Shafi'i school

{{Short description|School of Islamic jurisprudence}} {{Redirect|Shafi}} {{Sunni Islam|Schools of Law}}

The '''Shafi'i school''' ({{langx|ar|ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ|translit=al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī}}) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, belonging to the Ahl al-Hadith tradition.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=31}}{{sfn|Saeed|2008|p=17}} It is named after the Muslim scholar, jurist, and traditionist al-Shafi'i ({{circa|767–820 CE}}), also known as "the father of Muslim jurisprudence",<ref name=":2" /> in the early 9th century.{{sfn|Ramadan|2006|pp=27–77}}{{sfn|Kamali|2008|p=77}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Abū ʿAbd Allāh ash-Shāfiʿī |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abu-Abd-Allah-ash-Shafii|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=8 April 2024 |language=}}</ref> One who subscribes to the Shafi'i school is called a '''Shafiite''' ({{langx|ar|ٱلشَّافِعِيّ|translit=al-shāfiʿī}}, {{plural form}} {{langx|ar|ٱلشَّافِعِيَّة|translit=al-shāfiʿīyah|label=none}} or {{langx|ar|ٱلشَّوَافِع|translit=al-shawāfiʿ|label=none}}).

The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī, Mālikī and Ḥanbalī.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=31}}{{sfn|Saeed|2008|p=17}} Like the other schools of fiqh, Shafi{{ayin}}i recognize the First Four Caliphs as the Islamic prophet Muhammad's rightful successors and relies on the Qurʾān and the "sound" books of Ḥadīths as primary sources of law.{{sfn|Ramadan|2006|pp=27–77}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shanay |first=Bulend |title=Shafi'iyyah |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/sunni/shaf.html |website=University of Cumbria}}</ref> The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and the Sunnah) and human speculation regarding the Law.<ref name="EB-Shafi'i">{{cite web |title=Shāfiʿī |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shafiiyah |access-date= |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> Where passages of Qurʾān and/or the Ḥadīths are ambiguous, the school seeks guidance of Qiyās (analogical reasoning).<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" />{{sfn|Hasyim|2005|pp=75–77}} The Ijmā' (consensus of scholars or of the community) was "accepted but not stressed".<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" /> The school rejected the dependence on local traditions as the source of legal precedent and rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and the Istiḥsān (juristic discretion).<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" /><ref name=":3" />

The Shafi'i school is followed by more than 350 million people, comprising around 17.5% of the Muslim population worldwide.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=The Five Schools Of Islamic Thought|url=https://al-islam.org/inquiries-about-shia-islam-sayyid-moustafa-al-qazwini/five-schools-islamic-thought|website=al-islam.org|date=2024-11-16|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref> As such, it is the third-largest Sunni school and is followed predominantly in Lower Egypt, the Horn of Africa, Southeast Asia and among the Kurdish Muslim population throughout Iraq, Syria and Turkey. The Shafi{{ayin}}i school was widely followed in the Middle East until the rise of the Ottomans and the Safavids.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafi{{ayin}}i Islam across the Indian Ocean, as far as Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Christelow|2000|p=377}}{{sfn|Pouwels|2002|p=139}}

== Principles == {{Aqidah}} [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 130r al-Shāfiʿī.jpg|left|thumb|Illustration of a 1585-1590 Ottoman manuscript depicting Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī]] The fundamental principle of the Shafi{{ayin}}i thought depends on the idea that "to every act performed by a believer who is subject to the Law there corresponds a statute belonging to the Revealed Law or the Shari'a".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chaumont |first=Éric |url=https://brill.com/eio |title=The Encyclopedia Of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |volume=IX |pages=182–183 |chapter=Al-Shafi}}</ref> This statute is either presented as such in the Qurʾān or the Sunnah or it is possible, by means of analogical reasoning (Qiyas), to infer it from the Qurʾān or the Sunnah.<ref name=":3" />

Al-Shafi{{ayin}}i was the first jurist to insist that Ḥadīth were the decisive source of law (over traditional doctrines of earlier thoughts).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |pages=285–86|isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 }}</ref> In order of priority, the sources of jurisprudence according to the Shafi{{ayin}}i thought, are:{{sfn|Ramadan|2006|pp=27–77}}{{sfn|Al-Zarkashi|1393|p=209}}

=== The Foundation (al asl) === * Qurʾān — the sacred scripture of Islam.<ref name=":3" />{{sfn|Ramadan|2006|pp=27–77}} * Sunnah — defined by Al-Shāfiʿī as "the sayings, the acts, and the tacit acquiescence of Prophet Muhammad as related in solidly established traditions".<ref name=":3" />{{sfn|Al-Zarkashi|1393|p=209}} The school rejected dependence on local community practice as the source of legal precedent.<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" />{{sfn|Brown|2014|p=39}}<ref name=":3" />

=== Ma'qul al-asl === * Qiyas with Legal Proof or Dalil Shari'a — "Analogical reasoning as applied to the deduction of juridical principles from the Qurʾān and the Sunnah."{{sfn|Ramadan|2006|pp=27–77}}{{sfn|Al-Zarkashi|1393|p=209}} ** Analogy by Cause (Qiyas al-Ma'na/Qiyas al-Illa)<ref name=":3" /> ** Analogy by Resemblance (Qiyas al-Shabah)<ref name=":3" /> * Ijmā' — consensus of scholars or of the community ("accepted but not stressed").<ref name="EB-Shafi'i" /> The concept of Istishab was first introduced by the later Shafi{{ayin}}i scholars.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Heffening |first=W. |url=https://brill.com/eio |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1934 |volume=IV |pages=252–53 |chapter=Al-Shafi'i}}</ref> Al-Shafi{{ayin}}i also postulated that "penal sanctions lapse in cases where repentance precedes punishment".<ref name=":5" />

== Risālah == The groundwork legal text for the Shafi{{ayin}}i law is al-Shafiʽi's ''al-Risala'' ("the Message"), composed in Egypt. It outlines the principles of Shafi{{ayin}}i legal thought as well as the derived jurisprudence.{{sfn|Khadduri|1961|pp=14–22}} A first version of the ''Risālah'', ''al-Risalah al-Qadima'', produced by al-Shafiʽi during his stay in Baghdad, is currently lost.<ref name=":3" />

== Proximity of Shia and Shafi'i == Shia jurists, based on the narrations of Fourteen Innocents, believe that "In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful" is part of all the surahs of the Qur'an, except the Surah of Al-Bara'ah (Surah At-Tawbah). And "Shafi'i" jurists, unlike other Sunni sects, agree with the Shi'a opinion, and consider "In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful" as part of all the surahs of the Qur'an. Therefore, it is considered obligatory to recite it in a loud voice in the Jahriyeh prayer.

== Differences from Mālikī and Ḥanafī thoughts == Al-Shāfiʿī fundamentally criticised the concept of judicial conformism (the Istiḥsan).<ref name=":35">{{Cite book |last=Chaumont |first=Éric |url=https://brill.com/eio |title=The Encyclopedia Of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |volume=IX |pages=185–86 |chapter=Al-Shafi'iyya}}</ref>

=== With Mālikī view === * Shafi{{ayin}}i school argued that various existing local traditions may not reflect the practice of Muhammad (a critique to the Mālikī thought).<ref name=":3" /> The local traditions, according to the Shāfiʿī understanding, thus cannot be treated as sources of law.<ref name=":35" />

=== With Ḥanafī view === * The Shafi{{ayin}}i school rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and the Istiḥsān (juristic discretion).<ref name=":3" /> It insisted that the rules of the jurists could no longer be invoked in legal issues without additional authentications.<ref name=":35" /><ref name="oup1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141016211809/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1139 Istislah] ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford University Press</ref><ref name="oup2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141011024153/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1136 Istihsan] ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford University Press</ref> The school refused to admit doctrines that had no textual basis in either the Qurʾān or Ḥadīths, but were based on the opinions of Islamic scholars (the Imams<ref name=":35" />).{{sfn|Ridgeon |2003|p=259–262}}<ref name=":35" /> * The Shafi{{ayin}}i thinking believes that the methods may help to "substitute man for God and Prophet Muhammad, the only legitimate legislators"<ref name=":3" /> and "true knowledge and correct interpretation of religious obligations would suffer from arbitrary judgments infused with error".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istiḥsān |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/istihsan |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1139 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016211809/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1139 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2014 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=Istislah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011024153/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1136 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2014 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=Istihsan}}</ref>{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=58–71}}

== History == [[File:Indian Ocean-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|257x257px|Shafi{{ayin}}i school is predominantly found across the Indian Ocean littoral.]] Al-Shāfiʿī ({{Circa|767}}–820 AD) visited most of the great centres of Islamic jurisprudence in the Middle East during the course of his travels and amassed a comprehensive knowledge of the different ways of legal theory. He was a student of Mālik ibn Anas, the founder of the Mālikī school of law, and of Muḥammad Shaybānī, the Baghdad Ḥanafī intellectual.<ref name=":2" />{{sfn|Haddad|2007|p=121}}{{sfn|Dutton||p=16}}

* The Shafi{{ayin}}i thoughts were initially spread by Al-Shafi{{ayin}}i students in Cairo and Baghdad. By the 10th century, the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and Syria also became chief centres of Shafi{{ayin}}i ideas.<ref name=":4" /> * The school later exclusively held the judgeships in Syria, Kirman, Bukhara and the Khorasan. It also flourished in northern Mesopotamia and in Daylam.<ref name=":4" /> The Ghurids also endorsed the Shafi{{ayin}}is in the 11th and 12th centuries AD.<ref name=":4" /> * Under Salah al-Din, the Shafi{{ayin}}i school again became the paramount thought in Egypt (the region had come under Shi'a influence prior to this period).<ref name=":4" /> It was the "official school" of the Ayyubid dynasty and remained prominent during Mamlūk period also.<ref name=":5" /> Baybars, the Mamlūk sultan, later appointed judges from all four madhabs in Egypt.<ref name=":4" /> * Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafi{{ayin}}i Islam across the Indian Ocean, as far India and the Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Christelow |2000|p=377}}{{sfn|Pouwels |2002|p=139}}

=== Under Ottomans and the Safavids === * Rise of the Ottomans in the 16th century resulted in the replacement of Shafi{{ayin}}i judges by Ḥanafī scholars.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=58–71}}<ref name=":4" /> * After the beginning of the Safavid rule, the presence of the Shafi's in Iran was limited to the western regions of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naghshbandi |first=Sayed Navid |date=2022-08-23 |title=The First Iranian Shafi'is and Their Role in the Propagation of the Shafi'i School During the Fourth Century AH in Iran |url=https://jhic.ut.ac.ir/article_90126_en.html |journal=Iranian Journal for the History of Islamic Civilization |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=119–146 |doi=10.22059/jhic.2022.335807.654309 |issn=2228-7906}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The arrival of Seljuks at Khorasan and the sufferings of Nishapurian Shafi'is -Ash'aris. |url=https://tuhistory.tabrizu.ac.ir/issue_778_779.html?lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ahmady, Kameel 2019: From Border to Border. Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran. Mehri publication, London. pg. 440.}}</ref>

== Distribution == thumb|300x300px|An approximate map showing the distribution of the Shafi{{ayin}}i school (azure blue) The Shafi{{ayin}}i school is presently predominant in the Indian Ocean and the Horn of Africa in the countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia while forming a minority in the Swahili Coast.{{ref|a}}<ref name="1a">{{Cite web |year=2013|title=International Religious Freedom Report: Comoros|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/222247.pdf|publisher=United States Department of State|quote=}}</ref> Within the Middle East, it is the majority school of the Kurdish Muslim population in the Levant and Iraq, as well as Lower Egypt and Yemen.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="EB-Shafi'i" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ahmady, Kameel. Investigation of the Ethnic Identity Challenge in Iran- A Peace-Oriented, EFFLATOUNIA - Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2 (2021) pp. 3242-70|journal=EFFLATOUNIA - Multidisciplinary Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Governance in Syria Amid Territorial Fragmentation|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/about/?lang=en&center=europe}}</ref> The Shafi'i school is principal school of thought followed throughout Southeast Asia, in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.{{ref|a}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Islamic Jurisprudence & Law|url=https://veil.unc.edu/religions/islam/law/|website=University of North Carolina}}</ref><ref name="1a" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ahmady, Kameel 2019: From Border to Border. Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran. Mehri publication, London. p 440.}}</ref> Shafi'is form a plurality in coastal southern Indian states such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and are half of the Muslim population in Sri Lanka and the Maldives alongside Hanafis.{{sfn|Saeed|2008|p=17}}<ref name=":1" />

The Shafi{{ayin}}i school is the third-largest school of Sunni madhhabs by number of adherents, after Hanafi and Maliki.{{sfn|Saeed|2008|p=17}}<ref name=":1" /> The demographic data for Shafi'ism is considered to be more than 350 million.<ref name=":6" /> It is one of two dominant schools of thought practiced among Muslims in the United States other than Hanafi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hammond|first=Joseph|title=Study finds the American mosque increasingly a melting pot of Islamic traditions|url=https://religionnews.com/2021/08/03/study-finds-the-american-mosque-increasingly-a-melting-pot-of-islamic-traditions|access-date=30 October 2025|work=Religion News Service|date=3 August 2021}}</ref>

== Notable Shafi{{ayin}}is == {{col-begin}}

{{Col-3}}

* Al-Muzani (c.791-878) * Al-Buwayti * Ar-Rabi‘ ibn Sulayman al-Muradi * Al-Ghazali (c.1058-1111) * Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (c.1230-1277) * Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (c.1150-1209) * Ibn al-Nafis (c.1213-1288) * Ibn Kathir (c.1300-1373) * Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (c.1182-1262) * Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (c.1228-1302) * Al-Suyuti (c.1445-1505)

'''In Hadith''': * Abu Zur'a al-Razi * Abu Hatim al-Razi * Ibn Khuzaymah * Ibn Hibban * Al-Khattabi * Al-Daraqutni * Hakim al-Nishaburi * Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani * Al-Bayhaqi (c.994-1066) * Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi * Al-Baghawi * Ibn Asakir * Ibn al-Salah * Ibn al-Najjar * Al-Nawawi * Al-Mizzi * Al-Dhahabi (c.1274-1348) * Taqi al-Din al-Subki * Ibn Kathir (c.1300-1373) * Ibn al-Mulaqqin * Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi * Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami * Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (c.1372-1449) * Al-Sakhawi * Al-Suyuti * Al-Qastallani * Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (c.1503-1566) * Yasin al-Fadani

'''In Tafsir''':

* Al-Tabari (c.839-923) * Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi * Al-Baghawi * Fakhr al-Din al-Razi * Ibn Kathir (c.1300-1373) * Taqi al-Din al-Subki * Al-Baydawi * Al-Mahalli * Al-Suyuti * Said Nursî * Hamka

{{Col-3}}

'''In Fiqh''':

* Al-Khattabi * Al-Mawardi * Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi * Al-Juwayni * Al-Ghazali * Al-Baghawi * Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam * Ibn al-Salah * Al-Nawawi * Taqi al-Din al-Subki * Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini * Ibn al-Mulaqqin * Al-Baydawi * Al-Mahalli * Zakariyya al-Ansari * Al-Suyuti * Ibn Hajar al-Haytami * Sayf al-Din al-Amidi * Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri * Zainuddin Makhdoom I * Ibn Nuhaas * Abdallah al-Qutbi * Taj al-Din al-Subki '''In Usul al-Fiqh''':

* Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi * Al-Juwayni * Al-Ghazali * Fakhr al-Din al-Razi * Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam * Taqi al-Din al-Subki * Al-Mahalli * Al-Suyuti * Taj al-Din al-Subki '''In Arabic language studies''':

* Ibn Malik * Ibn Hisham * Fairuzabadi * Taqi al-Din al-Subki * Al-Suyuti

'''In Theology''':

* Ibn Kullab * Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari * Ibn Furak * Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi * Al-Bayhaqi * Al-Juwayni * Al-Ghazali * Fakhr al-Din al-Razi * Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam * Rashid Rida * Taqi al-Din al-Subki * Abu al-Hasan al-Karaji

{{Col-3}}

'''In Philosophy''':

* Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad * Fazlur Rahman Malik * Khaled Abou El Fadl

'''In Sufism'''

* Harith al-Muhasibi * Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin Qushayri * Abu Talib al-Makki * Imam al-Haddad * Ahmad Ghazali (c.1061-1123) * Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani * Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi * Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi * Yusuf Hamdani * Ahmed ar-Rifa'i * Najm al-Din Kubra * Shams Tabrizi * Safi-ad-din Ardabili * Kamal Khujandi * Yusuf an-Nabhani * Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla'i * Uways al-Barawi * Sa'eed ibn Isa Al-Amoudi

'''In history'''

* Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi * Ibn 'Asakir * Ali ibn al-Athir * Ibn al-Najjar * Ibn Khallikan * Al-Dhahabi * Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani

'''Statesmen'''

* Saladin * Nizam al-Mulk [[File:Tabaqat al-Subki.jpg|thumbnail|right|Book cover of ''Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyya al-Kubra'' by Shaykh al-Islam Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771/1370)]] {{Col-end}}

=== Contemporary Shafi{{ayin}}i scholars === {{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

'''From Middle East and North Africa''':

* Ahmed Kuftaro * Ali Gomaa * Habib Umar bin Hafiz * Habib Umar al-Jilani * Sa'id Foudah * Abdullah al-Harari * Ali al-Jifri * Mohammad Salim Al-Awa * Wahba Zuhayli * Taha Jabir Alalwani * Taha Karaan

'''From Southeast Asia''':

* Afifi al-Akiti * Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif * Hasyim Muzadi * Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas

'''From South Asia''':

* Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal * Tajul Ulama * K. Ali Kutty Musliyar * Kanniyath Ahmed Musliyar * E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar * Zainuddin Makhdoom II * Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad * Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar * Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal * Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi {{div col end}}

== See also == {{Portal|Islam|Politics}} * Sunni Islam * The four Sunni Imams * Hanafi * Maliki * Hanbali * Shia Islam

== References == === Notes === : 1.{{note|a}}"The law provides sanctions for any religious practice other than the Sunni Shafiʽi doctrine of Islam and for prosecution of converts from Islam, and bans proselytizing for any religion except Islam."<ref name="1a" />

=== Citations === {{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography === {{refbegin}}

Primary sources * {{cite book|last1=Al-Zarkashi|first1=Badr al-Din|title=Al-Bahr Al-Muhit Vol VI|url=|date=1393|publisher= |isbn= }} * {{cite book|last1=Khadduri|first1=Majid |title='Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafi{{ayin}}i's Risala|url=|date=1961|publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn= }} * {{cite book|last1= |first1= |title=Al-Shafi{{ayin}}i: The Epistle on Legal Theory - Risalah fi usul al-fiqh|url=|date=2013 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0814769980|translator-last1=Lowry |translator-first1=Joseph}}

Scholarly sources * {{cite book|last1=Hallaq|first1=Wael B.|author-link=Wael B. Hallaq|title=An Introduction to Islamic Law|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000hall|url-access=registration|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521678735 }} * {{cite book|last1=Saeed|first1=Abdullah |title=The Qur'an: An Introduction|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415421256}} * {{cite book |last=Ramadan |first=Hisham M. |year=2006 |title=Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0991-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Kamali|first1=Mohammad Hashim|author-link=Mohammad Hashim Kamali|title=Shari'ah Law: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/shariahlawintrod0000kama|url-access=registration|date=2008|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1851685653 }} * {{cite book|last1=Hasyim |first1=Syafiq |title=Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective|url=|date=2005|publisher=Equinox|isbn=978-9793780191}} * {{cite book|last1=Hallaq |first1=Wael B. |title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations|url=|date=2009a|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521861472}} * {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Jonathan A. C.|title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/39|date=2014|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1780744209}} * {{cite book|last1=Ridgeon |first1=Lloyd |title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present|url=|date=2003|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0415297967}} * {{cite book| title=The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qurʼan, the Muwaṭṭaʼ and Madinan ʻAmal |last=Dutton |first=Yasin|page=}} * {{cite book |last=Haddad |first=Gibril F.|title=The Four Imams and Their Schools |location=|publisher=Muslim Academic Trust, London |year=2007 |pages=}} * {{cite book |last=Pouwels |first=Randall L.|title=Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002 |isbn=978-0521523097}} * {{cite book |last=Christelow |first=Allan |title="Islamic Law in Africa," in ''The History of Islam in Africa''|location=|publisher= Ohio University Press|year=2000 |isbn=978-0821412978|editor-first1=Nehemia |editor-last1=Levtzion|editor-first2= Randall |editor-last2=Pouwels}} {{refend}}

== Further reading == * {{cite book |author-link= |date=2013|title=The Epistle on Legal Theory: A Translation of Al-Shafi'i's Risalah|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17mvkhj |location= |publisher=New York University Press|jstor= j.ctt17mvkhj|isbn=9781479855445|translator-last1=Lowry|translator-first1= Joseph E.|last1= Al-Shāfiʿī|first1= Muḥammad ibn Idrīs|last2= Lowry|first2= Joseph E.}} * {{Cite book |last=Cilardo |first=Agostino |url=https://www.abc-clio.com/products/A3880C/ |title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |editor-last=Fitzpatrick |editor-first=Coeli |edition=|chapter=Shafiʽi Fiqh |editor-last2=Walker |editor-first2=Adam Hani }} * Yahia, Mohyddin (2009). ''Shafi{{ayin}}i et les deux sources de la loi islamique'', Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, {{ISBN|978-2-503-53181-6}} * Rippin, Andrew (2005). ''Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'' (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp.&nbsp;90–93. {{ISBN|0-415-34888-9}}. * Calder, Norman, Jawid Mojaddedi, and Andrew Rippin (2003). ''Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature''. London: Routledge. Section 7.1. * Schacht, Joseph (1950). ''The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence''. Oxford: Oxford University. pp.&nbsp;16. * Khadduri, Majid (1987). ''Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafi{{ayin}}i's Risala''. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society. pp.&nbsp;286. * Abd Majid, Mahmood (2007). ''Tajdid Fiqh Al-Imam Al-Syafi'i''. Seminar pemikiran Tajdid Imam As Shafie 2007. * al-Shafi{{ayin}}i, Muhammad b. Idris, "The Book of the Amalgamation of Knowledge" translated by A.Y. Musa in ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam'', New York: Palgrave, 2008. * BinAzeez (2025).'A concise guide to Arkan ul Iman and Arkan ul Islam' PDF download:https://archive.org/details/Salah_Guide

== External links == * [http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/sunni/shaf.html Shafi'iyyah (University of Cumbria)] * [https://library.amauacademy.com/articles/the-shafii-school-history-scholars-and-key-books/ The Shafi'i School: History, Scholars, and Key Books]

[https://archive.org/details/Salah_Guide Al Falah (A concise guide to Arkan ul Iman and Arkan ul Islam as pdf)]

{{Shafi'i scholars}} {{Islamic Theology}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shafi'i}} Category:Shafi'i Category:Madhhab Category:Sunni Islamic branches Category:Schools of Sunni jurisprudence Category:Sunni Islam