Pope Callixtus I

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from c. 218 to c. 223}} {{Infobox Christian leader | type = Pope | honorific-prefix = Pope Saint | name = Callixtus I | title = Bishop of Rome | church = Catholic Church | image = Fresco of Pope Callixtus I - Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Before 1823).jpg | caption = Fresco originally located in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, {{circa}} 450 | term_start = {{circa|218}} | term_end = {{circa|222}} | predecessor = Zephyrinus | successor = Urban I | ordination = 199, as deacon | ordained_by = Zephyrinus | birth_date = | birth_place = Rome, Italy, Roman Empire | death_date = 222 | death_place = Rome, Italy, Roman Empire<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Calixtus-I|title=Saint Calixtus I|author=((The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica))|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> | feast_day = 14 October | patronage = Cemetery workers<ref name="SQPN">{{cite web|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/pope-saint-callistus-i/|title=Pope Saint Callistus I|work=Saints.SQPN.com|access-date=14 October 2010|first = Tery M.|last=Jones|publisher= Star Quest Publication Network}}</ref> | other = Callixtus }}

'''Pope Callixtus I''' (Greek: Κάλλιστος), also called '''Callistus I''', was the bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from {{circa|218}} to his death {{circa|222}} or 223.<ref name="ce">Chapman, John (1908). "Pope Callistus I" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref> He lived during the reigns of the Roman emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. Eusebius and the Liberian catalogue list his episcopate as having lasted five years (217–222). In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the Church converts from sects or schisms. He was killed for being Christian and is venerated as a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church (the patron saint of cemetery workers).

==Life== Callixtus I's contemporaries and enemies, Tertullian and Hippolytus of Rome, the author of ''Philosophumena'', relate that Callixtus, as a young slave from Rome, was put in charge of collected funds by his master Carpophorus, funds which were given as alms by other Christians for the care of widows and orphans; Callixtus lost the funds and fled from the city, but was caught near Portus.<ref name=SHMI>{{cite book|author=Paolo O. Pirlo|title=My First Book of Saints|year=1997|publisher=Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications|isbn=978-971-91595-4-4|pages=240|chapter=St. Callistus I}}</ref> According to the tale, Callixtus jumped overboard to avoid capture but was rescued and taken back to his master. He was released at the request of the creditors, who hoped he might be able to recover some of the money, but was rearrested for fighting in a synagogue when he tried to borrow money or collect debts from some Jews.<ref name="ce"/>

''Philosophumena'' claims that, denounced as a Christian, Callixtus was sentenced to work in the mines of Sardinia.<ref name=SHMI /> He was released with other Christians at the request of Hyacinthus, a eunuch presbyter, who represented Marcia, the favourite mistress of Emperor Commodus.<ref name=SHMI /> At this time his health was so weakened that his fellow Christians sent him to Antium to recuperate and he was given a pension by Pope Victor I.<ref name="ce"/>

In 199, Callixtus was ordained a deacon by Pope Zephyrinus and appointed superintendent of the Christian cemetery on the Appian Way. That place, which is to this day called the ''Catacombs of St. Callixtus'', became the burial-ground of many popes and was the first land property owned by the Church.<ref name=SHMI /> Emperor Julian the Apostate, writing to a pagan priest, said:<ref name=SHMI /> {{blockquote|Christians have gained most popularity because of their charity to strangers and because of their care for the burial of their dead.}} In the third century, nine bishops of Rome were interred in the Catacomb of Callixtus, in the part now called the ''Capella dei Papi''. These catacombs were rediscovered by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi in 1849.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the Church converts from sects or schisms who had not done penance.<ref>Philosophoumena IX.7</ref> He fought with success the heretics, and established the practice of absolution of all sins, including adultery and murder.<ref name=SHMI /> Hippolytus found Callixtus's policy of extending forgiveness of sins to cover sexual transgressions shockingly lax and denounced him for allowing believers to regularize liaisons with their own slaves by recognizing them as valid marriages.<ref> {{cite book|first=Elaine|last=Pagels|title=The Gnostic Gospels|page=108|year=1979|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}} </ref><ref> {{cite book|author=Hippolytus|title=Refutation of all heresies|at=Book 9 Ch. 7 |url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/050109.htm}} </ref> As a consequence also of doctrinal differences, Hippolytus was elected as a rival bishop of Rome, the first antipope.<ref> {{cite book|chapter=Saint Hippolytus of Rome|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|chapter-url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266682/Saint-Hippolytus-of-Rome}} </ref> [[File:Pope Callistus I – Santa Maria in Trastevere.jpg|thumb|Excerpt from a mosaic in the apse of Santa Maria in Trastevere in Rome, {{circa|12th century}}]] The Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere was a ''titulus'' of which Callixtus was the patron. In an apocryphal anecdote in the collection of imperial biographies called the ''Augustan History'', the spot on which he had built an oratory was claimed by tavern keepers, but Alexander Severus decided that the worship of any god was better than a tavern, hence the structure's name. The 4th-century basilica of ''Ss Callixti et Iuliani'' was rebuilt in the 12th century by Pope Innocent II and rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The 8th-century ''Chiesa di San Callisto'' is close by, with its beginnings apparently as a shrine on the site of his martyrdom, which is attested in the 4th-century ''Depositio martyrum'' and so is likely to be historical.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Death== It is possible that Callixtus was martyred around 222 or 223, perhaps during a popular uprising, perhaps by being thrown down a well. According to the apocryphal ''Acts of Saint Callixtus'', Asterius, a priest of Rome, recovered the body of Callixtus after it had been tossed into a well and buried Callixtus' body at night.<ref name=Sabine>Sabine Baring-Gould, ''The Lives of the Saints''. Vol. 2. (J. Hodges, 1877). Digitized 6 June 2007. Page 506.</ref> Asterius was arrested for this action by the prefect Alexander and then killed by being thrown off a bridge into the Tiber River.<ref name=Sabine/>

Callixtus was buried in the cemetery of Calepodius on the Aurelian Way<ref name=SHMI /><ref name="Webb2001">{{cite book|author=Matilda Webb|title=The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome: A Comprehensive Guide|date=6 May 2024 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-902210-57-5|pages=229–}}</ref> and his anniversary is given by the 4th-century ''Depositio Martirum'' and by subsequent martyrologies on 14 October. The Catholic Church celebrates his optional memorial on 14 October. His relics were transferred in the 9th century to Santa Maria in Trastevere.<ref name="CE">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Callistus I}}</ref>

==See also== *List of Catholic saints *List of popes *Pope Saint Callixtus I, patron saint archive

== Citations == {{Reflist|30em}}

== References == {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |first=J. N. D. |last=Kelly |title=Oxford Dictionary of the Popes |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |pages=13–4 |isbn=978-0198614333 }} {{refend}}

== Further reading == {{refbegin}} * {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629073136/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/c/calixt_i_p.shtml |band=1|spalten=858-859|autor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|artikel=Calixt I}} * {{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Pope Callistus I|author=John Chapman|volume=3|SeiteVon=|SeiteBis=|Kommentar=|kurz=}} * Gerber, Simon (2006). "Calixt von Rom und der monarchianische Streit" [Calixtus of Rome and the Monarchian Controversy]. ''Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum/Journal of Ancient Christianity'' '''5''', 2, pp. 213–239. * András Handl (2014). ''Bishop Callistus I. of Rome (217?−222?): A Martyr or a Confessor?'' In Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum/Journal of Ancient Christianity 18, p. 390-419. * András Handl (2021). ''[https://doi.org/10.1515/zac-2021-0013 From Slave to Bishop. Callixtus’ Early Ecclesial Career and Mechanisms of Clerical Promotion.]'' In Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum/Journal of Ancient Christianity 21, p. 53-73. (Open access).{{refend}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Callistus I}} * [http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/callixtu.htm St. Calixtus, or Callistus, Pope, Martyr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430040916/http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/callixtu.htm |date=30 April 2017 }} * [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=31 St. Callistus I] * {{Hl-Lex|b|Callistus_I.html|Callistus I.}} * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0217-0222-_Callixtus_I,_Sanctus.html Collected works of Migne Patrologia Latina] * {{Hl-Lex|b|Callistus_I.html|Callistus I.}} * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0217-0222-_Callixtus_I,_Sanctus.html Collected works by Migne Patrologia Latina]

{{s-start}} {{s-rel|grt}} {{s-bef|before=Zephyrinus}} {{s-ttl|title=Bishop of Rome|years=217–222}} {{s-aft|after=Urban I}} {{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Callixtus 01, Pope}} Category:Year of birth unknown Category:223 deaths Category:3rd-century archbishops Category:3rd-century popes Category:3rd-century Christian martyrs Category:3rd-century Romans Category:Burials at Santa Maria in Trastevere Category:Catholic slaves and freedmen Category:Papal saints Category:Popes