Way Forward? Intelligencer. Dic16, 2019|date=16 December 2019 |access-date=2020-01-07 |archive-date=2020-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109034300/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/12/cop25-ended-in-failure-whats-the-way-forward.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Alden Meyer, director of strategy and policy for the Union of Concerned Scientists who has attended climate negotiations since 1991, stated that he had never before seen the almost total disconnect between what the science requires and what the climate negotiations are delivering in terms of meaningful action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.ucsusa.org/rachel-cleetus/reflections-from-cop25|title=Reflections from COP25 in Madrid. Union of Concerned Scientists. Dic 19, 2019|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=2020-01-07 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107125339/https://blog.ucsusa.org/rachel-cleetus/reflections-from-cop25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-accord-quotebox-idCAKBN1YJ0EW|title='Total disconnect': Voices from marathon Madrid climate summit. Reuter. Dic 15, 2019|website=Reuters|date=15 December 2019 |access-date=2020-01-07 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222142451/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-accord-quotebox-idCAKBN1YJ0EW|url-status=live}}</ref> Greenpeace executive director Jennifer Morgan summarized the prevalent opinion: “Climate blockers like Brazil and Saudi Arabia, enabled by an irresponsibly weak Chilean leadership, peddled carbon deals and steamrolled scientists and civil society”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/record-long-un-climate-talks-end-with-no-deal-on-carbon-markets/|title=Record-long UN climate talks end with no deal on carbon markets. The Times of Israel, Dic 5,2019|website=The Times of Israel|access-date=2020-01-07 |archive-date=2019-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229211000/https://www.timesofisrael.com/record-long-un-climate-talks-end-with-no-deal-on-carbon-markets/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/five-reasons-cop25-climate-talks-failed/a-deadlock-and-a-dodge/slideshow/72974645.cms|title=Five reasons COP25 climate talks failed. The Economics Time (India) Dec 6, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The decisions about the carbon market and emissions cuts were delayed to the next climate conference in Glasgow. The United States, Russia, India, China, Brazil and Saudi Arabia were the main opponents of these measures.
On the other side, the European Union reached an agreement about the European Green Deal that should lower its emissions to zero by 2050.<ref>{{cite news |author-last=Davidson |author-first=Jordan |title=COP25 Ends With a Whimper: A Few Takeaways |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/cop25-results-failure-2641606525.html |access-date=18 December 2019 |agency=Ecowatch |date=2019-12-16 |archive-date=2019-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218092630/https://www.ecowatch.com/cop25-results-failure-2641606525.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, many commitments were made by countries, cities, businesses and international coalitions. For example, the Climate Ambitious Coalition contains now "73 countries committed to net zero emissions by 2050, as well as a further {{val|1214}} actors (regions, cities, businesses, investors) who have pledged the same goal". All the information about the pledges (governmental and non-governmental) is streamed to the Global Climate Action portal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Climate Action Presents a Blueprint for a 1.5-Degree World |url=https://unfccc.int/news/global-climate-action-presents-a-blueprint-for-a-15-degree-world |website=UNFCCC |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215075524/https://unfccc.int/news/global-climate-action-presents-a-blueprint-for-a-15-degree-world |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Climate Change Conference (COP25) 2-13 December, 2019 Madrid, Spain |url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/events-cop25.html |website=Global Climate Action NAZCA |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215075530/https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/events-cop25.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Santiago Network was established at COP25.<ref>United Nations, [https://unfccc.int/santiago-network/about About the Santiago Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121060256/https://unfccc.int/santiago-network/about |date=2022-11-21 }}, accessed 21 November 2022</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=What is the Santiago Network?|date=October 2024}}
Additionally, global song project "The Resolution Song" premiered at the conference.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-10 |title=Harpenden pupil opens song at UN Climate Conference to encourage action on the environment |url=https://www.hertsad.co.uk/news/21800994.harpenden-pupil-opens-song-un-climate-conference-encourage-action-environment/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Herts Advertiser |language=en}}</ref> ''NME'' described the song as a "call for peace, unity, global harmony and action on climate".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Lavin |first=Will |date=April 20, 2022 |title='No Music On A Dead Planet' announce plans for Earth Day |website=NME |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/no-music-on-a-dead-planet-announce-plans-for-earth-day-3208809}}</ref> The goal of the ongoing song collaboration is to celebrate human culture and put pressure on world governments to enact New Year's resolutions to resolve the climate crisis.<ref name=":5" /> Thousands of performers from over 100 countries have since published covers of this earth anthem,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PLANET RESOLUTION |url=https://planetresolution.com/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=planetresolution.com}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> the composition of which is in the public domain.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Columnist |first=Guest |date=2022-04-20 |title=Sing the Resolution Song for Earth Day |url=https://www.bigissue.com/news/environment/sing-the-resolution-song-for-earth-day/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Big Issue |language=en-US}}</ref>
==See also== {{Portal|Global warming}} * Fourth Global Climate Strike (29 November 2019)
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191001073008/https://www.cop25.cl/en/ 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference 25th Website]
{{United Nations climate change conferences}} {{Authority control}}
Category:2010s in Santiago, Chile Category:2019 conferences Category:2019 in Chile Category:2019 in the environment Category:December 2019 in South America Category:Organized events in Santiago, Chile Category:United Nations climate change conferences Category:December 2019 in Spain Category:2019 in Madrid