{{Short description|Complex volcano in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Sangeang Api | image = Pulau sangeang.jpg | image_caption = | map = Indonesia | map_caption = Indonesia | location = [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]] | label = Sangeang Api | elevation_m = 1949 | elevation_ref = <ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp | vnum=264050 |title=Sangeang Api }}</ref> | prominence_m = 1949 | prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/indonesia.html|title=Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago|publisher=Peaklist.org|accessdate=2015-04-11}}</ref> | listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]<br />Ribu<br />[[List of volcanoes in Indonesia]] | range = | coordinates = {{coord|8|11|48|S|119|04|12|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/> | type = [[Complex volcano]] | age = | volcanic_arc = [[Sunda Arc]] | last_eruption = 2020<ref name=gvp/> | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }}
'''Sangeang Api''' ('''Gunung Api''' or '''Gunung Sangeang''') is an active [[complex volcano]] on the island of {{ill|Sangeang|fr}} in [[Indonesia]]. It consists of two volcanic cones, {{convert|1949|m|ft|0}} Doro Api and {{convert|1795|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Doro Mantoi.<ref name=gvp/> Sangeang Api is one of the most active volcanoes in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]. Administratively the island forms one village (''desa'') within Wera District (''kecamatan'') of [[Bima Regency]]; it covers a land area of 165.76 km<sup>2</sup> and had a population of 4,739 in mid 2023.<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 26 September 2024, Kecamatan Wera Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5206070).</ref>
== Location ==
The island of Sangeang is part of the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]. It is located northeast of [[Sumbawa]] in the [[Flores Sea]] and is 13 km wide with an area of 153 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Monk1996"/> [[File:Mt. Sangeang, Oct, 2000.jpg|thumb|Mt. Sangeang, Oct. 2000]]
== Historical literature ==
The earliest document mentioning the Sang Hyang Api volcano was found in 14th century [[Majapahit]] script of [[Nagarakretagama]]. "Gunung Api" also appears as the name for the mountain in the first chapter of the novel ''[[The Long Journey]]'' by [[Johannes V. Jensen]].
== Eruptions ==
The Sangeang Api and the [[Satonda Island|Satonda]] volcanoes are eruption centers associated to the [[Mount Tambora|Tambora volcano]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Kempe |first1= Stephan |last2= Kazmierczak |first2= Józef |date= 1993 |title= Satonda Crater Lake, Indonesia: Hydrogeochemistry and Biocarbonate |journal= Facies |volume= 28 |pages= 1–31 (see p. 3) |doi= 10.1007/BF02539726 |url= https://www.academia.edu/4615838/Satonda_Crater_Lake_Indonesia_Hydrogeochemistry_and_biocarbonates?rhid=28880924147&swp=rr-rw-wc-92678115 }}</ref>
The Sangeang Api erupted in 1988 and the island's inhabitants were evacuated. Between its first recorded eruption in 1512 and 1989, it erupted 17 times. It erupted again during December 2012 and May 2014.<ref name=gvp1989/><ref name="bp2014-5"/>
=== 2014 Eruption === [[File:Lesser Sunda Islands.png|thumb|Lesser Sunda Islands and Java sea]] Since mid-June 2013, authorities had put the volcano on 'high alert' for a possible eruption. On May 30, 2014, a major eruption occurred at around 3:55 p.m. local time. Farmers working on the island were evacuated. Ash and smoke quickly rose to an altitude of {{convert|15|–|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} into the sky.<ref name="bp2014-5"/> By the next morning, the [[ash cloud]] had crossed the northwest coast of [[Australia]] in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region, and airlines had cancelled flights into and from [[Darwin, Northern Territory]]. It later went as far as [[Alice Springs]] in the [[Northern Territory]].<ref name="SBS20140531"/> On 31 May some flights from [[Melbourne]] and [[Adelaide]] to [[Bali]] were also cancelled.<ref name="SBS20140531"/>
==Climate== Sangeang Api has a [[subtropical highland climate]] (Cfb). It has moderate rainfall from June to September and heavy to extremely heavy rainfall in the remaining months. {{Weather box | width = auto | location = Sangeang Api summit | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan high C = 21.8 | Feb high C = 21.4 | Mar high C = 22.2 | Apr high C = 22.2 | May high C = 21.8 | Jun high C = 21.1 | Jul high C = 21.0 | Aug high C = 21.9 | Sep high C = 22.7 | Oct high C = 23.2 | Nov high C = 22.2 | Dec high C = 21.5
| Jan mean C = 17.2 | Feb mean C = 16.9 | Mar mean C = 17.5 | Apr mean C = 17.2 | May mean C = 16.8 | Jun mean C = 16.1 | Jul mean C = 15.5 | Aug mean C = 16.0 | Sep mean C = 16.7 | Oct mean C = 17.5 | Nov mean C = 17.5 | Dec mean C = 17.1 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 12.6 | Feb low C = 12.4 | Mar low C = 12.8 | Apr low C = 12.3 | May low C = 11.9 | Jun low C = 11.1 | Jul low C = 10.1 | Aug low C = 10.1 | Sep low C = 10.7 | Oct low C = 11.8 | Nov low C = 12.8 | Dec low C = 12.7 | precipitation colour= green | Jan precipitation mm=776 | Feb precipitation mm=633 | Mar precipitation mm=571 | Apr precipitation mm=350 | May precipitation mm=193 | Jun precipitation mm=94 | Jul precipitation mm=64 | Aug precipitation mm=62 | Sep precipitation mm=95 | Oct precipitation mm=165 | Nov precipitation mm=365 | Dec precipitation mm=553 | source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web |url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/563870/ |title = Climate: Sangeang |publisher=Climate-Data.org |accessdate = July 9, 2020}}</ref> }}
==See also== * [[List of ultras of the Malay Archipelago]]
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="bp2014-5"> {{cite web |title=Volcano Mount Sangiang Api erupts in Indonesia, farmers evacuated | url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/volcano-mount-sangiang-erupts-in-indonesia-farmers-evacuated/ |work=IANS | date=30 May 2014 |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name=gvp1989> {{cite book |title = Global Volcanism 1975-1985 |author = Smithsonian Institution / SEAN |author-link = Global Volcanism Program |editor = Lindsay McClelland |editor2 = Tom Simkin |editor3 = Marjorie Summers |editor4 = Elizabeth Nielsen |editor5 = Thomas C Stein |year = 1989 |publisher = Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, and American Geophysical Union, Washington DC |isbn = 0-13-357203-X |pages = [https://archive.org/details/globalvolcanism10000unse/page/217 217–219] |url = https://archive.org/details/globalvolcanism10000unse/page/217 }}</ref> <ref name="Monk1996"> {{cite book |last=Monk |first=K.A. |author2=Fretes, Y. |author3=Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. | title=The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku |year=1996 |page=7 | publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd. | location=Hong Kong |isbn=962-593-076-0}}</ref> <ref name="SBS20140531"> {{cite web |title=Ash grounds flights to Darwin, Bali | url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/05/31/ash-grounds-flights-darwin-bali | publisher=www.sbs.com.au |accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref> }}
==External links== * NASA Space Shuttle images: ** [http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=STS112&roll=E&frame=5628 STS112-E-5628] Directly from above volcano. ** [http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=STS61A&roll=40&frame=62 STS61A-40-62]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the Lesser Sunda Islands]] [[Category:Complex volcanoes]] [[Category:Mountains of Indonesia]] [[Category:Active volcanoes of Indonesia]] [[Category:Lesser Sunda Islands]] [[Category:21st-century volcanic events]] [[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]