Santa Ana Church (Manila)

{{Short description|Roman Catholic church in Manila, Philippines}} {{Redirect|Santa Ana Church|the Catholic church of the same name|Taguig Church|and|Santa Ana Church (San Juan)}} {{Use Philippine English|date=May 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox church | name = Santa Ana Church | full_name = National Shrine of Our Lady of the Abandoned | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|fil|Pambansáng Dambana ng Iná ng Waláng Mag-aampón}}|{{native name|es|Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados}}|{{native name|la|Sanctuarium Nationale de Beata Maria Virgine a Desertorum}}}} | image = National Shrine of Our Lady of the Abandoned 2026-02-15.jpg | image_size = | imagelink = | alt = | caption = Church facade in 2026 | pushpin_map =  | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | map_caption =  | coordinates = {{coord|14.5819|N|121.0137|E|dim:30_region:PH-00_type:landmark|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | location = New Panaderos Street,<br>Santa Ana, Manila | country = Philippines | denomination = Roman Catholic | website = | former_name = Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish | founded = 1578 | founder = Vicente Inglés | dedication = Our Lady of the Abandoned | dedicated = | consecrated = | status = National Shrine | functional_status = Active | heritage_designation = National Cultural Treasure | designated = | architect = | architectural_type = Church building | style = Baroque | groundbreaking = September 12, 1720 | completed = 1725 | construction_cost = ₱ 33,000 | closed = | demolished = | capacity = | length = {{cvt|63|m}}<ref name="natl-museum">{{Cite web|title=Built Heritage Tradition of the Sta. Ana Church |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/10/28/built-heritage-tradition-of-the-sta-ana-church/ |website=National Museum of the Philippines |date=October 28, 2021 |access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref> | width = {{cvt|30|m}}<ref name="natl-museum"/> | height = | materials = Adobe blocks | parish = Our Lady of the Abandoned | archdiocese = Manila | deanery = Holy Family<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcam.org/our-parishes/vicariate-of-holy-family/|title=Vicariate of Holy Family|website=Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila|access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> | diocese = | province = | archbishop =  | rector = Rev. Fr. Virgilio Del Mundo, Jr., {{post-nominals|list=OFM}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fr. Virgilio Del Mundo is new rector of National Shrine of Our Lady of the Abandoned |url=https://rcam.org/fr-virgilio-del-mundo-is-new-rector-of-national-shrine-of-our-lady-of-the-abandoned/ |website=Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila |date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref> | priest = }}

The '''National Shrine of Our Lady of the Abandoned''',{{efn|{{langx|fil|Pambansang Dambana ng Ina ng Walang Mag-ampon}}; {{langx|es|Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados}}}} also known as '''Santa Ana Church''',{{efn|{{langx|fil|Simbahan ng Santa Ana}}; {{langx|es|Iglesia de Santa Ana}}; {{Langx|la|Ecclesiae Paroecialis a Sancta Annae, Matris B.V.M.}}}} is a Spanish colonial period Roman Catholic church located in the district of Santa Ana in Manila, Philippines. It is under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Manila. The parish was established by the Franciscan missionaries in 1578 under the patronage of Saint Anne. The present stone church was constructed by Vicente Inglés from 1720 to 1725 and dedicated to its present patron, Our Lady of the Abandoned. The revered image of its patron was made in Valencia, Spain in 1713, and arrived in the Philippines in 1717.

The church houses two National Cultural Treasures declared by the National Museum of the Philippines: the Santa Ana Site Museum located in the convent patio, and the {{lang|es|Camarín de la Virgen}} (“Dressing Room of the Virgin”). It was elevated to the rank of national shrine in 2021.

== History == The town of Santa Ana was first established by the Spanish Franciscan missionaries in 1578, in a settlement beside a creek connecting to the Pasig River, which the local inhabitants referred to as ''Sapà'' in the ancient Tagalog kingdom of Namayan. Its first church, dedicated to their titular patroness Saint Anne, after the similar-sounding ''Namayan'', was made of nipa and bamboo until a decree from the colonial government in 1599 permitted the religious order to build the church in stone.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Huerta|first=Felix de|title=Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico-religioso|date=1865|publisher=Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Ca|location=Binondo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LowAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> However, the construction came only around 1720 upon the direction of then parish priest of Santa Ana, Vicente Inglés, wherein a new site was chosen, which is the current location of the structure. Dedicated to Our Lady of the Abandoned ({{lang|es|Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados}}), the building of the stone church began on September 12, 1720, with the laying of the cornerstone by Governor-General and Archbishop of Manila Francisco de la Cuesta.<ref name=":0" /> Construction took five years to finish, with the total cost amounting to ₱33,000 including the donation of ₱4,000 by the Governor-General.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Santa Ana Church of Manila: Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned: A Historical Guide|last=Laya|first=Jaime C.|publisher=Cofradía de la Inmaculada Concepción Foundation|year=2008|location=Manila}}</ref>

In the early 1700s, Inglés went to Valencia, Spain. The friar had been very enamored of a famous image of Our Lady that had become a popular spiritual attraction in Valencia known as the ''Our Lady of the Abandoned'', comforting those whose loved ones have died. While Inglés was in Valencia in 1713, he decided to have a copy of this image for Santa Ana Parish, which was in the process of being constructed near Manila. After reverently touching the copy to the original image, the friar brought the new replica with him back to the Philippines in 1717. The image has been venerated in Santa Ana since then. In time, the parish became known by present name of Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish, though Saint Anne still is honored with a statue of her and the Child Mary in the reredos niche directly above that of Our Lady of the Abandoned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/e-News/FriarJack/fj043008.asp|title=Philippine Diary: The Old Franciscan Church in Santa Ana|website=American Catholic|last=Wintz|first=Jack}}</ref> Governor-General De la Cuesta offered his ''bastón de mando'' to the image, and proclaimed her ''Gobernadora de la Ciudad de Manila'' ("Governoress of the City of Manila").

Santa Ana Church also served as barracks for wounded American soldiers during the Philippine–American War in 1899.<ref name=":1" /> The church complex was not destroyed by any bombs during the Battle of Manila in 1945.

The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines approved the petition to elevate the church to a national shrine in January 2020. The solemn declaration was held on May 12, 2021, the church’s titular feast day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santa Ana Church declared a national shrine |first=Maricar |last=Cinco |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=May 17, 2021 |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1432568/sta-ana-church-declared-a-national-shrine |access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref>

== Architecture == thumb|left|Church interior in 2023

The church structure follows the Baroque architectural style, utilizing adobe blocks in its wall surface finish to give an impression of massiveness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Philippine Architecture During the Pre-Spanish and Spanish Periods|last = Alarcon|first = Norma I.|publisher = Santo Tomas University Press|year = 1991|isbn = 971-506-040-4|location = Manila}}</ref> Its floor plan formed the shape of a Latin cross oriented in north–south direction, with the main entrance facing north. The church facade is divided into three levels by heavily molded string courses. The topmost level or the pediment is adorned with Vitruvian-scroll design on its raking cornice, and a central niche flanked with octagonal windows.<ref name=":2" /> The second level is composed of semicircular arched windows covered with stained glass. The lowermost level is the main entrance flanked with two niches containing the statues of Anne and Joachim, the parents of the Mary. The ornamentation is mostly found in the frames of lateral niches and the moldings in the cornices and the apertures.<ref name=":1" /> Attached to the right side of the structure next to the church facade is the four-floored octagonal bell tower, also made of adobe blocks and were embellished by heavy string courses and other ornamentation.

== Notable features and components ==

=== Baptistery === The baptistery or {{lang|es|bautisterio}} is located at the base of the bell tower on the right side of the vestibule or entrance hall. Inside the small room contains the marble baptismal font and a Neoclassical ''retablo'' featuring the painting of the ''Baptism of Christ'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://santaanachurchmanila.com/wala.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404093619/http://santaanachurchmanila.com/wala.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 4, 2012|title=Wala Lang: Excitement in Sta. Ana|last=Laya|first=Jaime C.|date=August 30, 2009|publisher=Santa Ana Church Manila |access-date=May 9, 2014}}</ref> framed by two Corinthian columns on each side. Conservation efforts on the Santa Ana church revealed that two paintings have actually adorned the ''retablo ''of the baptistery. The first painting one was done on wood, which depicted John the Baptist pouring water on Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit (symbolized by the dove) together with cherubs above them, and two angels holding a red cloak to cover Jesus. The wooden painting was later covered with the painting on metal, which most likely dated around 1938.<ref>{{cite web|last=Laya|first=Jaime C.|title=Restoration and Conservation Work at Manila's Shrine of Nstra. Sra. De Los Samparados|date=May 4, 2010|url=http://santaanachurchmanila.com/restoration.pdf|access-date=May 9, 2014|website=Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412204704/http://santaanachurchmanila.com/restoration.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2012}}</ref> The second painting has much simpler depiction, composing of only St. John the Baptist, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit above them.

=== Retablo === thumb|The ''retablo ''of the church

The main altarpiece or the ''retablo'' is in churrigueresque style, characterized by heavy ornamentation, which is further highlighted by gold leaf on its details. It has thirteen niches, framed with solomonic and churrigueresque columns.<ref name=":1" /> The tabernacle or {{lang|es|sagrario}} occupies the lowermost central niche and is flanked by Franciscan saints, namely Bonaventure, Peter of Alcántara, Bernardino of Siena and Clare of Assisi. The central niche of the second or main level contains the image of Our Lady of the Abandoned, flanked by those of Dominic and Francis of Assisi, founders of Catholic religious orders, and the Biblical figures John the Baptist and John the Evangelist. The upper level niches contained the images of Anne, mother of Mary (namesake of the Santa Ana district), at the center with Peter and Paul to the sides. At the top the ''retablo'' is an image of Michael the Archangel, which is flanked by painted medallions of Didacus of Alcalá and Paschal Baylon.

=== Dome interior === The interior of the dome located above the crossing has two layers of balconies. Sixteen paintings depicting Jesus, the Twelve Apostles (with Matthias replacing Judas Iscariot), the Four Evangelists; Mark and Luke, and John decorate the first level balcony.<ref name=":1" />

=== Camarín de la Virgen === The {{lang|es|Camarín de la Virgen}} (Dressing Room of the Virgin) is a small chapel located behind the niche of Our Lady of the Abandoned on the second tier of the ''retablo''. It was built around the same period as the church ({{circa|1720–1725}}) and has retained most of its original features.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2009|publisher=National Museum of the Philippines |url=http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/NM%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202009.pdf|access-date=May 10, 2014}}</ref> One can view the nave of the church from the octagonal vaulted niche ({{lang|es|hornacina}}) where the image stands. Its high-arched opening is crowned with a large, silver {{lang|es|corona imperial}} (imperial crown). Below the {{lang|es|hornacina}} is a semicircular gilded platform, which is said to be a part of the galleon that brought the image from Valencia all the way to Manila, the {{lang|es|Santo Cristo de Burgos}}. Wooden steps flank the platform, and are used by devotees to climb and venerate the image. At present, only the Virgin's long cape can be touched or kissed.

Of note in this structure are the paintings on the ceiling and on the entrance, which are believed to be as old as the {{lang|es|Camarín}} and the church itself. These paintings belonged to the short-lived ''Estampita'' Age of Filipino-Spanish art.<ref name=":3" /> The entrance paintings depict life-size images of the archangels Michael and Gabriel guarding the door, also painted with a heavenly scene surrounding the ''Auspice Maria'' (a monogram of the letters "A" and "M") for the term "Under the guidance of Mary" and with the folk meanings of ''Ave Maria'' as well as the Holy Name of Mary. The ceiling shows Heaven in the center surrounded by eleven segments, with scenes from the lives of Mary and Jesus, from Mary's Betrothal to Joseph to the Baptism of Christ. The central panel shows the Holy Trinity and the kneeling Virgin Mary, with cherubim and angels on both sides.<ref name=":1" />

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="150px" caption="Inside the {{lang|es|Camarín de la Virgen}}"> File:Camarin Entrance2.jpg File:Camarin hornacina.jpg File:Camarin2.jpg| File:Camarin painting6.jpg| </gallery>

Due to the considerably good preservation of the structure as well as the irreplaceable value of its paintings, which are considered the oldest datable of its kind, the {{lang|es|Camarín de la Virgen}} was declared a National Cultural Treasure in November 2008 by the National Museum of the Philippines.<ref name=":3" />

=== ''Pozo de la Virgen'' === thumb|upright=0.8|Interior of the {{lang|es|Capillita de la Virgen del Pozo}}

Located behind the Santa Ana Church is the {{lang|es|Capillita de la Virgen del Pozo}} (Small Chapel of the Virgin of the Well). Better known as the {{lang|es|Pozo de la Virgen}} (Well of the Virgin), it housed a holy well of springwater believed to contain healing properties. The exact date of its construction is unknown, although it was generally assumed to have been built around the 18th century, around the same period as the church.<ref name="Austria2013">{{cite journal|url=http://www.ejournals.ph/index.php?journal=MANILA&page=article&op=viewArticle&path%5B%5D=7491|title=Virgen de los Desamparados/del Pozo: Sacred Space, Syncretism and the Geopolitics of Healing Water|last=Austria|first=Jose Alain|date=2013|journal=MANILA: Selected Papers of the MSA 21st Annual Conference}}</ref> The {{lang|es|Pozo de la Virgen}} also enshrines an 18th-century wood and ivory relief image of Our Lady of the Abandoned,<ref name="Austria2013" /> placed in a low niche in a position suggesting her guarding the holy well. A wooden trapdoor, which occupies most of the floorspace, opens to reveal the passage to the well. There are ten stone steps that lead to the actual water level,<ref name=":1" /> which was contained within a small stone-and-concrete arched chamber.

During the typhoid epidemic of 1920, the well was closed due to sanitary concerns. During the 1977–85 renovations, it was cemented over and decorated with broken tiles from the {{lang|es|Camarín de la Virgen}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Kaisa">{{cite news|url=http://www.kaisa.org.ph/tulay/archive/2010-2011/070511/July%205,%202011%20(Sta.Ana%20Temple).pdf|title=The Virgin's Well, the Temple to Pao Ong Hu and to the Mother of Sta. Ana|last=Laya|first=Jaime C.|date=July 5–18, 2011|access-date=March 31, 2014|newspaper=Tulay: Chinese-Filipino Digest}}</ref> In 2011, the ''Pozo de la Virgen'' was reopened after 92 years of being hidden from the public.<ref name="Austria2013" />

=== Convent and patio === thumb|Santa Ana Church Convent|left

Adjoining the Santa Ana church is the convent, which was also built on the same period as the church under the direction of Vicente Inglés.<ref name=":0" /> The ground floor is a stone and clay tile cloister surrounding the grassy patio. Above the cloister is a wooden corridor with ''capiz'' and glass windows and high doors leading to the priest's quarters, the choir loft and a room previously used as a library.<ref name=":1" /> In 1966, archaeological excavations have been conducted by the National Museum of the Philippines on the patio and the churchyard, uncovering 71 human burials dating around late 11th to 14th centuries from the associated Chinese ceramics recovered with the graves.<ref>{{cite book|title=Excavations at Santa Ana|last1=Fox|first1=Robert B.|publisher=National Museum of the Philippines|year=1977 |location=Manila |last2=Legaspi|first2=Avelino}}</ref> The bulk of data gathered regarding the pre-Hispanic culture of Santa Ana (the ancient Kingdom of Namayan<ref name=":0" />) led to the construction of a site museum in the patio, which was later declared as a National Cultural Treasure in August 1973 by the virtue of Presidential Decree No. 260.<ref name="pd-260">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1973/08/01/presidential-decree-no-260-s-1973/|title=Presidential Decree No. 260, s. 1973|date=August 1, 1973|access-date=November 29, 2017|website=Official Gazette|publisher=Republic of the Philippines}}</ref>

== Historical and cultural declarations == [[File:Church of Santa Ana (Manila) historical marker.jpg|thumb|Church HRMC historical marker installed in 1936]]

The Santa Ana Church has been designated by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (then the Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee) as a Historic Building in 1936 with a historical marker for being the first Franciscan mission established outside Manila.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Markers: Metropolitan Manila|date=1993|publisher=National Historical Institute|isbn=971-538-046-8|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeNuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 16, 2014}}</ref> The Santa Ana Site Museum located in the convent patio and the {{lang|es|Camarín de la Virgen}} was declared as a National Cultural Treasure in August 1973.<ref name="pd-260" />

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{reflist|30em}}

== External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Facebook|NSOLASAM}}

Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Manila Category:Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila Category:Marked Historical Structures of the Philippines Category:Baroque church buildings in the Philippines Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1725 Category:National Historical Landmarks of the Philippines Category:National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines Category:Buildings and structures in Santa Ana, Manila Category:1725 establishments in the Philippines Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the Philippines Category:Roman Catholic national shrines in the Philippines Category:Churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila

Santa Ana Church (Manila)

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