Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)

{{Short description|British mountaineer (1902–1924)}} {{Use British English|date=January 2018}} {{Infobox person | birth_name = Andrew Comyn Irvine | name = Andrew Irvine | image = AndrewIrvine.jpg | caption = Irvine, {{circa|1920}} | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1902|4|8}} | birth_place = Birkenhead, Cheshire, England | death_date = 8 or 9 June 1924 (aged 22) | death_cause = Mountaineering accident | death_place = North Face, Mount Everest, Tibet | occupation = Student at Merton College, Oxford | footnotes = | relatives = Julie Summers (great-niece) }}

'''Andrew Comyn''' "'''Sandy'''" '''Irvine''' (8 April 1902 – 8 or 9 June 1924) was a British mountaineer who took part in the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition, the third British expedition to the world's highest mountain. He and his climbing partner George Mallory disappeared high on the mountain's Northeast Ridge, and were last seen alive below the summit. Irvine's partial remains were discovered in 2024.<ref>dw.com 17 October 2024: [https://www.dw.com/en/mount-everest-the-100-year-old-mystery-of-mallory-and-irvine/a-70524517 ''The 100-year mystery of Mallory and Irvine''] and Mallory's body was found in 1999.</ref>

==Early life== Irvine was born in Birkenhead, Cheshire, one of six children of historian William Fergusson Irvine (1869–1962) and Lilian Davies-Colley (1870–1950).<ref>Summers, p. xiii</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Everest Man's Father Dies - Was Noted Historian |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000271/19620306/001/0001 |access-date=16 January 2019 |work=Liverpool Echo |date=6 March 1962 |page=1}}</ref> His father's family had Scottish and Welsh roots, while his mother was from an old Cheshire family. He was a cousin of journalist and writer Lyn Irvine, and also of pioneering female surgeon Eleanor Davies Colley and of political activist Harriet Shaw Weaver.

He was educated at Birkenhead School and Shrewsbury School,<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900–1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=145}}</ref> where he demonstrated a natural engineering acumen, able to improvise fixes or improvements to almost anything mechanical. During the First World War, he created a small stir at the War Office by sending them a design for a synchronisation gear to allow a machine gun to fire from a propeller-driven aeroplane through the propeller without damaging its blades, and also a design for a gyroscopic stabiliser for aircraft.<ref>Davis </ref>

He was also a keen sportsman and particularly excelled at rowing. His prodigious ability as a rower made him a star of the 1919 'Peace Regatta' at Henley with the Royal Shrewsbury School Boat Club,<ref>{{cite web |title=Everest needs you, Mr Irvine |url=https://www.shrewsbury.org.uk/sites/default/files/uploads/files/old_salopians/2Sabrina%20Club%20Everest%20Invitation%20UPDATED%202.10.14.pdf |publisher=Shrewsbury School |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> and propelled him to Merton College, Oxford, to study engineering. At Oxford, he joined the Oxford University Mountaineering Club, and was also a member of the Oxford crew for the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race in 1922 and a member of the winning crew in 1923,<ref name=MCreg /> the only time Oxford won between 1913 and 1937.

Irvine had an affair with a former chorus girl named Marjory Agnes Standish Summers (née Thompson). Marjory was married to the steel magnate Henry Hall Summers and was 33 years younger than her husband. Summers was one of the sons of founder John Summers, of John Summers & Sons, a steel company. While Irvine was on Everest, Henry began divorce proceedings against Marjory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caro's Family Chronicles |date=21 November 2010 |url=https://cmgurney.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/three-times-before-breakfast.html |access-date= 30 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Observer |date=29 October 2000 |title= Book review of Fearless on Everest by Julie Summers, see WP article |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/oct/29/booksbooksnews |access-date=30 August 2017 }}</ref>

==Everest expedition== {{Main|1924 British Mount Everest expedition}} [[File:Andrew Irvine memorial Merton College.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial to Andrew Irvine, by Eric Gill, at Merton College, Oxford]] [[File:Memorial to George Leigh Mallory and Andrew Comyn Irvine in Chester Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Memorial to George Mallory and Andrew Irvine in Chester Cathedral]] In 1923, Irvine took part in the Merton College Arctic Expedition to Spitsbergen which was led by George Binney; Irvine excelled on every front.<ref name=MCreg /><ref>{{cite journal | title = Charles Elton's Accounts of Expeditions from Oxford to the Arctic in the 1920s |first = Caroline | last= Pond |date =2015 |journal= Arctic |volume = 68 | issue = 2 |page = 273 |publisher= Arctic Institute of North America of the University of Calgary |doi = 10.14430/arctic4494 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279278819 | access-date=10 December 2024 }}</ref> Other mountaineers on the expedition were Tom Longstaff and Noel Odell. Irvine discovered that he and Odell had met in 1919 when Irvine had ridden his motorcycle to the top of Foel Grach, a 3,000-foot-high Welsh mountain, and surprised Odell and his wife Mona, who had climbed it on foot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everest1953.co.uk/MalloryIrvine.php |title=Mount Everest The British Story |publisher=Everest1953.co.uk |date=8 June 1924 |access-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214142633/http://www.everest1953.co.uk/MalloryIrvine.php |archive-date=14 February 2012 }}</ref> Subsequently, on Odell's recommendation, Irvine was invited to join the forthcoming third British Mount Everest expedition on the grounds that he might be the "superman" that the expedition felt it needed. He was at the time still a 21-year-old undergraduate student.

Irvine set sail for the Himalaya from Liverpool on board SS ''California'' on 29 February, 1924,<ref>{{cite web |title = George Leigh Mallory |url = http://www.everestnews2004.com/malloryandirvine2004/stories2004/georgemallory.htm |publisher = everestnews.com |access-date = 20 February 2012}}</ref> along with three other members of the expedition, George Mallory, Bentley Beetham, and John de Vars Hazard. Mallory later wrote home to his wife that Irvine "could be relied on for anything except perhaps conversation".

During the expedition, he made major and crucial innovations to the expedition's professionally designed oxygen sets, radically improving their functionality, lightness, and strength. He also maintained the expedition's cameras, camp beds, primus stoves, and many other devices. He was universally popular, and respected by his older colleagues for his ingenuity, companionability, and unstinting hard work.

The expedition made two unsuccessful attempts on the summit in early June, and time remained for only one more before the heavy snowfall that came with the summer monsoon would make climbing too dangerous. This last chance fell to the expedition's most experienced climber, George Mallory. To the surprise of other expedition members, Mallory chose the 22-year-old inexperienced Irvine above the older, more seasoned climber, Noel Odell. Irvine's proficiency with the oxygen equipment was obviously a major factor in Mallory's decision. Later, some debate occurred about the reasons for his choice.<ref name ="Lost">Firstbrook, p. 130</ref>

Mallory and Irvine began their ascent from the North Col on 6 June, and by the end of the next day, the pair had reached Camp VI—previously established by Edward Norton and Howard Somervell—a final two-man camp at {{convert|8138|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}, from which they would make their final push for the summit. What time they departed on 8 June is unknown, but circumstantial evidence suggests that they did not have the smooth, early start that Mallory had hoped for.<ref name = "Lost" />

Odell, who was acting in a supporting role, reported seeing them at 12:50 pm—much later than expected—ascending what he believed was the Second Step of the Northeast Ridge and "going strongly for the top,"<ref name="Affimer">{{cite web |url=http://www.affimer.org/hemmleb2.html |title=Jochen Hemmleb: The Last Witness: Noel Odell |publisher=Affimer.org |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-date=13 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913213044/http://www.affimer.org/hemmleb2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> although in the years that followed, exactly which of the Three Steps Odell had sighted the pair climbing became extremely controversial.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Traces on the ridge==

===Discovery of the ice axe=== On 30 May 1933, nine years after the disappearance of Mallory and Irvine, Percy Wyn-Harris, a member of the fourth British Everest Expedition, discovered an ice axe at around {{convert|8450|m|ft|-0|abbr=on}}, about {{convert|18|m|ft}} below the crest of the Northeast Ridge, {{convert|229|m|ft}} east of the First Step. It was found lying loose on brown 'boiler-plate' slabs of rock, which though not particularly steep, were smooth and in places had a covering of loose pebbles.<ref>Ruttledge, H. (1934). "The Mount Everest Expedition, 1933", Alpine Journal, 45, p. 226</ref> The Swiss manufacturer's name matched those of a number supplied to the 1924 expedition, and since only Mallory and Irvine had climbed that high along the ridge route, it must have belonged to one of them.

Hugh Ruttledge, leader of the 1933 expedition, speculated that the ice axe marked the scene of a fall, during which it was either accidentally dropped or that its owner put it down, possibly to have both hands free to hold the rope.<ref>Ruttledge, Everest 1933, p. 145</ref> Noel Odell, the last man to see Mallory and Irvine on their ascent in 1924, offered a more benign explanation: that the ice axe had merely been placed there on the ascent to be collected on the way back since the climbing ahead was almost entirely on rock under the prevailing conditions.<ref>Odell, N.E. (1934). "The ice-axe found on Everest", Alpine Journal, 46</ref><ref name="affimer1">{{cite web|url=http://www.affimer.org/hemmleb3.html |title=Jochen Hemmleb: First Traces: 1933–1991 |publisher=Affimer.org |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040914145339/http://www.affimer.org/hemmleb3.html |archive-date=September 14, 2004 |via=Wayback Machine}}</ref>

In 1963, a characteristic triple nick mark on a military swagger stick, found among Andrew Irvine's possessions, was found to match a similar mark on the ice axe's shaft, suggesting the axe belonged to Irvine.<ref>Odell, N.E. (1963). "The ice-axe found on Everest in 1933", Alpine Journal, 68, 141</ref> In an interview with PBS, Wyn-Harris, who discovered the ice axe, claimed, "When I picked up the axe there was no mark on it. The cross, over which there has been so much controversy, was not put on either by Mallory or Irvine. It was in fact cut by my personal Sherpa porter, Kusang Pugla, who did it under threats from me that it must not be lost or mixed up with other axes."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/george-mallory |title=George Mallory May Have Been the First Person to Summit Everest — then His Body Was Lost There for 75 Years |date=4 September 2023 }}</ref>

===Discovery of the oxygen cylinder=== On 15 May 1991, a 1924 oxygen cylinder was discovered by Eric Simonson at approximately {{convert|8475|m|ft}}, some {{convert|20|m|ft}} higher and {{convert|60|m|ft}} closer to the First Step than the ice axe found in 1933, and 373 vertical metres from the summit.<ref name="affimer1"/> Since only Mallory and Irvine had been on the Northeast Ridge in 1924, this oxygen cylinder marked the minimum altitude they must have reached on their final climb.<ref name="affimer1"/> The oxygen cylinder was recovered on 17 May 1999.<ref name="affimer1"/>

==Discovery of Mallory== On 1 May 1999, Mallory's body was found at {{convert|8156|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} by the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition, in a funnel-shaped basin on the "8,200{{nbsp}}m Snow Terrace," some {{convert|300|m|ft}} below and about {{convert|100|m|ft}} horizontal to the location of the ice axe found in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mountainworld.typepad.com/photos/random_images/tevp0154.html |title=Random Images: George Mallory, 1 May 1999 |publisher=Mountainworld.typepad.com |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Everest Image with landmarks |url = https://www.jochenhemmleb.com/pictures/mundi/2011/02.jpg |publisher=Jochenhemmleb.com |access-date = 20 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.affimer.org/hemmleb4.html |title=Jochen Hemmleb: Mallory & Irvine Research Expedition, 1999 |publisher=Affimer.org |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> The remains of a rope still encircled his waist, which exhibited serious haemorrhaging, indicative of a strong rope-jerk injury, and strongly suggesting that at some point either Mallory or Irvine fell while they were still roped together. Mallory was found with relatively few major injuries, compared with modern climbers who had fallen the full distance from the Northeast Ridge and sustained numerous fractures, suggesting he had survived an initial fall and suffered a further accident. A golf ball-sized puncture wound in his forehead seemed to be the likely cause of death,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.affimer.org/hemmleb6.html |title=Jochen Hemmleb: Second Search, May 1999 |publisher=Affimer.org |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> and could have been inflicted by an ice axe. It has been speculated that an injured Mallory was descending in a self-arrest "glissade," sliding down the slope while dragging his ice axe in the snow to control the speed of his descent, and that his ice axe bounced off a rock and killed him.

thumb|right|Vest Pocket Kodak The search revealed no trace of the two Vest Pocket Kodak cameras<ref name = "Hellen">Hellen, Nicholas. (2003). "[https://www.thetimes.com/article/body-may-prove-who-was-first-up-everest-mfj8bdzlk8l Body may prove who was first up Everest]", The Sunday Times, 27 April</ref> that Irvine's diaries said he and Mallory were carrying, leading to speculation that one or more of the cameras might yet be found with Irvine's body. Experts from Kodak have said that there is a good chance that the cameras' black-and-white film could be developed to produce "printable images", due to its chemical nature and its likely preservation in subzero temperatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/us-history/mallory-irvine-camera-everest-expedition.htm |title=Expedition Sought to Find George Mallory's Camera : Discovery News |website=news.discovery.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131081340/http://news.discovery.com/history/us-history/mallory-irvine-camera-everest-expedition.htm |archive-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Such images could illuminate the fate of Mallory and Irvine.

==Possible sightings==

===Sighting by Wang Hong-bao=== In 1979, Ryoten Hasegawa, the leader of the Japanese contingent of a Sino-Japanese reconnaissance expedition to the north side of Everest, had a brief conversation with a Chinese climber named Wang Hong-bao, in which Wang recounted that while on the 1975 Chinese Everest Expedition, he had seen the body of an "English dead" at, {{convert|8100|m|ft|-0|abbr=on}} lying on his side as if asleep at the foot of a rock. Wang knew the man was British, he said, by the old-fashioned clothing, rotted and disintegrating at the touch, and poked his finger into his cheek to indicate an injury.<ref name = Lost/><ref>Suzuki, H. (1980). American Alpine Journal, 22, p. 658</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Holzel |first=Tom |title=Mallory and Irvine The Final Chapter: The Second Attempt to Search for Mallory and Irvine |url=http://www.everestnews2004.com/malloryandirvine2004/chinesestory1-2004.htm |publisher=Everestnews.com |access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> Wang died in an avalanche the following day before more information could be obtained.

Further confirmation of this sighting was provided by a 1986 conversation that American Everest historian Tom Holzel had with Zhang Junyan, Wang's tent-mate from the 1975 expedition. Zhang said Wang returned from a 20-minute excursion and described finding "a foreign mountaineer" at 8,100 meters.<ref>Holzel & Salkeld, p. 327</ref> Since no other European climber was known to have died or gone missing at that elevation on the north side of Everest before 1960, it was almost certain that the body was either that of Mallory or Irvine.

Wang's 1975 sighting was the key to the discovery of Mallory's body 24 years later in the same general area, although his reported description of the body he found—"hole in cheek"—is not consistent with the condition and posture of Mallory's body, which was face down, his head almost completely buried in scree, and with a golfball-sized puncture wound on his forehead. One possibility is that Wang actually saw Irvine. Another is that Wang discovered Mallory face up and turned his body over to effect a simple burial.

In 2001, the second Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition discovered Wang's 1975 campsite at {{convert|8170|m|ft|-0|abbr=on}} and made an extensive search of its surroundings, and found that Mallory's remained the only body in the vicinity.

===Sighting by Xu Jing=== In 2001, Eric Simonson, leader of the 1999 Mallory and Irvine Expedition, and German researcher Jochen Hemmleb, who inspired it, travelled to Beijing to interview some of the remaining survivors of the 1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, which had been the first expedition back to the north side since the British attempts of the 1920s and 1930s.

During their meeting, the deputy leader of the expedition, Xu Jing, said that on his descent from the First Step, he spotted a dead climber lying on his back, feet facing uphill, in a hollow or slot in the rock. Since no one other than Mallory and Irvine had ever been lost on the north side of Everest before 1960, and Mallory had been found much lower down, it was almost certain that Xu had discovered Irvine. However, the sighting was brief, and Xu was in desperate straits during the descent, and while he clearly remembered seeing the body, he was unclear about where it was.<ref name = Hellen/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.affimer.org/hemmleb9.html |title=Jochen Hemmleb: Was Andrew Irvine Found in 1960? |publisher=Affimer.org |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everestnews2004.com/malloryandirvine2004/stories2004/xijing12142004.htm |title=Mallory and Irvine The Final Chapter: Xi Jing |publisher=Everestnews2004.com |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref>

===Sighting by Wang Fuzhou=== In 1965, a member of the 1960 Chinese expedition, Wang Fuzhou, told the USSR Geographical Society in Leningrad that, "At an altitude of about {{convert|8600|m|ft|-0|abbr=on}}, we found the corpse of a European." He was sure the corpse was European because he was wearing braces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/features/view/170857 |title=Home of the Daily and Sunday Express | Express Yourself:: Mount Everest's death zone |work=Daily Express |date=23 April 2010 |access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alpklubspb.ru/everest/everest52.htm |title=First Time to Summit Everest from the North (Vpervye na Everest s severa) |publisher=St.Petersburg Alpine Club, Russia |year=2002 |access-date=19 May 2016}}</ref>

==21st-century searches== In 2010, a team informally dubbed the Andrew Irvine Search Committee and led by Holzel searched for Irvine in a computer-assembled montage of aerial photographs taken in 1984 by Brad Washburn and the National Geographic Society. They identified a possible object at about {{convert|8425|m|ft}}, less than {{convert|100|m|ft}} from the ice-axe location, consistent with a body lying in a slot of rock, feet pointing toward the summit, just as Xu described his sighting.<ref name="Guardian"/>

A new expedition organised by Holzel was due to explore the upper slopes of Everest in December 2011, presumably with a view to determining the nature of this possible object.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|author=Peter Beaumont and Ed Douglas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/07/everest-expedition-irvine-remains-distasteful |title=Everest expedition to find Irvine's remains slammed as 'distasteful' | The Observer |work=The Guardian |date= 7 August 2011|access-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> By conducting the expedition in winter, it was hoped that there would be much less snow on the upper slopes, increasing the chances of finding Irvine, as well as the camera that it is hoped will be with him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malloryandirvine.com/2017/04/26/the-ice-axe-theory/|title=Using Google Earth Pro to find the Ice Axe| date=26 April 2017|website=Mallory & Irvine |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, Mark Synnott led a party that investigated the 'crevice' identified by Holzel as the potential resting place of Irvine, but discovered that it was merely an optical illusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/adventure/2020/06/our-team-climbed-everest-to-try-to-solve-its-greatest-mystery|title = Climbing Everest – to try to solve its greatest mystery|date = 8 July 2020}}</ref> Synnott later reported on the possibility that the 1975 Chinese expedition may have found both Irvine and the camera.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Synnott |first=Mark |date=2022-04-08 |title=The Mount Everest mystery deepens: Was there an international cover-up of a dead climber's ascent? |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/04/08/the-third-pole-mount-everest-mark-synnott-mystery-china/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Salon}}</ref>

===Discovery of partial remains=== In 2024, a ''National Geographic'' team led by Jimmy Chin found what are believed to be Irvine's partial remains on Everest.<ref name="National Geographic">{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Remains of Andrew 'Sandy' Irvine believed to have been found on Everest|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/sandy-irvine-body-found-everest |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=12 October 2024 |date=11 October 2024}}</ref> It is believed that the remains had emerged from a melting glacier. The remains were found at an undisclosed location on the Central Rongbuk Glacier at an altitude at least 2100 metres (7,000 feet) lower than where Mallory’s body was discovered.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/discovery-of-climber-s-boot-could-solve-mystery-of-who-conquered-everest-first/ar-AA1s5piS?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531&cvid=c5ce7cde7a514b93a3e73f5a57d87183&ei=25 MSN report discovery-of-climber-s-boot-could-solve-mystery-of-who-conquered-everest-first accessed 12 October 2024]</ref>{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |fix-attempted=yes |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/discovery-of-climber-s-boot-could-solve-mystery-of-who-conquered-everest-first/ar-AA1s5piS?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531&cvid=c5ce7cde7a514b93a3e73f5a57d87183&ei=25}} A detached foot inside a boot and sock, with "A. C. Irvine" on a name tape, was found emerging from the ice.<ref name="National Geographic"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Tessa |title=Family tells of 'relief' after 1924 climber's foot found on Everest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy0g2p47xd5o |access-date=11 October 2024 |work=BBC News |date=11 October 2024}}</ref> No cameras were found.<ref>{{cite news |title=Remains of Everest explorer Andrew 'Sandy' Irvine found 100 years after disappearance |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-10-11/remains-of-british-explorer-found-on-mount-everest-100-years-after-disappearance |work=ITV News |date=11 October 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>

==In popular culture== The deaths of Mallory and Irvine inspired Baku Yumemakura to write the 1998 novel ''The Summit of the Gods,'' which in turn inspired a manga series of the same name published from 2000 to 2003, which was adapted into a French-made anime-influenced animation film, ''Le Sommet des Dieux'', that was released in 2021.

==References== * {{Cite book |title = Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory, and the Conquest of Everest |last = Davis |first = Wade |publisher = Random House Incorporated |year = 2012 |isbn = 978-0375708152}} * {{Cite book |title=Lost on Everest: The Search for Mallory & Irvin |last=Firstbrook |first=Peter |publisher=BBC Worldwide Ltd |year=1999 |location=London |isbn=0-563-55129-1}} * {{Cite book |title=The Mystery of Mallory and Irvine |last1=Holzel |first1=Tom |last2=Salkeld |first2=Audrey |publisher=Pimlico |year=1999 |edition=2nd Revised |location=London }} * {{Cite book |title=Everest 1933 |last=Ruttledge |first=Hugh |publisher=Read Books |orig-year = 1934 |year=2011 |location=London }} * {{Cite book |title=Fearless on Everest: The Quest for Sandy Irvine |last=Summers |first=Julie |publisher=Iffley Press |year=2000 |location=London |isbn=978-0-9564795-0-1}} ;Footnotes {{reflist}}

==External links== * [https://users.ox.ac.uk/~acirvine/ AC Irvine Travel Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070512131851/http://www.ueverest.com/ Altitude Everest Expedition 2007], retracing Mallory and Irvine's last steps on Everest. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050408043425/http://www.everestnews2004.com/malloryandirvine2004/sandyirvinefinal2004.htm Everest News on Sandy Irvine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160701155013/http://www.everest1953.co.uk/mallory-and-irvine-memorial Mallory and Irvine Memorials]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irvine, Andrew}} Category:1902 births Category:1920s missing person cases Category:1924 deaths Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford Category:20th-century English explorers Category:English mountain climbers Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:Formerly missing British people Category:Lost explorers Category:Missing person cases in China Category:Deaths on Mount Everest Category:People educated at Birkenhead School Category:People educated at Shrewsbury School Category:People from Birkenhead Category:Unsolved deaths in China Category:Mountaineering deaths in China