Samuel Hoar

{{short description|American politician}} {{distinguish|Samuel Hoare (disambiguation){{!}}Samuel Hoare}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Samuel Hoar |image = Samuel Hoar (Massachusetts Congressman).jpg |state1 = [[Massachusetts]] |district1 = {{ushr|MA|4|4th}} |term_start1 = March 4, 1835 |term_end1 = March 3, 1837 |predecessor1= [[Edward Everett]] |successor1 = [[William Parmenter]] |office2 = Member of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] |term2 = 1850 |office3 = Member of the [[Massachusetts Senate]] |term3 = 1826 1832 1833 |birth_date = {{birth date|1778|05|18}} |birth_place = [[Lincoln, Massachusetts]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1856|11|2|1778|05|18}} |death_place = [[Concord, Massachusetts]], U.S. |party = [[Anti-Jacksonian Party|Anti-Jacksonian]] [[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |alma_mater = [[Harvard University|Harvard College]] }} '''Samuel Hoar''' (May 18, 1778 – November 2, 1856) was an American [[lawyer]] and [[politician]]. A member of a prominent political family in Massachusetts, he was a leading 19th century lawyer of that state. He was associated with the [[Federalist Party]] until its decline after the War of 1812. Over his career, Hoar developed a reputation as a prominent Massachusetts anti-slavery politician and spokesperson. He became a leading member of the Massachusetts [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]], a leading and founding member of the Massachusetts [[Free Soil Party]], and a founding member and chair of the committee that organized the founding convention for the [[Massachusetts Republican Party]] in 1854.

Hoar may be best known in American history for his 1844 trip to [[Charleston, South Carolina]] as an appointed Commissioner of the state of [[Massachusetts]]. He went to South Carolina to investigate and contest the laws of that state, which allowed the seizure of sailors who were free African Americans (often who were citizens of Massachusetts) and placed into bondage, if such sailors disembarked from their ship. Hoar was prevented from undertaking his appointed tasks by resolutions of the legislature and efforts of the governor of South Carolina, and was escorted back onto a ship by Charleston citizens fearing mob violence against the agent from Massachusetts. News of the thwarting of Hoar inspired anti-slavery political reaction in Massachusetts.

==Early life== Hoar was a born in the town of [[Lincoln, Massachusetts]], and as an adult lived in neighboring [[Concord, Massachusetts]]. He graduated from [[Harvard University|Harvard College]] in 1802, and was admitted to the bar in 1805. On October 13, 1812, he married Sarah Sherman (1785–1862) of [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. Sarah was the youngest child of [[Roger Sherman]] and his second wife, [[Rebecca Minot Prescott]]. Roger Sherman was a signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] and the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]].

== Political and legal career == Hoar was delegate to the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1820. He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1824.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=September 8, 2016}}</ref> Hoar served in the State senate in 1826, 1832, and 1833. Elected as an Anti-Jacksonian candidate to the Twenty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1837), he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1836 to the Twenty-fifth Congress.<ref name='S.Hoar-Bio Dir of US Congress'>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000656 HOAR, Samuel, (1778 - 1856) ] ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: 1774 - Present.'' Retrieved January 20, 2004.</ref> He was a Massachusetts delegate to the 1839 Whig national party convention.<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/1727.html Hoar family of Massachusetts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216003241/http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/1727.html |date=2006-12-16 }} Political Graveyard. Retrieved October 14, 2007.</ref> Hoar was an expert on the laws pertaining to waterways, canals and maritime commerce.<ref name='Robbins-UUHS-Hoar'> Robbins, Paula [http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/hoarfamily.html The Hoar Family] ''Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography.'' Unitarian Universalist Historical Society. Retrieved January 30, 2007. </ref>

=== Massachusetts commissioner to South Carolina, 1844 === There was an ongoing constitutional and legal conflict between the state of [[Massachusetts]] and the states of [[South Carolina]] and [[Louisiana]] regarding the seizure of Massachusetts citizens. South Carolina had enacted laws prohibiting the emancipation of slaves, or the entry into the state of free [[African American]]s. South Carolina agents would arrest free African American seamen from Massachusetts, members of the crew aboard ships that arrived at South Carolina [[sea port]]s; if the arrestee or the captain of the ship failed to pay fines for the criminal entry into the state, the arrestee would be sold into [[slavery]] to pay the fines.

In 1844 the Massachusetts legislature authorized the governor to appoint a Commissioner to reside in Charleston, South Carolina and New Orleans, Louisiana, to collect information as to the number from Massachusetts citizens unlawfully seized in those cities, and to prosecute some of the suits before higher courts for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of the laws under which the forcible seizures were being made. In 1844, Massachusetts governor [[George N. Briggs]] (Whig party) appointed Hoar commissioner to South Carolina.<ref name = 'Flower-History Republican Party-1884'> {{cite book | last = Flower | first = Frank A.| title = History of the Republican Party, Embracing its Origin Growth and Mission: Together with Appendices of Statistics and Information required by Enlightened Politicians and Patriotic Citizens | publisher = Union Book Company | year = 1884 | location = Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.A. | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyrepublic00flowgoog/page/n83 65]–69 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyrepublic00flowgoog }} </ref>

Upon receipt of the letter from Massachusetts Governor Briggs announcing Hoar's appointment, South Carolina Governor [[James H. Hammond]] promptly placed it before the South Carolina legislature, which issued several resolves, declaring the right of South Carolina to exclude its borders all persons whose presence might be considered dangerous; denying that free Negroes were citizens of the United States, and for the Massachusetts commissioner:<ref name = 'Flower-History Republican Party-1884'/> {{blockquote| That his excellency, the governor, be directed to expel from our territory the said agent, after due notice to depart; and that the legislature will sustain the executive authority in any measures that may be adopted for the purpose aforesaid.}}

The effective result was that Hoar was prevented from appearing before that state's courts to test the law. On his arrival, with daughter Elizabeth Sherman Hoar, in Charleston, December 1844, local citizens warned Hoar to leave town. Local leading citizens secretly escorted the Hoars out of their hotel, to a ship, in advance of feared mob violence.<ref name="Robbins-UUHS-Hoar"/> When news of this incident reached Massachusetts it aroused much ire, contributing to a developing sentiment in Massachusetts against slavery and in favor of [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]].<ref name="S.Hoar-Bio Dir of US Congress"/><ref>[http://www.mass.gov/statehouse/massgovs/gbriggs.htm Governors of Massachusetts: George Nixon Briggs (1796-1861): Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1844-1851 ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215172222/http://www.mass.gov/statehouse/massgovs/gbriggs.htm |date=2006-12-15 }} Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved January 20, 2007. </ref>

Hoar in his report as Massachusetts commissioner stated:<ref name = 'Flower-History Republican Party-1884'/> {{blockquote| Has the Constitution of the United States the least practical validity or binding force in South Carolina? She prohibits, not only by lower mobs, but by her legislature, the residence of a free white citizen of Massachusetts within the limits of South Carolina whenever she thinks his presence there inconsistent with her policy. Are the other States of the Union to be regarded as the conquered provinces of South Carolina?}}

===Free Soil Party=== Hoar was elected to the [[Massachusetts Governor's Council]] in 1845. In 1848 Hoar chaired the Massachusetts [[Free Soil Party]] Convention in Worcester, and was elected to the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] in 1850, at the age of 72.<ref name='Robbins-UUHS-Hoar'/>

===Republican Party=== In 1854, he chaired a committee which issued an announcement, summoning leading anti-slavery politicians and citizens to a meeting at the [[American House (Boston)|American House]] in Boston (July 7, 1854), to discuss the potential formation of a new party and to organize a state convention.  Anger over the [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]], and the issue of slavery in Federal territories were motivating factors leading to the subsequent convention in Worcester. The mass convention of 2,500 people, held in open air on the common in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], September 7, 1854, founded the [[Massachusetts Republican Party]], principally from members of the Massachusetts Free Soil Party, with a few Whig Party, and anti-slavery Democrats.<ref>Wilson, Leslie Perrin. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061028115523/http://www.concordma.com/magazine/augsept99/hoar.html Papers of the Legendary Hoar Family]}} ''Concord Magazine'', August/September 1999; retrieved December 1, 2006.</ref> The Massachusetts Free Soil Party in its [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] convention, on October 17, 1854, voted to adopt the Republican candidates, and to merge into the new Republican organization.<ref name='NYTimes-MA Free Soil-1854'> {{cite news | title= Massachusetts Free-Soil State Convention | date= October 18, 1854 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1854/10/18/archives/massachus-its-freesoil-state-convention.html | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 2007-10-14}}</ref>

In 1855, at the age of 77, Hoar was appointed chair of a Massachusetts Republican committee to organize mass assemblage or convention, to consider and promote actions might be taken by Massachusetts citizens against the pro-slavery violence in the recent Kansas elections (subsequently known as [[Bleeding Kansas]]), with the intent of unifying with all anti-slavery citizens of Massachusetts in national anti-slavery efforts<ref name='New York Times-1855-08-18-Page6'> {{cite journal | title= Meeting in Boston to Commit Upon a Republican Movement | journal= New York Times |date = August 18, 1855|pages= 6 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1855/08/18/archives/meeting-in-boston-to-commit-upon-a-republican-movement.html |access-date= 2008-05-04 }} </ref>

== Leading citizen of Concord == Hoar was a co-founder of the first Concord Academy, which had a 41-year existence (1822–1863).<ref>This first Concord Academy is unrelated to a second [[Concord Academy]], which was co-founded by his grandson [[Samuel Hoar (1887-1952)]] in 1922. The co-founders of the first Concord Academy were these leading citizens of Concord: Samuel Hoar (1778–1856), Josiah G. Davis (1773–1847), William Whiting (1788–1847), Nathan Brooks (1788–1862) and Abiel Heywood (1759–1839).</ref>

==Hoar family== [[File:Sarah Sherman (Mrs. Samuel Hoar) 1783-1866.jpg|thumb|Sarah Sherman Hoar]] Samuel and Sarah Hoar had five surviving children (of six offspring); several led influential or prominent lives. * Elizabeth Sherman Hoar (July 14, 1814 – April 7, 1878) was engaged to Charles Chauncy Emerson (1808–1836), youngest brother of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and young law partner of Samuel Hoar; Charles died of tuberculosis before they could marry, and she never married. She was an intimate of the Emerson, Hawthorne and Thoreau families.<ref>[http://www.concordnet.org/library/scollect/Emerson_Celebration/Em_Con_70.html Emerson in His Family: Charles Chauncy Emerson], ''Concord Free Public Library'', [[Concord, Massachusetts]]. Retrieved December 20, 2006.</ref> R.W. Emerson invited Elizabeth into the [[Transcendentalist]] community, and she aided in producing their journal, ''[[The Dial]]''.<ref name="Robbins-UUHS-Hoar"/> * [[Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar]] (1816–1895) (Harvard class of 1835) was Associate Justice of the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]], and [[United States Attorney General|US Attorney General]] for President [[Ulysses Grant]]; later nominated to the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] by Grant, but the nomination was not approved by the Senate; he married Caroline Brooks of Concord. * Sarah Sherman Hoar (1817–1907) married Robert Boyd Storer (1796–1870), a [[Boston, Massachusetts]] importer trading with Russia, and Russian Consul at Boston.<ref name = 'Massachusett Historical Socity-Horatio Robinson Storer Papers'> {{cite web | title = Horatio Robinson Storer Papers, 1829-1943: Guide to the Collection | work = Library: Finding Aids| publisher = Massachusetts Historical Society | orig-date = June 2001 |date=22 March 2005 |version=Revised | url = http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0001 | access-date = 2008-05-05 }} </ref><ref name='New York Times-1907-07-25-Sara Sherman Hoar Storer'>{{cite news | title= Mrs. Sarah Sherman Storer | date= July 25, 1907 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1907/07/25/archives/mrs-sarah-sherman-storer.html | work = [[The New York Times]] | pages = 7| access-date = 2008-05-05 }} </ref> * Samuel Johnson Hoar (February 4, 1820 – January 10, 1821), died in infancy.<ref name='Samuel Johnson Hoar-Concord Library' >[http://www.concordnet.org/library/scollect/Fin_Aids/Hoar.html Hoar Family Papers, 1738-1958 (Bulk 1815-1935)] The Special Collections (Finding Aid). Concord Free Public Library. Retrieved January 30, 2007.</ref> * Edward Sherman Hoar (1823–1893) (Harvard class of 1844), married childhood neighbor Elizabeth Hallet Prichard of Concord,<ref>Dall, Caroline Healey; ed by Deese, Helen R. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060521222731/http://www.concordma.com/magazine/spring06/carolynhealeydall.html Carol Healy Dall speaks in Concord, 1859]}} (See footnote 161 at bottom of page.) '' Daughter of Boston: The Extraordinary Diary of a Nineteenth-century Woman'' Beacon Press, Boston. 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8070-5034-7}}</ref> and was an intimate of [[Henry David Thoreau]] (the Thoreau family lived across Main Street from the Hoars, in several different houses over the years). Edward with H.D. Thoreau accidentally allowed a cooking fire to get out of control, and caused more than {{convert|100|acre|m2}} of forest to burn on April 30, 1844, along the [[Sudbury River]] in the Fairhaven Bay section of Concord. Edward accompanied Thoreau on some of Thoreau's hiking and canoeing excursions.<ref>Henry David Thoreau; (edited by Robert Sattelmeyer, Mark R. Patterson, and William Rossi) ''Journal 3: 1848-1851'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. 75-78 and Annotation 75.16-78.19.</ref><ref>Harding, Walter. ''The Days of Henry Thoreau,'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 159-162.</ref><ref>[http://www.library.ucsb.edu/thoreau/thoreau_faq.html The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: frequently asked questions.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120204603/http://www.library.ucsb.edu/thoreau/thoreau_faq.html |date=2007-01-20 }} (Did Thoreau really start a major forest fire accidentally, and how old was he at that time?) ''The Thoreau Edition,'' Davidson Library at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved January 20, 2007.</ref><ref>Felton, R. Todd. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060920223417/http://www.concordma.com/magazine/autumn06/transcendentalists.html An Early Naturalist Burns Down a Forest]}} ''Concord Magazine,'' Autumn 2006. Excerpt from Felton: ''A Journey Into the Transcendentalists' New England.'' (Roaring Forties Press, 2006)</ref> Edward Sherman was a California state district attorney for the fourth judicial district in 1850. He returned to Massachusetts in 1857.<ref>Wheelright, Edward. (1896) "Edward Sherman Hoar." ''Harvard Class of 1844: Harvard College, 50 Years after Graduation'' Harvard College. (Cambridge Massachusetts)</ref> His extensive collection of pressed plants collected mostly from Concord, Massachusetts, including a significant number of specimens that Thoreau left to him, were donated by his daughter in 1912 to the New England Botanical Club herbarium housed at Harvard University.<ref>Angelo, Ray. (1984) [http://www.ray-a.com/EdwardHoarRevealed.pdf "Edward S. Hoar Revealed"], ''The Concord Saunterer'', 17:9-16 (March 1984)</ref> * [[George Frisbie Hoar]] (1826–1904) (Harvard class of 1845) moved to [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] as a young adult, and became a prominent [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] representing Massachusetts for 27 years, from 1877 until his death.

== Other Hoar family members named Samuel Hoar == The Hoar family, a prominent political family in Massachusetts, has had a number of individuals named Samuel Hoar since the 18th century: * His father, [[Samuel Hoar (1743–1832)]], was a lieutenant of the [[Lincoln, Massachusetts]] company at the Concord battle on April 19, 1775. For many years a member of the Massachusetts General Court as a representative and senator, and a member in the 1820–1821 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention.<ref name = "Hoar Family in America" > {{cite book | title = The Hoar Family in America and its English Ancestry: A Compilation from Collections made by the Hon. George Frisbie Hoar | editor = Henry Stedman Nourse | author = George Frisbie Hoar | year = 1899 | url = http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~malchist/mypage40.htm | access-date = September 4, 2012 | location = Boston, USA }}</ref> * Son, Samuel Johnson Hoar (February 4, 1820 – January 10, 1821) died in infancy<ref name='Samuel Johnson Hoar-Concord Library'/> ** [[Samuel Hoar (1845–1904)]], son of [[Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar]], was editor of the ''American Law Review'' from 1873 to 1879. In 1887 he became general counsel for the Boston and Albany Railroad Company.<ref name='Harvard Crimson-SHoar-Obit'>{{cite news | title= Obituary: Samuel Hoar '67. | date= April 12, 1904 | publisher= Harvard Crimson, Inc. | work = Harvard Crimson }} </ref>  *** His son, [[Samuel Hoar (1887–1952)]], was a partner in a prominent Boston law firm, called during his lifetime [[Goodwin Procter|Goodwin, Procter and Hoar]]. The firm was founded in 1914, and Hoar's name was added in 1917 when Hoar joined the firm.<ref name="GPH">[http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/09/27/daily14.html?jst=m_ln_hl Memorial service held for former Goodwin Procter partner] ''Boston Business Journal.'' September 27, 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2007.</ref> In the 1940s he donated several parcels of land to the federal government, which became the founding kernel of the [[Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge]] on the Concord and Sudbury rivers in Massachusetts. He co-founded a second and still operating [[Concord Academy]] in 1922 in Concord, Massachusetts.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} **** His son, [[Samuel Hoar (1927–2004)]], of [[Essex, Massachusetts]], also was a senior partner in the firm formerly known as [[Goodwin Procter|Goodwin, Procter and Hoar]].<ref name="GPH"/><ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/alumni/bulletin/2005/spring/memoriam_main.php In memoriam.] Obituary of Samuel Hoar (1927–2004). Harvard Law School. Retrieved January 20, 2007.</ref> As board member of the [[Conservation Law Foundation]] (CLF), he was a leading member of the litigation team that compelled the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to comply with federal environmental law, and build appropriate facilities to properly treat sewage discharged into Boston harbor, a legal battle that was most intense from 1983 into the 1990s.<ref>[http://clf.org/programs/cases.asp?id=188 Early History of CLF's Fight to Cleanup [sic] Boston Harbor 1983-1986] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627103708/http://clf.org/programs/cases.asp?id=188 |date=2006-06-27 }} ''Conservation Law Foundation.'' Retrieved January 20, 2007. See section entitled "Spring/Summer 1983." This source has a comprehensive time line of the civil court case and resulting governmental and facilities changes that came about because of it.</ref> ***** His son, Samuel Hoar (born 1955), is a lawyer practicing in [[Burlington, Vermont]]. He served as president of the Vermont Bar Association in 2006 and 2007.<ref> {{cite news|last=Paolini |first=Bob |url=http://www.vtbar.org/Images/Journal/journalarticles/Fall%202006/PresidentInterview.pdf |title=An Interview with VBA President Sam Hoar |work=Vermont Bar Journal, No. 167, (Fall 2006) Volume 32, No. 3. |publisher=Vermont Bar Association |access-date=January 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326024709/http://www.vtbar.org/Images/Journal/journalarticles/Fall%202006/PresidentInterview.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }} (via archive.org)</ref> ****** His son Samuel Rockwood Hoar (born 1988) is a graduate of the [[Middlesex School]] in Concord, Massachusetts and a graduate in the class of 2011 of Vermont's [[Middlebury College]].<ref name = "SRHoar-Middlesex"> {{cite web | url = http://athletics.mxschool.edu/staff.aspx?path=bvas&staff=62 | access-date = June 1, 2012 | title = Staff Directory: Sam Hoar | publisher = Middlesex School }} </ref><ref name = SRHoar-Middlebury> {{cite web | url = http://www.middlebury.edu/academics/ps/work/awardsandprizes | title = Department of Political Science: Awards and Prizes | publisher = Middlebury College | access-date = June 1, 2012 }}</ref>

== Notes == {{reflist}}

== References == * {{CongBio|H000656}} "HOAR, Samuel, (1778 - 1856)" * [http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/hoarfamily.html The Hoar Family on Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography] * ''Samuel Hoar's Expulsion from Charleston,'' Old South Leaflets, Volume vi No. 140. * Hoar, George Frisbie. ''Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society'', Volume III. (Boston, 1883) (A memoir of Samuel Hoar) * Emerson, Ralph Waldo. ''Lectures and Biographical Sketches'' (Boston, 1903) (On Samuel Hoar) * Robbins, Paula Ivaska. ''The Royal Family of Concord : Samuel, Elizabeth, and Rockwood Hoar and their friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson'' {{ISBN|1-4010-9970-X}}. Pub. Xlibris. Philadelphia PA, 2003.{{Self-published inline|date=January 2018}}

== External links == {{EB1911 poster|Hoar, Samuel}} * [http://www.concordnet.org/library/scollect/fin_aids/Hoar.html HOAR FAMILY PAPERS, 1738-1958 (BULK 1815-1935)], and [http://www.concordnet.org/library/scollect/fin_aids/Hoar_6.html HOAR FAMILY PAPERS, 1774-1940 (BULK 1860-1918)] at the ''Concord Free Public Library'', [[Concord, Massachusetts]] * [https://archive.org/details/shermangenealog01shergoog/page/n447  Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England] By Thomas Townsend Sherman * [http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10064.html Hoar-Baldwin-Foster-Sherman family of Massachusetts] at [[Political Graveyard]] * [http://www.rwe.org/comm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=245 Samuel Hoar] Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson * {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Hoar, Samuel|year=1892|notaref=x |short=x}}

{{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{US House succession box |state=Massachusetts |district=4 |before=[[Edward Everett]] |after= [[William Parmenter]] |years=March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1837 }} {{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoar, Samuel}} [[Category:1778 births]] [[Category:1856 deaths]] [[Category:Massachusetts state senators]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]] [[Category:Massachusetts Whigs]] [[Category:Massachusetts Republicans]] [[Category:Massachusetts Free Soilers]] [[Category:National Republican Party United States representatives from Massachusetts]] [[Category:Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)]] [[Category:19th-century United States representatives]] [[Category:19th-century members of the Massachusetts General Court]]