{{Short description|Orinoco Basin language family}} {{Infobox language family |name = Piaroa–Saliban |altname = Saliban |region = Colombia and Venezuela |familycolor = American |fam1 = Duho ? |glotto = sali1297 |glottorefname = Saliban |child1 = ''Saliban'' |child2 = Piaroa–Maco }}
The '''Piaroa–Saliban''', also known as '''Saliban''' ({{langx|es|Sálivan}}), are a small language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern ''llanos'') dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation.
Betoi may be related.<ref>Zamponi, R. 2017 (2018). [https://www.academia.edu/37607961/ Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: relationships among three linguistic lineages of the mid-Orinoco region]. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 59: 263-321.</ref>
==Languages== Piaroa and Wirö (or "Maco") form a Piaroan branch of the family.
The extinct Ature language, once spoken on the Orinoco River near the waterfalls of Atures, Venezuela, is unattested but was said to be 'little different' from Saliba, and so may have formed a Saliban branch of the family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loukotka|first=Čestmír|url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Aloukotka-1968-classification/Loukotka_1968_ClassSAIndLang_001_278.pdf|title=Classification of South American Indian Languages|date=1968|publisher=Latin American Center, University of California Los Angeles|isbn=9780879031077|editor-last=Wilbert|editor-first=Johannes|edition=4th|location=Latin American Center, UCLA|lccn=}}</ref><ref name=zamponi/>
==Language contact== Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andoke–Urekena, Arawak, Jukude, Tukano, and Yaruro language families due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>
Lozano (2014:212)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lozano |first=Miguel Angel Melendez |year=2014 |title=Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon |journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas |volume= |issue=14 |pages=173–218 |doi=10.20396/liames.v0i14.1525|doi-access=free }}</ref> has also noted similarities between the Saliba-Hodi and Arawakan languages.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016"/>{{rp|330–331}}
==External relations== Zamponi (2017) notes resemblances between the extinct Betoi language and Piaroa–Saliban. He considers a genealogical relationship plausible, though data on Betoi is scarce.<ref name=zamponi>Zamponi, Raoul (2017). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 263-321.</ref>
There are lexical similarities with the Hotï language (Jodï), and this has been interpreted as evidence for a Jodï–Saliban language family.<ref>Labrada, Jorge Emilio Rosés. 2015. "Is Jodï a Sáliban Language?." Paper presented at the Workshop on Historical relationships among languages of the Americas, Leiden, 2–5 September 2015. 18pp.</ref><ref name="Labrada-2019">{{cite journal |last=Labrada |first=Jorge Emilio Rosés |year=2019 |title=Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=275–311 |doi=10.1086/703238|s2cid=198801032 }}</ref> However, the similarities have also been explained as contact.<ref name=zamponi/>
Jolkesky (2009) includes Piaroa-Saliba, Betoi and Hodi in a Duho family along with Ticuna–Yuri.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016"/>
==Vocabulary== Rosés Labrada (2019)<ref name="Labrada-2019"/>{{rp|280–281}} lists the following Swadesh-list items that are reconstructable to Proto-Sáliban.
:{| class="wikitable sortable" ! no. !! gloss !! Sáliba !! Piaroa !! Wirö |- | 13 || bite (v) || ɲĩpe || j̃ɨ || ʤ̃ɨbɨ |- | 15 || blood || kʷau || ʧukʷɤha || ʧukʷi iʦobu |- | 22 || cold || dia || dijɑwɑʔɑ || tiʤua |- | 31 || drink (v) || õgʷe || ɑwu || owɨ |- | 36 || soil || sẽxẽ || ɾẽhẽ || nihi |- | 37 || eat (v) || ikʷe || ku || kuanɨ |- | 38 || egg || hiea || ijæ || iʤapo |- | 39 || eye || pahute || ʧiʔæhæɾe || ʧɨbahale |- | 41 || far || oto || ɤtɤ || ɨdɨ |- | 42 || fat/oil || õdete || ɑ̃dẽ || õte |- | 49 || fish || pahĩdi || pɤĩ || bãĩ |- | 53 || flower || sebapu || æʔu || ĩʦãbũ |- | 66 || hand || umo || ʧũmu || ʧɨmamu |- | 70 || heart || omaidi || ʧɑ̃mi isɤkˀi || ʧomahade |- | 71 || heavy || umaga || ɑmækɑʔɑ || ɨmɨka |- | 96 || meat || dea || ʧidepæ || itebia |- | 99 || mouth || aha || ʧæ || ʧaa |- | 106 || nose || ĩxu || ʧ̃ɨhĩjũ || ʧĩʤũ |- | 116 || red/yellow || dua || tũɑ̃ʔɑ̃ || duwɨ |- | 119 || river || oxe || ɑhe || ohʷe |- | 120 || path || maana || mænæ || mana/mãlã |- | 138 || sky || mũma sẽxẽ || moɾɤ̃hæ̃ || m̃ɨlẽhẽ |- | 139 || sleep (v) || ae || æʔɨ || abɨ |- | 144 || snake || ɟakʷi || ækɑ || akoˀda |- | 152 || star || sipodi || siɾikˀɤ || ʦiɾiʔi |- | 158 || swell (v) || hipame || hiæmɑʔɑ || hebamɨ |- | 172 || tongue || anane || ʧine || ʧinene |- | 176 || two (anim) || tuxũdu || tɑ̃hũ || dũhũtaha |- | 179 || hot || duda || duɑʔɑ || tuba |- | 184 || what? || ãdaha || dæhe || tahi |- | 187 || white || dea || teɑʔɑ || dewɨ |- | 188 || who? || ãdiha || di || ti |- | 195 || woman || ɲaxu || isahu || iʦuhu |}
==See also== *Duho languages
== References == {{reflist}}
==Bibliography== * Benaissa, T. (1991). Vocabulario Sáliba-Español Español Sáliba. Lomalinda: Alberto Lleras Camargo. * Feddema, H. (1991). Diccionario Piaroa - Español. (Manuscript). * Krute, L. D. (1989). Piaroa nominal morphosemantics. New York: Columbia University. (Doctoral dissertation). * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288841782_Language_history_in_South_America_What_we_know_and_how_to_know_more Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more.] In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314081053/http://www.sil.org/~simonsg/Saliba/presentation/SLC_wordlist.htm Sáliba wordlist in Spanish & English] * PROEL: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/salivan.htm Familia Piaroa–Saliva]
{{Language families}} {{South American languages}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Piaroa-Saliban languages}} Category:Piaroa–Saliban languages Category:Jodi–Saliban languages