{{Short description|American professor and author}} {{Infobox academic | name = Safiya Noble | image = Safiyah Noble at Essence Festival Global Black Economic Forum 2025 5 (cropped).jpg | known_for = ''[[Algorithms of Oppression]]'' | awards = [[MacArthur Fellow]] | education = [[California State University, Fresno]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign]] ([[Master of Library and Information Science|MLIS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) | thesis_title = Searching for Black Girls: Old Traditions in New Media | thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/2142/42315 | thesis_year = 2012 | workplaces = [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]<br>[[University of California, Los Angeles]]<br>[[University of Southern California]] | website = {{url|safiyaunoble.com|Official website}} }} '''Safiya Umoja Noble''' is the [[David O. Sears]] presidential endowed chair of [[Social science|social sciences]] and professor of [[Gender studies|gender studies]], [[Black studies|African American studies]], and [[Information science|information studies]] at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). She is the director of the UCLA Center on Race & Digital Justice and co-director of the Minderoo Initiative on Tech & Power at the UCLA Center for Critical Internet Inquiry (C2i2). She serves as interim director of the UCLA DataX Initiative, leading work in [[critical data studies]].
Noble is the author of a bestselling book on racist and sexist algorithmic harm in commercial search engines, entitled ''[[Algorithms of Oppression|Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism]]'' ([[New York University Press]]), which has been widely reviewed in scholarly and popular publications. In 2021, she was recognized as a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellow]] for her groundbreaking work on [[algorithmic bias]].
She is a board member of the [[Cyber Civil Rights Initiative]], which serves those vulnerable to [[Cyberbullying|online harassment]], and provides expertise to a number of civil and human rights organizations. She is a [[research associate]] at the [[Oxford Internet Institute]], where she is a chartering member of the [[International Panel on the Information Environment]]. In 2022, she was recognized as the inaugural [[NAACP]]-[[Archewell]] Digital Civil Rights Award recipient.
She was appointed a [[commissioner]] to the [[University of Oxford]] Commission on Artificial Intelligence and Good Governance in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=New Commission to Address AI and Good Governance in Public Policy |url=https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/news-events/new-commission-to-address-ai-and-good-governance-in-public-policy/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Oxford Internet Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2020 she was nominated to the Global Future Council on Artificial Intelligence for Humanity at the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Future Council on Artificial Intelligence for Humanity |url=https://www.weforum.org/communities/gfc-on-artificial-intelligence-for-humanity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210242/https://www.weforum.org/communities/gfc-on-artificial-intelligence-for-humanity/ |archive-date=9 October 2020 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref>
== Early life and education == Noble grew up in [[Fresno, California]].<ref name="Munro" /> She went on to study [[sociology]] at [[California State University, Fresno]] with a focus on [[Black studies|African American studies]] and [[ethnic studies]].<ref name="AnnenbergBio">{{cite web |title=Safiya U. Noble |url=https://annenberg.usc.edu/faculty/communication/safiya-u-noble |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020110/https://annenberg.usc.edu/faculty/communication/safiya-u-noble |archive-date=7 February 2019 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |website=USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism |publisher= |language=en}}</ref> While at Fresno State, Noble was involved with the "campus political scene," [[Anti-apartheid movement in the United States#Demonstrations at universities|protesting against apartheid]] and campaigning for [[Racial inequality in the United States|racial equality]] and [[Gender inequality in the United States|gender equality]].<ref name="Munro">{{cite news |last1=Munro |first1=Donald |date=19 April 2018 |title=When Google gets it wrong: Safiya Noble exposes how search engines reinforce racism |url=https://munroreview.com/2018/04/19/when-google-gets-it-wrong-safiya-noble-studies-how-search-engines-reinforce-racism/ |accessdate=24 September 2024 |work=The Munro Review}}</ref> She was a member of the Associated Students, Inc. and the [[California State Student Association]].<ref name="Kaur">{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Bineet |date=23 April 2018 |title=Is Google's algorithm racially biased? This Fresno State alumna thinks so |url=https://fscollegian.com/2018/04/is-google-racist-this-fresno-state-alumna-thinks-so/ |accessdate=6 February 2019 |work=The Collegian}}</ref> After she graduated, Noble worked for more than a decade in [[multicultural marketing]], [[advertising]], and [[public relations]].<ref name="AfroStudiesBio">{{cite web |title=Spotlight on Safiya Umoja Noble |url=https://www.afro.illinois.edu/people/spotlight/safiya/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015833/https://www.afro.illinois.edu/people/spotlight/safiya/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |website=Department of African-American Studies {{!}} University of Illinois |publisher=}}</ref>
Noble attended the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] for graduate studies where she earned a master's degree and Ph.D. in [[library and information science]].<ref name="Munro" /><ref name="McDonald">{{cite web |last1=McDonald |first1=John |date=25 October 2018 |title=Safiya Umoja Noble Receives Top Honor from Fresno State |url=https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020429/https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |website=UCLA GSE&IS Ampersand}}</ref> Her 2012 [[Thesis|dissertation]], ''Searching for black girls: old traditions in new media'', considered how gender and race manifest on technology platforms.<ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |last=Noble |first=Safiya Umoja |title=Searching for black girls: old traditions in new media |date=December 2012 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/42263}}</ref>
== Career == Noble was appointed [[assistant professor]] at the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] in the Department of African-American Studies, the Department of [[Media studies|Media]] and [[Film studies|Cinema Studies]], and the Institute for [[Communication studies|Communication Research]].<ref name=":1" /> Noble joined the [[University of California, Los Angeles]]'s Department of [[Information science|Information Studies]] in 2014.<ref name="Harmon">{{cite web |last1=Harmon |first1=Joanie |date=15 July 2014 |title=Safiya U. Noble: Scholar of Critical Digital Media Studies Joins IS Faculty |url=https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-u-noble-scholar-of-critical-digital-media-studies-joins-is-faculty/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053202/https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-u-noble-scholar-of-critical-digital-media-studies-joins-is-faculty/ |archive-date=14 October 2018 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |website=UCLA GSE&IS Ampersand}}</ref> She was awarded the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] Early Career Award in 2016.<ref name="UCLAGSEISAwards">{{cite web |title=Awards |url=https://is.gseis.ucla.edu/about-is/awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020635/https://is.gseis.ucla.edu/about-is/awards/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |website=UCLA GSEIS Information Studies}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hudson |first=Marc |date=9 May 2018 |title=Generosity and conviviality in the age of algorithmic oppression: #Manchester #odmnoble |url=https://marchudson.net/2018/05/09/generosity-and-conviviality-in-the-age-of-algorithmic-oppression-manchester-odmnoble/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=marchudson.net}}</ref> The same year she was appointed a [[The Society of Hellman Fellows|Hellman Fellow]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Safiya Noble |url=https://hai.stanford.edu/people/safiya-noble |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Stanford HAI |language=en}}</ref> Noble received [[academic tenure]] at UCLA and was promoted to [[associate professor]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Safiya Umoja |date=January 2019 |title=SAFIYA UMOJA NOBLE, Ph.D. |url=https://safiyaunoble.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/CV_SafiyaUNoble_Winter2019-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315164904/https://safiyaunoble.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/CV_SafiyaUNoble_Winter2019-1.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2019 |website=Safiya U. Noble}}</ref>
Noble joined the [[University of Southern California]] from 2017 to 2019 as a [[Visiting scholar|visiting]] assistant professor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lunch Keynote with Dr. Safiya Umoja Noble: Social Justice in LIS, Finding the Imperative to Act |url=https://2017mlaannualconference.sched.com/event/BZbw/lunch-keynote-with-dr-safiya-umoja-noble-social-justice-in-lis-finding-the-imperative-to-act |access-date=31 May 2018 |work=2017 MLA Annual Conference}}</ref> At USC, she focused on the politics and human and civil rights concerns of digital media platforms, which includes the integration of these issues in [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safiya Noble (University of Southern California) |url=https://designlab.ucsd.edu/event/safiya-noble-university-of-southern-california/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=UCSD Design Lab |language=en-US}}</ref>
On 25 September 2020, Noble was named as one of the 25 members of the [[Real Facebook Oversight Board]], an independent monitoring group for [[Facebook]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solon |first=Olivia |date=25 September 2020 |title=While Facebook works to create an oversight board, industry experts formed their own |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-real-oversight-board-n1240958 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=NBC News}}</ref> In October 2020, she was featured in conversation with [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]] and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex]] on the harms of technology, and her book ''Algorithms of Oppression'' was cited by [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]] for outlining how "the digital space really shapes our thinking about race."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dockterman |first=Eliana |date=20 October 2020 |title=Prince Harry and Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Discuss Misinformation With Silicon Valley's Biggest Critics |url=https://time.com/5901379/prince-harry-meghan-markle-tristan-harris-safiya-noble/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |magazine=TIME}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Royston |first=Jack |date=27 August 2020 |title=Meghan Markle Praises Prince Harry as Feminist Father to Baby Archie |url=https://www.newsweek.com/meghan-markle-prince-harry-feminist-baby-archie-1527929 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>
Noble was awarded a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |last2=Schuessler |first2=Jennifer |date=28 September 2021 |title=MacArthur Foundation Announces 2021 'Genius' Grant Winners |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/28/arts/macarthur-foundation-announces-2021-genius-grant-winners.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>
==Research== Noble's academic research focuses on the [[Internet studies|Internet]] and its impact on society. Her work is both [[Sociological theory|sociological]] and [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]], marking the ways that digital media intersects with issues of race, gender, culture, power, and technology. Her expertise on issues of [[Algorithmic bias|algorithmic discrimination]] and technology bias has been covered by ''[[Rolling Stone]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=O'Neil |first=Lorena |date=12 August 2023 |title=These Women Tried to Warn Us About AI |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/women-warnings-ai-danger-risk-before-chatgpt-1234804367/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[BBC]]'', ''[[CNN International]]'',<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pM6-BHBN9s4 |title=Should you delete Facebook in Protest? |date=27 March 2018 |last= |type=Video |access-date=24 September 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Noble |first1=Safiya U. |last2=Roberts |first2=Sarah T. |date=12 November 2016 |title=Targeting race in ads is nothing new, but the stakes are high |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/2016/11/12/targeting-race-ads-nothing-new-but-stakes-high/93638386/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=USA Today}}</ref> [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'']],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Noble |first=Safiya Umoja |date=4 March 2018 |title=Social Inequality Will Not Be Solved By an App |url=https://www.wired.com/story/social-inequality-will-not-be-solved-by-an-app/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> ''[[Full Frontal with Samantha Bee]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Tracy |date=21 March 2019 |title=Sasheer Zamata's 'Full Frontal' segment confronts racial bias in technology |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-full-frontal-samantha-bee-sasheer-zamata-20190321-story.html |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manjoo |first=Farhad |date=30 August 2018 |title=Here's the Conversation We Really Need to Have About Bias at Google |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/technology/bias-google-trump.html |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Her popular writing includes critiques on the loss of [[Public good (economics)|public goods]] to [[Big Tech]] companies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noble |first=Safiya |date=1 July 2020 |title=The Loss Of Public Goods To Big Tech |url=https://www.noemamag.com/the-loss-of-public-goods-to-big-tech/ |journal=Noema |language=en-US}}</ref>
Her research also focuses on gender, technology, and culture, and how they influence the design and use of the internet.<ref name="OIIFellowAnnounce">{{cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Two New Senior Research Fellows to Join the Oxford Internet Institute |url=https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/blog/two-new-senior-research-fellows-to-join-the-oxford-internet-institute/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020739/https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/blog/two-new-senior-research-fellows-to-join-the-oxford-internet-institute/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |website=Oxford Internet Institute}}</ref> Her work has appeared in academic publications and popular media outlets including [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']]<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |last1=Noble |first1=Safiya |title=Google Has a Striking History of Bias Against Black Girls |magazine=Time |date=26 March 2018 |url=https://time.com/5209144/google-search-engine-algorithm-bias-racism/ |access-date=6 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Bitch (magazine)|''Bitch'']].<ref>{{cite journal |date=Spring 2012 |title=The Frontier Issue |url=https://www.bitchmedia.org/issue/54 |journal=Bitch Media |language=en |issue=54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020157/https://www.bitchmedia.org/issue/54 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref> Noble co-edited the books ''Emotions, Technology & Design'' and ''The Intersectional Internet: Race, Sex, Culture and'' ''Class Online.''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/intersectionalin0000unse/ |title=The intersectional Internet: race, sex, class and culture online |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2016 |isbn=9781433130007 |editor-last=Noble |editor-first=Safiya Umoja |location=New York |oclc=918150002 |editor-last2=Tynes |editor-first2=Brendesha M.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Emotions, Technology, and Design |date=28 December 2015 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780128018392 |editor-last=Tettegah |editor-first=Sharon |location= |oclc= |editor-last2=Noble |editor-first2=Safiya}}</ref> She is the co-editor of the "Commentary & Criticism" section of the journal ''[[Feminist Media Studies]]''. She is a member of several academic journal and advisory boards including for ''Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education'', and the ''Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Harmon" />
=== ''Algorithms of Oppression'' === Noble's first book, ''[[Algorithms of Oppression]]'', was published by NYU Press in 2018 and has been reviewed in journals such as the ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]'' and was featured in the [[New York Public Library]] 2018 Best Books for Adults.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=NYPL 2018 Best Books for Adults |url=https://www.nypl.org/bestbooksadults2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324121739/https://www.nypl.org/bestbooksadults2018 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date= |website=New York Public Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2018 |title=In 'Algorithms of Oppression,' Safiya Noble finds old stereotypes persist in new media |url=https://annenberg.usc.edu/news/diversity-and-inclusion/algorithms-oppression-safiya-noble-finds-old-stereotypes-persist-new |access-date=31 May 2018 |website=USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Algorithms of Oppression {{!}} How Search Engines Reinforce Racism |url=https://nyupress.org/books/9781479837243/ |access-date=31 May 2018 |website=NYU Press}}</ref> It considers how bias against people of color is embedded into supposedly neutral [[Search engine|search engines]].<ref name=":5" /> It explores how [[racism]], especially [[Anti-Black racism]], is generated, maintained, and reproduced by the internet.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2018 |title=Algorithms of Oppression |url=https://datasociety.net/library/safiya-umoja-noble-algorithms-of-oppression/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=Data & Society}}</ref> In it, Noble is concerned with looking at the ways the Black community is commercialized by technology companies. She focuses on companies like [[Google]] and [[Facebook]] and how their [[algorithm]]s [[Black box|"black-box"]] information; for example, when a search term is entered, it is unclear how results for the search are derived. Her work aims to change the perceptions of marginalized people in technology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noble |first=Safiya Umoja |title=Algorithms of Oppression: How search engines reinforce racism |date=2018 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-4994-9 |location=}}</ref> She blogged about "Digital Infrastructures of Race and Gender" for the [[Fotomuseum Winterthur|Fotomuseum]]'s online platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noble |first=Safiya Umoja |title=Digital Infrastructures of Race and Gender |url=https://www.fotomuseum.ch/de/series/digital-infrastructures-of-race-and-gender/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Fotomuseum Winterthur}}</ref> She has also given talks and interviews about ''[[Algorithms of Oppression]]''.<ref name="stratelligence.net">{{Cite web |title=Safiya U. Noble, Ph.D. |url=https://stratelligence.net/employees/safiya-u-noble/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091421/https://stratelligence.net/employees/safiya-u-noble/ |archive-date=14 October 2018 |access-date= |website=Stratelligence}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last= |title=Safiya Umoja Noble - 'Just Google It': Algorithms of Oppression |date=14 December 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omko_7CqVTA |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last= |title=Algorithms of Oppression: Safiya Umoja Noble |date=28 February 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KLTpoTpkXo |accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Noble |first=Safiya |date=12 August 2017 |title=Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism |url=http://opentranscripts.org/transcript/algorithms-oppression-search-engines-reinforce-racism/ |access-date=31 May 2018 |work=Open Transcripts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Futures – Safiya Umoja Noble |url=https://www.concordia.ca/cuevents/main/2018/04/03/digital-futures-with-safiya-noble.html |access-date=31 May 2018 |website=Concordia University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickey |first=Megan Rose |date=27 January 2018 |title=CTRL+T podcast: Artificial intelligence may become a human rights issue |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/27/ctrlt-podcast-artificial-intelligence-may-become-a-human-rights-issue/?guccounter=1 |access-date=31 May 2018 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref>
==Select publications== *{{cite journal |last1=Joyce |first1=Kelly |last2=Smith-Doerr |first2=Laurel |last3=Alegria |first3=Sharla |last4=Bell |first4=Susan |last5=Cruz |first5=Taylor |last6=Hoffman |first6=Steve G. |last7=Noble |first7=Safiya Umoja |last8=Shestakofsky |first8=Benjamin |title=Toward a Sociology of Artificial Intelligence: A Call for Research on Inequalities and Structural Change |journal=Socius |date=2021 |volume=7 |article-number=2378023121999581 |language=en |doi=10.1177/2378023121999581|doi-access=free }} *{{cite book |last1=Noble |first1=Safiya Umoja |title=Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism |date=2018 |publisher=New York University Press |location= |isbn=9781479837243 |language=English |oclc=1029007986}} *{{cite journal |last1=Noble |first1=Safiya U. |last2=Austin |first2=Jeanie |last3=Sweeney |first3=Miriam E. |last4=McKeever |first4=Lucas |last5=Sullivan |first5=Elizabeth |title=Changing Course: Collaborative Reflections of Teaching/Taking "Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Information Professions" |journal=Journal of Education for Library and Information Science |date=2013 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=212–222 |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1074287 |language=en |issn=0748-5786}} *{{cite web |last1=Noble |first1=Safiya U. |title=Google and the Misinformed Public |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Googlethe-Misinformed/238868 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education |accessdate=6 February 2019 |date=15 January 2017}}
===Edited volumes=== *{{cite book |editor1-last=Noble |editor1-first=Safiya Umoja |editor2-last=Tynes |editor2-first=Brendesha M. |editor2-link=Brendesha Tynes |title=The Intersectional Internet Race, Sex, Class, and Culture Online |date=2016 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=New York |isbn=9781433130014 |language=English |oclc=946134246}} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Tettegah |editor1-first=Sharon Y. |editor2-last=Noble |editor2-first=Safiya Umoja |title=Emotions, technology, and design |date=2016 |publisher=Amsterdam Academic Press |isbn=9780128018729 |language=English |oclc=944209071}}
== References == <references />
== External links == {{Scholia|author}} *{{google scholar id|2VnIbO4AAAAJ}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Noble, Safiya}} [[Category:American sociologists]] [[Category:American social sciences writers]] [[Category:21st-century African-American writers]] [[Category:California State University, Fresno, alumni]] [[Category:UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies faculty]] [[Category:University of Southern California faculty]] [[Category:University of Illinois School of Information Sciences alumni]] [[Category:American women sociologists]] [[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty]] [[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]] [[Category:21st-century American women writers]] [[Category:American women non-fiction writers]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women writers]] [[Category:MacArthur Fellows]] [[Category:African-American sociologists]] [[Category:21st-century African-American academics]] [[Category:21st-century American academics]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]]