{{Short description|Medieval castle in northwestern Syria}} {{distinguish|text=the Citadel of Saladin in Cairo or the Castle of Saladin, Pharaoh's Island}} {{Infobox military installation | name = Qalʿat Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn | nativename-a = {{lang|ar|قلعة صلاح الدين}} | location = Near Al-Haffah, Latakia Governorate, Syria | coordinates = {{coord|35.595833|36.057222|type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}} | image = Saladinsburg 22.jpg | caption = The south bastion with donjons | map_type = Syria | map_size = 250 | type = Castle | built = | builder = | controlledby = | height = | used = | condition = Partially ruined | ownership = Syrian government | open_to_public = Yes | materials = Limestone | footnotes = {{Infobox designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = ii, vi | designation1_date = 2006 <small>(30th session)</small> | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229 1229] | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = Arab States }} }} '''Castle of Saladin''' ({{langx|ar|قلعة صلاح الدين|Qalʿat Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn|links=no}}''')''', also known as the '''Sahyun Castle''' ({{langx|ar|قلعة صهيون|Qalʿat Ṣihyawn|Zion Castle}}), is a medieval castle in northwestern Syria. It is located 7 km east of Al-Haffah town and 30 km east of the city of Latakia, in high mountainous terrain on a ridge between two deep ravines and surrounded by forest, the site has been fortified since at least the mid 10th century. In 975 the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes captured the site and it remained under Byzantine control until around 1108. Early in the 12th century the Franks assumed control of the site and it was part of the newly formed Crusader state of the Principality of Antioch. The Crusaders undertook an extensive building programme, giving the castle much of its current appearance. In 1188 it fell to the forces of Saladin after a three-day siege.<ref name="Crusades">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwA7DwAAQBAJ&q=%22Sahyun%22+%221188%22&pg=PT46 |title= Crusades, book 16|date=23 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9781351389044|language=en |access-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122043413/https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=EwA7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&lpg=PT46&dq=%22Sahyun%22+%221188%22&source=bl&ots=uApcIJeipD&sig=ACfU3U0WTbg5aOjbqrDYPPUzH1ySXn9Gpg&hl=vi&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjn_ZeY-_zlAhUuG6YKHVA4CKMQ6AEwC3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sahyun%22%2B%221188%22&f=false |archive-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> The castle was again besieged in 1287, this time both defender and belligerent were Mamluks. In 2006, the castles of Qal'at Salah El-Din and Krak des Chevaliers were recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The site is owned by the Syrian government.
==Location and name== The castle is located roughly {{convert|25|km|mi|sp=us}} northeast of Latakia.<ref name="Morray850">{{harvnb|Morray|1995|p=850}}</ref> The castle is close to the town of al-Haffah.<ref name="Morray850"/> The traditional name of the site is ''Ṣahyūn'', the Arabic equivalent of Zion. This, according to historian Hugh N. Kennedy, is why it has now been given the more politically correct title of ''Qalʿat Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn'', meaning "Saladin's Castle".<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|1994|pp=84–85}}</ref> The Byzantines referred to it as ''Sigon'' and their Frankish successors called it ''Saône''.<ref name="Morray850"/>
==History== [[File:Map Crusader states 1135-en.svg|thumb|upright|left|The Levant in 1135, with Crusader states marked by a red cross]] thumb|right|upright|Qal'at Salah al-Din
The site has been fortified since at least the mid-10th century, and its first known occupant was a dependent of the Aleppo-based Hamdanid emir, Sayf al-Dawla.<ref name="Morray851">{{harvnb|Morray|1995|p=851}}</ref> The Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes captured Sahyun in 975 from its Hamdanid ruler,<ref name="Morray851"/> and it remained under Byzantine control until around 1108 when the Crusaders took control of Latakia, at which point it is likely they also took possession of Sahyun.<ref name=Kennedy85>{{harvnb|Kennedy|1994|p=85}}</ref> It was part of the Principality of Antioch, one of the four Crusader states established after the First Crusade. The lords of Sahyun were among the most powerful in Antioch. The first lord of Sahyun was probably Robert the Leper,<ref name=Kennedy85/> who is recorded in control of it since at least 1119.<ref name="Morray851"/> Sahyun remained in his family until 1188. It was most likely Robert or his son, William of Zardana, who built the Crusader castle around the previous Byzantine fortifications.<ref name=Kennedy85/> Most of what is evident today was built at this time. The fortress was notable as being one of the few which were not entrusted to the major military orders of the Hospitaller and the Templars.
On 27 July 1188, the Ayyubid sultan Saladin and his son, az-Zahir Ghazi, arrived at Sahyun with an army and laid siege to the castle. The Muslim forces adopted two positions outside the castle: Saladin established himself with his siege engines on the plateau opposite the castle's east side while his son was set up facing the north of the castle's lower enclosure. Stones weighing between {{convert|50|and|300|kg}} hurled at the castle for two days, causing significant damage. On 29 July, the order to attack was given. Az-Zahir assaulted the castle town adjoining the castle's west, and the inhabitants sought refuge in the castle. The castle and town were supposed to be separated by a ditch, however at the north end the digging remained unfinished. Exploiting this, Az-Zahir successfully stormed the castle walls. The inner courtyard was overrun and the garrison retreated to the donjon or keep. Before the day ended they agreed terms with their attackers and were allowed to ransom themselves. Though Sahyun was a strong castle, it fell in just three days. Kennedy speculates that, despite being well-provisioned, the fortress may have surrendered been because its garrison was not large enough or possessed siege engines.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|1994|pp=95–96}}</ref>
Saladin granted Sahyun and Bourzey to one of his emirs, Mankawar<ref name="Kennedy96">{{harvnb|Kennedy|1994|p=96}}</ref> (also known as "Mankurus ibn Khumartigin").<ref name="Morray851"/> The pair descended through the latter's heirs until 1272 when Sahyun was given to the Mamluk sultan Baibars.<ref name="Morray851"/><ref name="Kennedy96"/> Some time in the 1280s, the dissident Mamluk emir Sunqur al-Ashqar used the castle for refuge from Sultan Qalawun.<ref name="Morray851"/> Under Sunqur, the castle became the administrative center of a small semi-independent emirate.<ref name="Kennedy96"/> In late 1286 and early 1287, Qalawun set out to repress his rivals which including curtailing Sunqur's independence. To this end the sultan sent an army under the command of Turuntay to establish a siege at Sahyun. Turuntay sent a message to Sunqur, saying that if he surrendered the sultan would pardon him; Sunqur refused and so the siege began. It soon became apparent that Sunqur's men could not hold the castle, and so in April he surrendered.<ref>{{harvnb|Folda|2005|p=383}}</ref>
Afterward, Sahyun was made part of the province of Tripoli.<ref name="Kennedy96"/> The castle remained significant and prosperous under the Mamluks until at least the late 14th century.<ref name="Morray851"/> The emir of Hama, Abu'l-Fida (r. 1273–1331), noted that a town was established adjacent to Sahyun. In later decades, however, Sahyun was abandoned.<ref name="Morray851"/>
After the Ottoman conquest in Syria, Sahyun became an Ottoman fortress. A 16th century Chinese text's description of a "city with two walls" between Tartus and Aleppo seems to match the citadel Sahyun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |date=2021-10-11 |title=Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations |url=https://www.academia.edu/59068575 |journal=Journal of Early Modern History |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=422–456 |doi=10.1163/15700658-bja10030 |s2cid=244587800 |issn=1385-3783}}</ref>
In early 20th century, T. E. Lawrence visited the castle, and describe it as "the most sensational thing in castle building I have ever seen."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/07/travel/behind-syria-s-stony-facade.html |title=Behind Syria's Stony Facade |website=The New York Times |date=7 November 1999 }}</ref>
The citadel was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, along with Krak des Chevaliers, in 2006.<ref name=WHS>{{citation |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229 |title=Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=2012-04-16}}</ref> During the Syrian Revolution which began in 2011 UNESCO voiced concerns that the conflict might lead to the damage of important cultural sites such as Citadel of Salah Ed-Din.<ref>{{citation |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/862 |title=Director-General of UNESCO appeals for protection of Syria's cultural heritage |publisher=UNESCO |date=2012-03-30 |access-date=2012-04-16}}</ref> As of 2016 the castle survived the Syrian Civil War without any significant damage. In 2023, one of the fortified towers was destroyed during the February earthquake.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4210101/syrian-castle-among-quake-hit-ancient-sites-risk |title=Syrian Castle among Quake-Hit Ancient Sites at Risk |publisher=aawsat.com |date=13 March 2023 }}</ref>
==Overview== thumb|Inner view Sahyun was built on a ridge some {{convert|700|m}} long between two deep gorges.<ref name=Kennedy85/> It guarded the route between Latakia and the city of Antioch.<ref>{{harvnb|Molin|2001|p=85}}</ref> The spur on which the castle is built is connected to a plateau in the east. The Byzantines defended the site by building a wall across the east side of the ridge. The walls created an irregular enclosure and were studded with flanking towers. Adjacent to the fortification, at the eastern end of the ridge was a settlement.<ref name=Kennedy85/> One of the most magnificent features of the fortress is the 28 m deep ditch, which was cut into living rock. The creation of the ditch has been attributed to the Byzantines.<ref>{{harvnb|Molin|2001|p=148}}</ref> This ditch, which runs 156 meters along the east side, is 14 to 20 meters wide and has a lonely 28 m high needle to support the drawbridge.
The entrance to the castle is through an entrance on the south side of the fortress. On the right of the entrance is a tower, a bastion built by the Crusaders. There is another a few meters further. There is a cistern for water storage and some stables just next to a massive keep that overlooks the ditch. This keep has walls of 5 m thick and it covers an area of nearly 24 m<sup>2</sup>. Further on to the north is the gate where the drawbridge used to be. Also evident are the Byzantine citadel, located at the center of the fortress, another large cistern, the Crusader tea house, and a Crusader church adjoining one of two Byzantine chapels. As for the Arab additions to the fortress, they include a mosque, which dates back to Qalawun's reign, and a palace, which includes baths with courtyards and ''iwans''. This has been slightly restored.
==Gallery== thumb|1000px|center|A panorama view of Sahyun Castle.
==See also== *List of Crusader castles
*World Heritage Sites in Danger
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |last=Folda |first=Jaroslav |authorlink=Jaroslav Folda |title=Crusader Art in the Holy Land: From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187–1291 |year=2005 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83583-1}} *{{citation |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |authorlink=Hugh N. Kennedy |title=Crusader Castles |year=1994 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-42068-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521420686 }} *{{citation |last=Molin |first=Kristian |title=Unknown Crusader Castles |year=2001 |location=London |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-85285-261-0}} *{{citation |title=Ṣahyūn|first=D. W.|last=Morray|editor=Bosworth, C.E. |editor2=van Donzel, E. |editor3=Heinrichs, W. P. |editor4=Pellat, Ch.|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=new |volume=VIII: Ned–Sam|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden and New York|year=1995|isbn=90-04-09834-8|pages=850–851}} {{refend}}
==Further reading== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |last=République arabe syrienne |title=Chateaux de Syrie: Dossier de Presentation en vue de l'inscription sur la Liste du Patrimoine Mondial de l'UNESCO |date=January 2005 |publisher=UNESCO |language=French |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1229.pdf}} *{{citation |last=Saade |first=G. |title=Histoire du château de Saladin |journal=Studi Medievali |volume=9 |year=1968 |series=3rd |pages=980–1,016 |language=French}} {{refend}}
==External links== {{commons}} * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229 UNESCO Qal’at Salah El-Din]
{{Authority control}} {{World Heritage Sites in Syria}} {{Castles in Syria}}
Category:Aga Khan Trust for Culture projects Category:Archaeological sites in Latakia Governorate Category:Byzantine forts Salah Ed-Din Category:Crusader castles Category:Buildings and structures in Latakia Governorate Category:World Heritage Sites in Syria Category:World Heritage Sites in Danger Category:Saladin