{{Short description|Chief Justice of the United States from 1864 to 1873}} {{distinguish|Samuel Chase}} {{Use American English|date=March 2022}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Salmon P. Chase | image = File:CJ-SPC.jpg | caption = Portrait by [[Mathew Brady]] {{circa|1870}} | order = 6th | office = Chief Justice of the United States | nominator = [[Abraham Lincoln]] | term_start = December 15, 1864<!-- DO NOT change this date; The Supreme Court considers the date a justice takes the prescribed judicial oath (not date of appointment, of acceptance, or of Senate confirmation) as the date of the beginning of his/her Supreme Court service. Thank you. --> | term_end = May 7, 1873<ref name=SCOTUSjustices>{{cite web |title=Justices 1789 to Present |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx |website=www.supremecourt.gov |publisher=Supreme Court of the United States |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-date=April 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415034624/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> | predecessor = [[Roger B. Taney]] | successor = [[Morrison Waite]] | order2 = 25th | office2 = United States Secretary of the Treasury | president2 = Abraham Lincoln | term_start2 = March 7, 1861 | term_end2 = June 30, 1864 | predecessor2 = [[John Adams Dix]] | successor2 = [[William P. Fessenden]] | jr/sr3 = United States Senator | state3 = [[Ohio]] | term_start4 = March 4, 1849 | term_end4 = March 3, 1855 | predecessor4 = [[William Allen (governor)|William Allen]] | successor4 = [[George E. Pugh|George Pugh]] | term_start3 = March 4, 1861 | term_end3 = March 6, 1861 | predecessor3 = George Pugh | successor3 = [[John Sherman]] | order5 = 23rd | office5 = Governor of Ohio | lieutenant5 = {{unbulleted list|[[Thomas H. Ford|Thomas Ford]]|[[Martin Welker]]}} | term_start5 = January 14, 1856 | term_end5 = January 9, 1860 | predecessor5 = [[William Medill]] | successor5 = [[William Dennison Jr.|William Dennison]] | birth_name = Salmon Portland Chase | birth_date = {{birth date|1808|1|13}} | birth_place = [[Cornish, New Hampshire]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1873|5|7|1808|1|13}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | party = {{unbulleted list|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (before 1841)|[[Liberty Party (United States, 1840)|Liberty]] (1841–1848)|[[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] (1848–1854)|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1854–1868)|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (1868–1872) |[[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican]] (1872–1873)}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Katherine Jane Garniss|March 4, 1834|1835|end=d}}|{{marriage|Eliza Ann Smith|September 26, 1839||end=d}}|{{marriage|Sarah Bella Dunlop Ludlow||end=d}}}} | children = [[Kate Chase|Kate]] and Janette ("Nettie") | relatives = [[Chase family]] | education = [[Dartmouth College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | signature = Salmon P Chase Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | resting_place = [[Spring Grove Cemetery]] }}
'''Salmon Portland Chase''' (January 13, 1808{{spaced ndash}}May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist who served as the sixth [[chief justice of the United States]] from 1864 to his death in 1873. Earlier, he had served as the 25th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] in the [[Abraham Lincoln]] administration from 1861 to 1864, during the [[American Civil War]]. Chase also served as the 23rd [[Governor of Ohio]] from 1856 to 1860, and represented Ohio in the [[United States Senate]] from 1849 to 1855 and again in 1861. Chase is therefore one of the few American politicians who have held constitutional office in all three branches of the federal government, in addition to serving in the highest state-level office. From the 1850s onward, even as Chief Justice, Chase unsuccessfully sought a presidential nomination.{{sfn|Blue|1987|pp=113, 126–127, 225, 320}}
Born in [[Cornish, New Hampshire]], Chase studied law under [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[William Wirt (Attorney General)|William Wirt]] before establishing a legal practice in [[Cincinnati]]. He became an [[Abolitionism in the United States|anti-slavery]] activist and frequently defended [[Fugitive slaves in the United States|fugitive slaves]] in court. Chase left the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] in 1841 to become the leader of Ohio's [[Liberty Party (United States, 1840)|Liberty Party]]. In 1848, he helped establish the [[Free Soil Party]] and recruited former President [[Martin Van Buren]] to serve as the party's presidential nominee. Chase won election to the Senate the following year, and he opposed the [[Compromise of 1850]] and the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]]. In the aftermath of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Chase helped establish the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], which opposed the extension of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] into the [[territories of the United States|territories]]. After leaving the Senate, Chase served as the first Republican governor of Ohio from 1856 to 1860.
Chase sought the Republican nomination for president in the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 presidential election]], but the party chose Abraham Lincoln at its [[1860 Republican National Convention|National Convention]]. After Lincoln won the election, he asked Chase to serve as Secretary of the Treasury. Chase served in that position from 1861 to 1864, working hard to ensure the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] was well-financed during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].
Chase resigned from the Cabinet in June 1864, but retained support among the [[Radical Republicans]] and unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination again for the [[1864 United States presidential election|1864 election]]. Partly to appease the Radical Republicans, Lincoln nominated Chase to fill the Supreme Court vacancy that arose following [[Roger Taney]]'s death.
Chase served as Chief Justice from 1864 to his death in 1873. He presided over [[Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson|the Senate trial]] of President [[Andrew Johnson]] during the [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson|impeachment proceedings]] of 1868. Despite his nomination to the court, Chase continued to pursue the presidency. He unsuccessfully sought the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential nomination in [[1868 United States presidential election|1868]] and the [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican]] nomination in [[1872 United States presidential election|1872]]. {{TOClimit|3}}
== Early life and family == [[File:SALMON P. CHASE BIRTHPLACE.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Salmon P. Chase Birthplace]] in Cornish, New Hampshire]] Salmon Portland Chase was born in [[Cornish, New Hampshire|Cornish]], [[New Hampshire]], on January 13, 1808,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} to Janette Ralston and Ithamar Chase, who died in 1817 when Salmon was nine years old. His paternal immigrant ancestor was Aquila Chase from [[Cornwall]], England, a ship-master who settled in [[Newbury, Massachusetts]], about 1640, while his maternal grandparents Alexander Ralston and Janette Balloch were [[Scottish people|Scottish]], originally from [[Falkirk]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McCabe|first=James Dabney|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb__ZJTAAAAYAAJ/page/n665|title=The centennial book of American biography|date=1876|page=619|location=Philadelphia and Chicago|publisher= P. W. Ziegler & co.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schuckers|first=Jacob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCYsloITgzEC&q=salmon%2520portland%2520chase%2520falkirk%2520scotland&pg=PA3|title=The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase|date=April 2009|publisher=Applewood Books|isbn=978-1-4290-1965-1|language=en}}</ref><ref name=ohiohis>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Salmon_P._Chase|title=Salmon P. Chase|access-date=September 20, 2015|archive-date=May 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511085538/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Salmon_P._Chase|url-status=live}}</ref> His mother was left with ten children and few resources, and so Salmon lived from 1820 to 1824 in Ohio with his uncle, Bishop [[Philander Chase]], a leading figure in the Protestant [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in the West and the founder of [[Kenyon College]]. [[U.S. Senator]] [[Dudley Chase]] of Vermont was another uncle.{{sfn|Blue|1987|p=8}}
He studied in the common schools of [[Windsor, Vermont]], and [[Worthington, Ohio]], and at [[Cincinnati College]] before entering the junior class at [[Dartmouth College]].<ref name=ohiohis/> He was a member of [[Phi Beta Kappa]]<ref name="ohiohis" /> and graduated from Dartmouth with distinction in 1826.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} Later in life, he became a member of the [[Alpha Delta Phi]] fraternity, through his law partner [[Samuel Eells]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eells |first=Samuel |url=http://archive.org/details/memorialofsamuel00eell |title=Memorial of Samuel Eells |date=1873 |publisher=Cobb, Andrews & Co. |others=The Library of Congress |location=Cleveland, Ohio}}</ref> While at Dartmouth, he taught at the Royalton Academy in [[Royalton, Vermont]].<ref name=ohiohis/> Chase then moved to the [[District of Columbia]], where he opened a classical school while [[reading law]] under [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[William Wirt (Attorney General)|William Wirt]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} He was admitted to the [[Bar association|bar]] in 1829.<ref name=ohiohis/>
Chase married his first wife, Katherine Jane Garniss, on March 4, 1834. She died the following year after giving birth to their daughter, who died a few years later. He married his second wife, Eliza Ann Smith, on September 26, 1839. Their daughter, [[Kate Chase]], was born in 1840. Eliza died from [[Consumption (disease)|consumption]] when Kate was five years old. Chase's third wife, Sarah Bella Dunlop Ludlow, also died from consumption. After her death, he did not remarry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zarefsky |first=David |date=June 1996 |title=John Niven. ''Salmon P. Chase: A Biography''. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. Pp. xii, 546. $30.00 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/101/3/918/119391?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-access=subscription |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=101 |issue=3 |page=918 |doi=10.1086/ahr/101.3.918 |issn=1937-5239}}</ref>
The [[Salmon P. Chase Birthplace]] and childhood home still stands in Cornish, New Hampshire, and is currently a bed and breakfast, the Chase House Inn.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gardner |first=Roberta Homan |title=Bed & Breakfast Guide, East Coast: New England and the Mid-Atlantic |publisher=Prentice Hall Travel |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-13-068420-2 |pages=27}}</ref>
== Legal and political career == [[File:Salmon Portland Chase circa 1850-1855.jpg|thumb|Salmon Portland Chase {{Circa}} 1850–1855]] Chase moved to a country home near [[Loveland, Ohio]],<ref name="Morris">{{cite book|title=The Bench and Bar of Cincinnati: Commemorating the Building of the New Court House|editor-first1=William W.|editor-last1=Morris|editor-first2=E. B.|editor-last2=Krieger|location=Cincinnati|publisher=New Court House Publishing Company|year=1921|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X50jAQAAMAAJ|quote=It is a coincidence that his county home near Loveland, later came into the possession, for a few years, of Judge Charles J. Hunt, during the years the latter occupied the local Common Pleas Court bench.|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401123915/https://books.google.com/books?id=X50jAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and practiced law in [[Cincinnati]] from 1830.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=955}} He rose to prominence for his authoritative compilation of the state's statutes,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} which long remained the standard work on the topic.
From the beginning, despite the risk to his livelihood,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} he defended people who had escaped [[slavery in the United States|slavery]] and those who were tried for assisting them, notably in the [[The Matilda Case (1837)|Matilda Case]] in 1837.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref name="abolitionist">{{cite web|last=Ross, Ph.D.|first=Kelley L.|title=Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency|url=http://www.friesian.com/notes.htm|access-date=May 26, 2014|archive-date=May 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501063630/https://www.friesian.com/notes.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He became particularly devoted to the [[abolitionism in the United States|abolition]] of slavery after the death of his first wife, Katherine Jane Garniss, in 1835, shortly after their March 1834 wedding. This event was a spiritual reawakening for him. He worked initially with the [[American Sunday School Union]].<ref name="abolitionist" /> At a time when public opinion in Cincinnati was dominated by [[Southern United States|Southern]] business connections, Chase, influenced by local events, including the attack on the press of [[James G. Birney]] during the [[Cincinnati riots of 1836]], associated himself with the anti-slavery movement. Chase was also a member of the literary [[Semi-Colon Club]]; its members included [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] and [[Calvin Ellis Stowe]].<ref>Gates, Henry Louis, Jr; and Hollis Robbins. ''The Annotated Uncle Tom's Cabin''. WW. Norton, p. xxxii</ref> Chase became the leader of the political reformers, as opposed to the [[William Lloyd Garrison|Garrisonian]] abolitionist movement. {{sfn|Goodwin|2005|p=110}}
For his defense of people arrested in Ohio under the [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1793]], Chase was dubbed the "Attorney General for Fugitive Slaves."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-ffb2-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99|title=Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, known as 'attorney-general for fugitive slaves,' on account of his frequent appearance as counsel in fugitive slave cases. |date=July 26, 2016|access-date=February 26, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726123932/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-ffb2-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99|archive-date=July 26, 2016 |publisher=NYPL Digital Collections}}</ref> His argument in the case of ''[[Jones v. Van Zandt]]'' on the constitutionality of fugitive slave laws before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] attracted particular attention. Chase contended that slavery was local, not national, and that it could exist only by virtue of positive state law. He argued that the [[federal government of the United States|federal government]] was not empowered by the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] to create slavery anywhere and that when an enslaved person leaves the jurisdiction of a state where slavery is legal, he ceases to be a slave; he continues to be a man and leaves behind the law that made him a slave. In this and similar cases, the court ruled against him, and the judgment against [[John Van Zandt]] was upheld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jones v. Van Zandt, 46 U.S. 215 (1847)|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/46/215/|website=Justia Law|language=en}}</ref>
Though elected as a [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] to a one-year term on the Cincinnati City Council in 1840,<ref>{{cite book |last=Niven |first=John |date=1995 |title=Salmon P. Chase: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGnmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=58 |isbn=978-0-1950-4653-3 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819172854/https://books.google.com/books?id=PGnmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gruber">{{cite book |last=Gruber |first=Robert Henry |date=1969 |title=Salmon P. Chase and the Politics of Reform |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC8aAQAAIAAJ&q=%22salmon+p.+chase%22+%22cincinnati%22+%22city+council%22 |location=College Park, MD |publisher=University of Maryland |page=61 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Chase left that party the next year.<ref name="Gruber"/> In the 1840s, he helped to form the [[Liberty Party (United States, 1840)|Liberty Party]].<ref name="scholarlycommons.law.case.edu">Randy E. Barnett (2013) [https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1212&context=caselrev From Antisla om Antislavery Lawyer to Chief Justice: The Remarkable but o Chief Justice: The Remarkable but Forgotten Career of Salmon P. Chase] law.case.edu</ref> For seven years, Chase was the leader of the [[Liberty Party (United States, 1840)|Liberty Party]] in Ohio. He helped balance its idealism with his pragmatic approach and political thought. Chase was skillful in drafting platforms and addresses, and he prepared the national Liberty platform of 1843 and the Liberty address of 1845. Building the Liberty Party was slow going. By 1848, Chase was the leader in the effort to combine the Liberty Party with the [[Barnburners and Hunkers|Barnburners]] or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the [[Free Soil Party]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Chase drafted the Free-Soil platform,<ref>{{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|title=Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|location=Oxford|edition=Second|page=83}}</ref> and it was chiefly through his influence that [[Martin Van Buren|Van Buren]] was their nominee for president in 1848.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} In 1849, Chase was elected to the U.S. Senate by the Ohio legislature as a Free Soiler. Chase's goal, however, was not to establish a permanent new party organization, but to bring pressure to bear upon Northern Democrats to force them to oppose the extension of slavery. During his associations with the Liberty and Free Soil parties, Chase considered himself an "[[Independent Democrat]]" or a "Free Democrat".<ref name="scholarlycommons.law.case.edu"/>
[[File:Salmon P. Chase Portrait by Carpenter Wide Trim.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait by [[Francis Bicknell Carpenter]] {{circa}} 1855]]
While serving in the Senate (1849–1855), Chase was an anti-slavery champion. He argued against the [[Compromise of 1850]]<ref name="lincolnandfreedom">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=68&subjectID=4|access-date=September 10, 2015|title=Salmon P. Chase|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233405/http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=68&subjectID=4|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] of 1854.<ref>Foner (1995), p. 94.</ref> After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska legislation and the subsequent [[Bleeding Kansas|violence in Kansas]], Chase helped form the Republican Party with former [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] and anti-slavery members of the [[Know Nothing|American Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libertarianism.org/everything-wrong-presidents/everything-wrong-buchanan-administration|title=Everything Wrong with the Buchanan Administration|last=Kelly|first=Ellen|website=Libertarianism.org|language=en|access-date=January 27, 2020|archive-date=January 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127192122/https://www.libertarianism.org/everything-wrong-presidents/everything-wrong-buchanan-administration|url-status=live}}</ref> The "[[Appeal of the Independent Democrats|Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress to the People of the United States]]", written by Chase and Giddings, and published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on January 24, 1854, was the earliest draft of the Republican party creed. In 1855, Chase was elected the first Republican governor of Ohio. During his time in office, from 1856 to 1860, he supported improved property rights for women, changes to public education, and [[prison reform]], and signed the state's [[personal liberty laws]].<ref name=ohiohis />
In 1860, Chase sought the Republican nomination for president, with Massachusetts Governor [[Nathaniel Banks]] as his running mate.<ref>{{cite news|title=For President in 1860|newspaper=[[Herald of Freedom (Lawrence newspaper)|Herald of Freedom]]|location=Lawrence, Kansas|date=December 3, 1859|page=2|via=[[newspapers.com]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64539878/salmon-chase-seeks-republican/|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301135043/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64539878/salmon-chase-seeks-republican/|url-status=live}}</ref> With the exception of [[William H. Seward]], Chase was the most prominent Republican in the country and had done more to end slavery than any other Republican. However, he opposed a "[[Protectionism|protective tariff]]," favored by most other Republicans, and his record of collaboration with Democrats annoyed the many Republicans who were former Whigs. At the [[1860 Republican National Convention]], he got 49 votes on the first ballot,<ref name="Tarbell 1998">{{cite book|last1=Tarbell|first1=Ida M.|title=The Life of Abraham Lincoln Volumes 1 & 2|date=1998|publisher=Digital Scanning Inc|isbn=978-1-58218-124-0|page=148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwSYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|access-date=October 2, 2017|language=en|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108184733/https://books.google.com/books?id=DwSYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|url-status=live}}</ref> but he had little support outside of Ohio. [[Abraham Lincoln]] won the nomination, and Chase supported him.
Chase was elected by the legislature as a Republican to the U.S. Senate from Ohio in 1860. However, he resigned shortly after taking his seat in order to become [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] under Lincoln.<ref name=ohiohis /> This was despite no prior financial experience.<ref>Tarnoff, Ben| 7/16/2011| The Man Who Financed The Civil War| The New York Times| https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/16/the-man-who-financed-the-civil-war/ | </ref> He was a participant in the February 1861 [[Peace Conference of 1861|Peace Conference]] in Washington, a meeting of leading American politicians held in an effort to resolve the burgeoning [[secession]] crisis and to preserve the Union on the eve of the Civil War.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
== Secretary of the Treasury == {{Further|Economic history of the United States Civil War}} [[File:Sec. of Tres. S.P. Chase LOC cwpb.05619 Trim.jpg|thumb|left|Chase as [[Secretary of the Treasury]]]] During the Civil War, Chase served as Secretary of the Treasury in President Lincoln's cabinet from 1861 to 1864. In that period of crisis, there were two great changes in American financial policy: the establishment of a national banking system and the issue of [[paper currency]]. He suggested the idea, worked out the important principles and many of the details, and induced the [[United States Congress|Congress]] to approve them. It secured an immediate market for government bonds and provided a permanent, uniform, and stable national currency. Chase ensured that the Union could sell debt to pay for the war effort. He worked with [[Jay Cooke & Company]] to successfully manage the sale of $500 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=500000000|start_year=1862}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in government war bonds (known as 5/20s) in 1862.<ref>{{cite book|last=Geisst|first=Charles R.|title=Wall Street|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/wallstreethistor00geis/page/54 54]|isbn=978-0-19-511512-3|url=https://archive.org/details/wallstreethistor00geis/page/54}}</ref>
[[File:US-$1-LT-1862-Fr-16c.jpg|thumb|right|The first issue of $1 [[Greenback (1860s money)|notes]] in 1862 as legal tender, featuring Chase]]
The first U.S. federal currency, the greenback [[demand note]], was printed in 1861–1862 during Chase's tenure as Secretary of the Treasury, and it was his responsibility to design the notes. In an effort to increase the public's recognition of him, Chase put his own face on a variety of U.S. paper currency, starting with the $1 bill, possibly to further his political career.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cote |first1=Richard |title=Salmon-Chase-Photo |url=https://home.treasury.gov/about/history/collection/prints-and-drawings/salmon-chase-photo |website=treasury.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |access-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319090745/https://home.treasury.gov/about/history/collection/prints-and-drawings/salmon-chase-photo |url-status=live }}</ref> It was engraved by [[Joseph Prosper Ourdan]].
On May 5, 1862, Chase accompanied President Lincoln, Secretary of War [[Edwin M. Stanton]], and Brigadier General [[Egbert Ludovicus Viele]] in what would become a pivotal week for Union forces. The presidential party left the [[Washington Navy Yard]] aboard a five-gun Treasury cutter, ''Miami'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2016/01/the-long-blue-line-cutter-miami-abraham-lincoln-and-the-destruction-of-css-virginia/ |title=The Long Blue Line: Cutter Miami, Abraham Lincoln and the destruction of CSS Virginia |last=Honings |first=Diana |access-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508035936/http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2016/01/the-long-blue-line-cutter-miami-abraham-lincoln-and-the-destruction-of-css-virginia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=21936 |title=The Clyde Built Ships: Lady Le Marchant |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust |access-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227184336/http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=21936 |url-status=live }}</ref> bound for [[Fort Monroe]] "to ascertain by personal observation whether some further vigilance and vigor might not be infused into the operations of the army and navy at that point" to determine whether [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] could be captured. After a 27-hour trip, the ''Miami'' reached Fort Monroe on the night of May 6. Chase went with Major General [[John E. Wool]], in command of the Federals at Fort Monroe, to inspect beach locations for a potential troop landing and relayed to Lincoln that he and General Wool had found "a good and convenient landing place" on the south shore, safely away from the Confederates' ironclad, the [[CSS Virginia|CSS ''Virginia'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=2629 |title=Landing of Wool and Surrender of Norfolk |publisher=Historical Marker Database |access-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120325/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=2629 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chase's participation in the reconnaissance ended with the surrender of Norfolk and the destruction of the ''Virginia''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Symonds |first=Craig L. |date=2008 |title=Lincoln and the Navy |volume=58 |issue=6 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/lincoln-and-navy?page=show |journal=American Heritage |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=American Heritage Publishing |access-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423215157/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/lincoln-and-navy?page=show |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Chase to Pollock 1863-12-09 motto only.png|thumb|left|Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, scribes "In God is our Trust," scratches out "is our" and overwrites "We" to arrive at "[[In God We Trust]]" in a December 9, 1863, letter to [[James Pollock (American politician)|James Pollock]], Director of the Philadelphia Mint.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chase|first=Salmon P|title=Letter to James Pollock|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|id=Document # RG 104_UD 87-A_Folder In God We Trust 1861_Part1|page=11|date=December 9, 1863}}</ref>]]
On October 10, 1862, Secretary of the Navy [[Gideon Welles]] wrote that "a scheme for permits, special favors, Treasury agents, and improper management" existed and was arranged by Treasury Secretary Chase for General [[John Adams Dix|John A. Dix]]. The motive of Chase appeared to be for political influence and not for financial gain.<ref>pp. 166, 175, 177, 227, 318, Welles, Gideon. ''Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson, Vol. I, 1861 – March 30, 1864''. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911.</ref>
Perhaps Chase's chief defect was an insatiable desire for high office.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=956}} Throughout his term as Treasury Secretary, Chase exploited his position to build up political support for another run at the presidency in 1864. [[Benjamin Wade]], a Republican commented: "Chase is a good man but his theology is unsound. He thinks there is a fourth person in the Trinity."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blue |first=Frederick J. |date=2011 |title=The Moral Journey of a Political Abolitionist: Salmon P. Chase and His Critics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2011.0035 |journal=Civil War History |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=210–233 |doi=10.1353/cwh.2011.0035 |s2cid=144252999 |issn=1533-6271|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
He also tried to pressure Lincoln by repeatedly threatening resignation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beard |first=Rick |date=July 2, 2014 |title=The Rise and Fall (and Rise) of Salmon P. Chase |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/02/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-salmon-p-chase/ |department=The Opinionator (blog) |access-date=August 9, 2022 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> which he knew would cause Lincoln difficulties with the Radical Republicans.
To honor Chase for introducing the modern system of [[banknote]]s, he was depicted on the [[Large denominations of United States currency|$10,000 bill]] printed from 1928 to 1946. Chase was instrumental in placing the phrase "[[In God We Trust]]" on United States coins in 1864.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of 'In God We Trust'|url=http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx|publisher=US Department of the Treasury|access-date=December 11, 2011|archive-date=April 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417182551/http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Chief Justice == [[File:Supreme Court of the United States - Chase Court - c.1867 - (1865-1867).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|The [[Chase Court]] {{circa}} 1867]] In June 1864, Lincoln surprised Chase by accepting his fourth offer of resignation as Treasury Secretary. The Republican Party had at that point already nominated Lincoln as its [[1864 United States presidential election|presidential candidate]] and the Treasury was in solid shape, so Lincoln no longer needed to keep Chase in the cabinet to forestall a challenge for the presidential nomination.<ref>[[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James]]. ''[[Battle Cry of Freedom (book)|Battle Cry of Freedom]]''. Oxford: 1988., p. 841n. Print.</ref> But to placate the party's Radical wing, Lincoln mentioned Chase as a potential Supreme Court nominee.
When [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Roger B. Taney]] died in October 1864, Lincoln named Chase to succeed him. Nominated on December 6, 1864, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on the same day,<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm| title=Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–present| publisher=Office of the Secretary, United States Senate| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=January 20, 2019| archive-date=October 16, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016160426/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> he was sworn into office on December 15, 1864, and served until his death on May 7, 1873.<ref name=SCOTUSjustices/> One of Chase's first acts as Chief Justice was to admit [[John Rock (abolitionist)|John Rock]] to the Supreme Court Bar, making him the first African-American attorney eligible to argue cases before the Supreme Court.<ref name=HarpWeek>{{cite web |url=http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesKeyIndividuals/SalmonPChase.htm |title=The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Salmon Portland Chase |publisher=Impeach-andrewjohnson.com |access-date=December 11, 2011 |archive-date=November 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124083333/http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesKeyIndividuals/SalmonPChase.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Brooks, Christopher, "Senator Charles Sumner and the Admission of John S. Rock to the Supreme Court Bar", ''Journal of Supreme Court History'', vol. 48, no. 2, 2023, pp. 139–147.</ref>
Among his more significant decisions while on the Court were: * ''[[Texas v. White]]'', 74 U.S. 700 (1869), in which he asserted that the Constitution provided for a permanent union, composed of indestructible states, while allowing some possibility of divisibility "through revolution, or through consent of the States";<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pavković|first1=Aleksandar|last2=Radan|first2=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IjHbPvp1W0C|title=Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7163-3|language=en|page=222}}</ref><ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0074_0700_ZO.html ''Texas v. White''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209074541/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0074_0700_ZO.html |date=December 9, 2013 }}, 74 U.S. 700 (1868) at [[Cornell University Law School]] Supreme Court collection.</ref> * ''[[Veazie Bank v. Fenno]]'', 75 U.S. 533 (1869), upholding banking legislation of the Civil War that imposed a 10% tax on state banknotes; and * ''[[Hepburn v. Griswold]]'', 75 U.S. 603 (1870), which declared certain parts of the legal tender acts to be unconstitutional. When the legal tender decision was reversed after the appointment of new justices, in 1871 and 1872 (''[[Legal Tender Cases]]'', 79 U.S. 457), Chase [[dissenting opinion|dissented]].
As Chief Justice, Chase also presided at [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson|the impeachment trial of U.S. President Andrew Johnson]] in 1868. As the justice responsible for the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit|4th Circuit]], Chase also would have been one of two judges at the trial of [[Jefferson Davis]] (who was imprisoned at [[Fort Monroe]] in Virginia), because trial for major crimes such as [[treason]] required two judges. However, Davis's best defense would be that he forfeited U.S. citizenship upon secession, and therefore could not have committed treason. Convicting Davis could also interfere with Chase's presidential ambitions, described below. After the passage of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] in 1868, Chase invited Davis's lawyer to meet with him privately, and explained his theory that Section 3 of the new Amendment prohibited imposing further punishment on former Confederates. When Davis's lawyer repeated this argument in open court, Chase dismissed the case, over the objection of his colleague, U.S. District Judge [[John Curtiss Underwood]], and the government chose not to appeal the dismissal to the U.S. Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2017/10/chief-justice-salmon-chase-permanency-union-cynthia-nicoletti-chases-political-ambitions/|title=Chief Justice Salmon Chase on the permanency of the Union, and Cynthia Nicoletti on Chase's political ambitions|date=October 20, 2017|access-date=October 23, 2017|archive-date=October 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023061947/http://www.scotusblog.com/2017/10/chief-justice-salmon-chase-permanency-union-cynthia-nicoletti-chases-political-ambitions/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Judge Nelson Administering the Oath to Chief Justice Chase, as Presiding Officer of the Court of Impeachment, in the Senate Chamber, Washington, D.C., on the 5th March (1).jpg|thumb|left|[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court]] [[Samuel Nelson]] (left) administers oath to Chief Justice Chase for the [[impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson]].]]
In 1868, Ohio's leading Copperhead [[Clement L. Vallandigham]] worked to secure Chase the Democratic nomination for president.<ref> Frank L. Klement, ''The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War'' (1998) pp.306–307.</ref> In 1872 Chase helped found the [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republican Party]], unsuccessfully seeking its presidential nomination. Chase was also an active [[Freemason]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salmon Portland Chase |url=https://dev.foundagrave.com/grave/salmon-portland-chase/ |access-date=August 9, 2022 |website=Found a Grave |language=en-US}}</ref>
Time after time Chase sought a presidential nomination that never came, even when he was Chief Justice in [[1868 Democratic National Convention|1868]] and 1872. Perceptive critics said his "inordinate ambition" made him "irresolute and wavering."<ref> John Niven, ''Salmon P. Chase'' (1995). p.369.</ref> Biographer Frederick J. Blue concludes he was an "inept politician."{{sfn|Blue|1987|p=225}} As early as 1868, Chase concluded that:
{{blockquote|Congress was right in not limiting, by its reconstruction acts, the right of [[suffrage]] to whites; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath, and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for the States and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace. There should have been as little military government as possible; no military commissions; no classes excluded from suffrage; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws, and of sincere attachment to the constitutional Government of the United States.<ref>J. W. Schuckers, ''The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase'', (1874)., p. 585; letter of May 30, 1993, to August Belmont</ref>}}
A few months before his death, Chase found himself in the minority of a 5–4 ruling in the [[Slaughter-House Cases]], which greatly limited the scope of the powers given the federal government under the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] to protect Americans from state violations of their civil rights. With the other dissenters, Chase joined the dissent of Justice [[Stephen J. Field]] that the majority opinion effectively rendered the Fourteenth Amendment a "vain and idle enactment."<ref>{{cite book |last= Graham |first= Howard Jay |title= Everyman's Constitution |page= 132}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Foner|first1=Eric|author-link1=Eric Foner|title=A Short History of Reconstruction (1863–1877)|date=1990|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0060551827|page=529|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPwrSSx44GYC|access-date=June 17, 2020|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173302/http://books.google.com/books?id=pPwrSSx44GYC|url-status=live}}</ref>
On October 23, 1873, in formally announcing the death of Chief Justice Chase in the Supreme Court and conveying the resolutions submitted by the bar, Attorney General [[George Henry Williams]] highlighted Chase's "early, continued and effectual labours for the universal freedom of man."<ref>Williams, George H. (1895). ''Occasional Addresses''. Portland, Oregon: F.W. Baltes and Company, p. 44.</ref>
== Death == [[File:SalmonChaseGrave - cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of Salmon Chase in [[Spring Grove Cemetery]]; a [[Museum docent|docent]] is dressed in period clothing.]]
Chase died of a stroke in New York City on May 7, 1873.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} On May 11, ''The New-York Times'' published a report on his funeral.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/05/11/issue.html "Chief-Justice Chase: Honors to the Distinguished Dead—Ceremonies at St. George's Church—Address by Rev. Dr. Hall".], p. 8, col. 1. [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/05/11/82024514.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 pdf] [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/05/11/82024473.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 ''Special Dispatch to the New-York Times''], p. 5, col. 3.</ref> His remains were first interred in [[Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)|Oak Hill Cemetery]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], then re-interred in October 1886 in [[Spring Grove Cemetery]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chief Justice Chase's Remains|newspaper=The Evening Star|date=October 11, 1886|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html |title=Christensen, George A. (1983) ''Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices'', Yearbook |access-date=September 3, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903032026/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html |archive-date=September 3, 2005 }} [[Supreme Court Historical Society]] at [[Internet Archive]].</ref><ref>''See also'', Christensen, George A., ''Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited'', ''Journal of Supreme Court History'', Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17–41 (February 19, 2008), [[University of Alabama]].</ref> Chase had been an active member of [[St. Paul Episcopal Cathedral, Cincinnati]]. [[Salmon P. Chase Birthplace|Chase's birthplace]] in New Hampshire was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1975.
==Legacy== [[File:CHASE, Samuel P-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] portrait of Chase as Secretary of the Treasury]] After Chase's death in 1873, the Supreme Court established a tradition that a newly deceased Justice's chair and the front of the bench where the Justice sat will be draped with black wool [[Crêpe (textile)|crêpe]], with black crêpe hung over the Court's entrance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/antonin-scalia-supreme-court-chair-bench-draped-black/story?id=36969588|access-date=February 16, 2016|date=February 16, 2016|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]|first=Jordyn|last=Phelps|title=Antonin Scalia's Supreme Court Chair and Bench Draped in Black|archive-date=February 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217053321/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/antonin-scalia-supreme-court-chair-bench-draped-black/story?id=36969588|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Chase National Bank]], a predecessor of [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] which is now [[JPMorgan Chase]], was named in his honor, though he had no affiliation with it, financial or otherwise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Britannica Money |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/The-Chase-Manhattan-Corporation |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JPMorgan Chase |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/america%E2%80%99s-mailing-industry-industry-segments-financial-services-industry/jpmorgan-chase |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=postalmuseum.si.edu |language=en}}</ref>
In 1845, Chase was presented with a silver pitcher by black leaders in the city of Cincinnati. Engraved on the pitcher were the words “A testimonial of gratitude to Salmon P. Chase from the Colored People of Cincinnati for his various public services in behalf of the oppressed."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003 |title=Among the Chief Justices of the United States, Salmon P. Chase Stands out as a Dedicated Protector of the Rights of African Americans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3134028 |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |issue=40 |pages=48–51 |doi=10.2307/3134028 |jstor=3134028 |issn=1077-3711|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
In May 1865, Chase was elected a 3rd class companion of the [[Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States]] (MOLLUS). MOLLUS was an organization of [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] officers who had served in the Civil War which allowed distinguished civilians who had supported the Union cause to join as 3rd class companions. Chase was one of the first to receive this honor and was assigned MOLLUS insignia number 46.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
[[File:US-$10000-GC-1934-Fr.2412.jpg|thumb|right|Chase depicted on the 1934 $10,000 [[gold certificate (United States)|gold certificate]]]]
Chase's portrait appears on the [[Large denominations of United States currency|United States $10,000 bill]], the largest denomination of U.S. currency to publicly circulate. The bill was last printed in 1945. In 1969, the [[Federal Reserve]] began withdrawing high-denomination bills from circulation, and as of 2009, only 336 $10,000 bills had not been returned for destruction.<ref name=slate>{{cite web |last1=Palmer |first1=Brian |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2223484/ |title=Somebody Call Officer Crumb!: How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box? |publisher=[[Slate.com]] |date=July 24, 2009 |access-date=July 24, 2012 |archive-date=September 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907092635/http://www.slate.com/id/2223484 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Chase County, Kansas]], [[Chase City, Virginia]], and towns named "Chaseville" in Florida, Massachusetts, North Carolina (from 1868 to 1871), New York, Ohio, and Tennessee were named in his honor. [[Camp Chase]] in Columbus, Ohio, and Chase Hall, the main barracks and dormitory at the [[United States Coast Guard Academy]], are named for Chase in honor of his service as [[Secretary of the Treasury]], and the United States Coast Guard cutter [[USCGC Chase (WHEC-718)|''Chase'' (WHEC 718)]] is named for him, as are Chase Hall at the [[Harvard Business School]], Chase House at the [[Tuck School of Business]] at Dartmouth College, and the [[Salmon P. Chase College of Law]] at [[Northern Kentucky University]]. He is featured on a [[New Hampshire historical marker]] ([[List of New Hampshire historical markers (76–100)#76|number 76]]) along [[New Hampshire Route 12A]] in Cornish.<ref name=ByNumber>{{cite web |url=https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/markers/documents/markers_bynumber.pdf |title=List of Markers by Marker Number |website=nh.gov |publisher=New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources |date=November 2, 2018 |access-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-date=January 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127063523/https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/markers/documents/markers_bynumber.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2024, the Salmon P. Chase Center for Civics, Culture, and Society was created at The [[Ohio State University]] in Columbus, Ohio. The Chase Center is an independent academic center.
==In popular culture==
Although not referred to by name, Chase was portrayed by [[Montagu Love]] in the 1942 film ''[[Tennessee Johnson]]'' and appears during Andrew Johnson's impeachment scenes. Chase was portrayed by [[Josh Stamberg]] in the 2013 movie ''[[Saving Lincoln]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saving Lincoln (2013) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2034098/fullcredits|access-date=January 13, 2021|archive-date=October 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018081140/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2034098/fullcredits|url-status=live |publisher=IMDb}}</ref>
Chase was portrayed by Mark Rand in the 2024 [[Apple TV+]] miniseries series ''[[Manhunt (miniseries)|Manhunt]]''.<ref name="Cormack 2024">{{cite web |last=Cormack |first=Morgan |date=2024-02-07 |title=Cast, trailer and news for Apple TV+ drama |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/manhunt-apple-tv-release-date/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Radio Times}}</ref>
Chase is referenced in the TV animated adult show ''Archer'' as the man on the $10,000 bill.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
==See also== {{portal|American Civil War}} {{colbegin}} * [[Anti-Nebraska movement]] * [[Appeal of the Independent Democrats]] * [[Economic history of the American Civil War#Union policy]] * [[Chief Justice of the United States#List of chief justices|List of chief justices of the United States]] * [[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court]] * [[Semi-Colon Club]] {{colend}}
== References == === Citations === {{Reflist}}
===Primary sources=== {{refbegin|30em}} * [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23043578 Niven, John, et al. eds. ed. ''The Salmon P. Chase Papers'' Volume: 2, 1823–57 (1993)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810170936/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23043578 |date=August 10, 2011 }} vol 1–5 have coverage to 1873 * [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10424543 Niven, John, et al. eds. ed. ''The Salmon P. Chase Papers'' Volume: 3, 1858–63 (1993)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824041710/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10424543 |date=August 24, 2011 }} * [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10261520 Donald, David ed. ''Inside Lincoln's Cabinet: The Civil War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase'' (1954)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810170757/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10261520 |date=August 10, 2011 }} {{refend}}
===Secondary sources=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{FJC Bio|414|nid=1379026|name=Salmon Portland Chase<!--(1808–1873)-->}} * {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Salmon Portland Chase |volume=5 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |page=435 }} * {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Salmon Portland Chase |volume=5 |pages=955–956 }} * {{cite book |last=Blue |first=Frederick J. |title=Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics |publisher=Kent State University Press |publication-place=Kent, Ohio |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-585-24616-1 |oclc=1484403552 |url=https://archive.org/details/salmonpchaselife0000blue/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}} * Friedman, Leon. "Salmon P. Chase" in ''The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions.'' Volume 2. (1997) *Foner, Eric. ''Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War'' (1970) * * {{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Doris Kearns | author-link = Doris Kearns Goodwin |title=Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln |url=https://archive.org/details/teamofrivalspoli00good|url-access=registration|access-date=June 2, 2013 |year=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7075-5}} *Hendrick, Burton J. ''Lincoln's War Cabinet'' (1946) * Niven, John. ''Salmon P. Chase: A Biography'' (1995). * {{cite DAB|title=Chase, Salmon Portland|volume=4|pages=27–34 |last=Randall |first=James G.}} * Richardson, Heather Cox. ''The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War'' (1997) * {{cite book |title=Lincoln |url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnnove00vida |url-access=registration |author=Gore Vidal |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780394528953 |author-link=Gore Vidal}} Salmon Chase is one of the major figures in this extensively researched historical novel. {{refend}}
== Further reading == * {{cite book | last = Abraham | first = Henry J. | title = Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court | edition = 3rd | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 1992 | location = New York | url =https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f0e8 | url-access = registration | isbn = 0-19-506557-3}} * Barnett, Randy E. (2013). "From Antislavery Lawyer to Chief Justice: The Remarkable but Forgotten Career of Salmon P. Chase", ''Case Western Reserve Law Review'', vol. 63, issue 3, pp. 653–702. [https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1212&context=caselrev online] * Benedict, Michael Les. "Salmon P. Chase and Constitutional Politics". ''Law & Social Inquiry'' 22.2 (1997): 459–500. * Blue, Frederick J. "From Right to Left: The Political Conversion of Salmon P. Chase." ''Northern Kentucky Law Review,'' 21 (1993): 1+. * Blue, Frederick J. "The moral journey of a political abolitionist: Salmon P. Chase and his critics." ''Civil War History ''57.3 (2011): 210–233. * {{cite news |title=What an Antislavery Politician Missed and Why It Still Matters |date=October 15, 2022 |first=Jamelle |last=Bouie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/15/opinion/slavery-politics-salmon-p-chase.html?smid=url-share |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }} * Caires, Michael T. "Building a Union of Banks: Salmon P. Chase and the Creation of the National Banking System" ''New Perspectives on the Union War'' edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Elizabeth R. Varon (Fordham UP, 2019) pp 160–185. [https://doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284542.003.0008 online] * {{cite book | last = Cushman | first = Clare | title = The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 |edition = 2nd | publisher = Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-56802-126-3}} * {{cite book | last = Frank | first = John P. | editor = Leon Friedman | editor2 = Fred L. Israel | title = The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions | publisher = Chelsea House Publishers | year = 1995 | url = https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse |url-access=registration | isbn = 978-0-7910-1377-9 }} * Gerteis, Louis S. "Salmon P. Chase, Radicalism, and the Politics of Emancipation, 1861-1864." ''Journal of American History'' 60.1 (1973): 42–62. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2936328 online] * {{cite book |editor-last = Hall |editor-first = Kermit L. | title = The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 1992 | location = New York | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall |url-access=registration | isbn = 978-0-19-505835-2 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=David F. |date=March 1965 |title=Salmon P. Chase: Chief Justice |url=https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3655&context=vlr |journal=[[Vanderbilt Law Review]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=569–614}} * Maizlish, Stephen E. (1998). "Salmon P. Chase: The Roots of Ambition and the Origins of Reform". ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 18.1, pp. 47–70. {{JSTOR|3124732}}. * {{cite book | last = Martin | first = Fenton S. | author2 = Goehlert, Robert U. | title = The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography | publisher = Congressional Quarterly Books | year = 1990 | location = Washington, D.C. | url = https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart |url-access=registration | isbn = 0-87187-554-3 }} * Newman, Patrick. "The Origins of the National Banking System: The Chase–Cooke Connection and the New York City Banks"." ''Independent Review'' 22.3 (2018): 383–401. {{JSTOR|26314773}}. * Nicoletti, Cynthia. "Chief Justice Salmon Chase and the Permanency of the Union", ''Journal of Supreme Court History'', Vol. 44, no. 2 (2019), pp. 154–169. * Niven, John. [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0012.103/--lincoln-and-chase-a-reappraisal?rgn=main;view=fulltext "Lincoln and Chase, a Reappraisal"]. ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association'', Vol. 12, 1991, pp. 1–15, with a comment by [[Don E. Fehrenbacher]]. * Roseboom, Eugene H. "Salmon P. Chase and the Know Nothings". ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 25.3 (1938): 335–350. {{JSTOR|1897252}}. * Stahr, Walter (2021). ''Salmon P. Chase: Lincoln's Vital Rival''. Simon & Schuster. * {{cite book | last = Urofsky | first = Melvin I. | title = The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary | publisher = Garland Publishing | year = 1994 | location = New York | page = 590 | url = https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv | url-access = registration | isbn = 978-0-8153-1176-8 }} * {{cite book |title=An Account of the Private Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase | first=Robert B. |last=Warden |author-link=Robert B. Warden |publisher=Wilstach, Baldwin and Co |location=Cincinnati |year=1874 |url=https://archive.org/details/anaccountprivat02wardgoog }} Authorized biography. * White, G. Edward. "Reconstructing the Constitutional Jurisprudence of Salmon P. Chase." ''Northern Kentucky Law Review,'' 21 (1993): 41+.
== External links == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} {{wikisource|works=or}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091023004356/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/6109/salmon1.htm ''The Life of Salmon P. Chase, Attorney General of Fugitive Slaves''.], at WebCitation.org * The [http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/c/Chase0121.html Salmon P. Chase papers], including correspondence and a myriad of biographical materials spanning the years 1820–1884, are available for research use at the [[Historical Society of Pennsylvania]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061231131605/http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Chase.html Salmon P. Chase] at [[Tulane University Law School]]. * [http://www.mlwh.org/inside.asp?ID=86&subjectID=2 Biography] at "Mr. Lincoln's White House" * [http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=68&subjectID=4 Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233405/http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=68&subjectID=4 |date=March 3, 2016 }} at "Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Salmon P. Chase" * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19165 Eulogy on Chief-Justice Chase], delivered by [[William M. Evarts]], 1874, at [[Project Gutenberg]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118212717/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/chase/spc-bio.html Biography], [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118212645/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/chase/spc-bib.html Bibliography], and [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118212623/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/chase/spc-lop.html Location of Papers], via [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]] * [https://www.c-span.org/video/?64314-1/salmon-p-chase-biography Interview with John Niven on ''Salmon P. Chase: A Biography'', May 28, 1995.] at ''Booknotes'' * [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1574 Salmon P. Chase Letters] at Dartmouth College Library * [https://www.professorbuzzkill.com/piece-of-sht-saturday-salmon-p-chase/ "Salmon P. Chase."]—Heather Cox Richardson interview on The Professor Buzzkill History Podcast, July 16, 2022. {{Congbio|C000332}} * [https://justices.grave.photos/chase-sp ''Salmon P Chase'', Gravesites of the Justices]
{{Navboxes |title=Offices and distinctions |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{U.S. Senator box | state=Ohio | class=3 | before=[[William Allen (governor)|William Allen]] | after=[[George E. Pugh|George Pugh]] | years=1849–1855 | alongside=[[Thomas Corwin]], [[Thomas Ewing]], [[Benjamin Wade]] }} {{U.S. Senator box | state=Ohio | class=3 | before=[[George E. Pugh|George Pugh]] | after=[[John Sherman]] | years=1861 | alongside=[[Benjamin Wade]] }} {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|party}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[List of Governors of Ohio|Governor of Ohio]]|years=[[1855 Ohio gubernatorial election|1855]], [[1857 Ohio gubernatorial election|1857]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Dennison Jr.|William Dennison]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Medill]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Governors of Ohio|Governor of Ohio]]|years=1856–1860}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Dennison Jr.|William Dennison]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Adams Dix|John Dix]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]|years=1861–1864}} {{s-aft|after=[[William P. Fessenden|William Fessenden]]}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[Roger B. Taney|Roger Taney]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Justice of the United States]]|years=1864–1873}} {{s-aft|after=[[Morrison Waite]]}} {{s-end}} }}
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