Sais, Egypt

{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian city}} {{other uses|SAIS}} {{Redirect-distinguish-text|Sa el-Hagar|San al-Hagar}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox settlement   |name =Sais |other_name = |native_name =  |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto =  |image_skyline = Jean-Francois Champollion - Plan Des Ruines De Sais.cropped.png |imagesize = |image_caption = Map of Sais ruins drawn by Jean-François Champollion during his expedition in 1828 |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Egypt |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Egypt |pushpin_relief=yes  |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Egypt |subdivision_type1 = Governorate |subdivision_name1 = Gharbia |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = | |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title Σάι = |leader_name = |leader_title1 =  |leader_name1 = |established_title =  |established_date =  |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial  |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 =  |area_land_km2 =   |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi =  |timezone =EST |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|30|57|53|N|30|46|6|E|region:EG|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes =  |elevation_m = |elevation_ft =  |postal_code_type =  |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} thumb|Ruins of Sais '''Sais''' ({{langx|egy|{{script|Egyp|{{huge|𓊃𓐰𓅭𓄿𓅱𓊖}}}}|translit=Zꜣw}};<ref name=oxford173>{{cite book|last=Myśliwiec|first=Karol|authorlink=Karol Myśliwiec|chapter=Sais|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|year=2001|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5|pages=173–4}}</ref> {{langx|grc|{{script|Grek|Σάϊς}}|translit=Sáïs}}; {{langx|la|Sais}}; {{langx|cop|{{script|Copt|Ⲥⲁⲓ}}|translit=Sai}}) was an ancient Egyptian city in the Western Nile Delta on the Canopic branch of the Nile,<ref name="WebsterNinthNewCollege">Mish, Frederick C., Editor in Chief. "Saïs." ''Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary''. 9th ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1985. {{ISBN|0-87779-508-8}}, {{ISBN|0-87779-509-6}} (indexed), and {{ISBN|0-87779-510-X}} (deluxe).</ref> It was the provincial capital of Sap-Meh, the fifth nome of Lower Egypt and became the seat of power during the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt ({{circa|732}}–720 BC) and the Saite Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (664–525 BC) during the Late Period.<ref name="Shaw">Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, 1995. p.250</ref> On its ruins today stands the town of '''Sa el-Hagar'''<ref name=oxford173/><ref name=snape>{{cite book |last=Snape|first=Steven|year=2014|title=The Complete Cities of Ancient Egypt|location=|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-77240-9}}</ref> ({{langx|arz|صا الحجر}}) or '''Sa El Hajar'''.

== Neolithic period == A Neolithic settlement has been identified at Sais recently (1999), dating to 5000 BC. Agriculture appears here during this period, as well as at another similar site, Merimde Beni Salama, which is located about 80km south of Sais.<ref name="Rowland Bertini 2016 pp. 160–172">{{cite journal | last1=Rowland | first1=Joanne M. | last2=Bertini | first2=Louise C. | title=The Neolithic within the context of northern Egypt: New results and perspectives from Merimde Beni Salama | journal=Quaternary International | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=410 | year=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25737746 | issn=1040-6182 | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.014 | pages=160–172| bibcode=2016QuInt.410..160R }}</ref>

The Neolithic period at Sais consists of three phases. The earliest phases are Early Neolithic (Sais I) and Late Neolithic (Sais II).<ref>Penelope Wilson, Gregory Gilbert & Geoffrey Tassie (2014), Sais II: the prehistoric period at Sa el-Hagar. (EES Excavation Memoir 107). xvii+280 pages. 2014. London: Egypt Exploration Society; 978-0-85698-218-7</ref> During the Early Neolithic, the site started as a fishing camp but later, in the Middle to Late Neolithic Period, it was settled by agriculturalists for the cultivation of the floodplain.<ref>Wilson, P. (2007), [https://dro.dur.ac.uk/cgi/export/3782/DC/dur-eprint-3782.txt Prehistoric settlement in the Western Delta : a regional and local view from Sais (Sa el-Hagar).], Journal of Egyptian archaeology., 92 . pp. 75-126</ref>

The evolution of activity from fish processing to a settled hunting and agricultural phase may be connected to gradual changes in climatic conditions from 4600 BC onwards. It is believed that the Middle Holocene Moist phase started at that time.<ref>Penelope Wilson (2014), [https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum/reader/download/168/168-30-75861-1-10-20161011.pdf THE PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE AT SAIS: TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL CONNECTIONS.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051550/https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeum/reader/download/168/168-30-75861-1-10-20161011.pdf |date=16 June 2022 }} The Nile Delta as a centre of cultural interactions between Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th millennium BC. Studies in African Archaeology 13</ref>

== Antiquity == Herodotus wrote that Sais is where the grave of Osiris was located and that the sufferings of the god were displayed as a mystery by night on an adjacent lake.<ref>Herodotus, II, 171.</ref>

[[File:Lid of the sarcophagus of the Vizier Gemenefherbak, greywacke - Museo Egizio, Turin C 2201 01 p01.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Lid of the sarcophagus of the Vizier Gemenefhorbak, from Sais. Museo Egizio, Turin (C 2201 01).]]

The city's patron goddess was Neith, whose cult is attested as early as the First Dynasty of Egypt ({{circa|3100}}–3050 BC).<ref name="Shaw"/> The Greeks, such as Herodotus, Plato, and Diodorus Siculus, identified her with Athena and hence postulated a primordial link to Athens. Diodorus recounts that Athenians built Sais before the deluge. While all Greek cities were destroyed during that cataclysm, including Athens, Sais and the others Egyptian cities survived.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_agd-eLVNRMMC ''Historical Library'' "Book V, 57"].</ref>

There are today no surviving traces of this town prior to the Late New Kingdom ({{circa|1100 BC}}) due to the extensive destruction of the city by the ''sebakhin'' (farmers removing mudbrick deposits for use as fertilizer) leaving only a few relief blocks ''in situ''.<ref name="Shaw"/>

Though the proposed Sa El Hagar site has little evidence of this city, obelisks in Piazza della Minerva and Urbino in Italy are claimed to originate from Sais.

During the Islamic conquest of Egypt, a battle was fought at Sais between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire, according to John of Nikiû. It remained a pagarchy and Christian bishopric at least through the early 700s. Medieval writers like Yaqut al-Hamawi, al-Maqrizi, and al-Qalqashandi attributed the city's foundation to one "Sā ibn Misr"; Ibn Iyas called the founder "Sā ibn Marqunus". The site was used as a stone quarry during this period. By the time of Ibn Iyas, the city had fallen almost completely into ruin.<ref name="MIFAO">{{cite book |last1=Maspero |first1=Jean |last2=Wiet |first2=Gaston |title=Matériaux pour servir à la géographie de l'Égypte |date=1919 |publisher=Institut français d'archéologie orientale |location=Cairo |page=116 |url=https://archive.org/details/MIFAO36/page/n69/mode/2up}}</ref>

The 1885 Census of Egypt recorded Sa el-Hagar as a nahiyah under the district of Kafr az-Zayyat in Gharbia Governorate; at that time, the population of the town was 4,474 (2,250 men and 2,224 women).<ref name="1885 Census">{{cite book |last1=Egypt min. of finance, census dept |title=Recensement général de l'Égypte |date=1885 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpQNAAAAQAAJ}}</ref>

===Medical school=== The Temple of Sais had a medical school associated with it, as did many ancient Egyptian temples. The medical school at Sais had many female students and apparently women faculty as well, mainly in gynecology and obstetrics. An inscription from the period survives at Sais, and reads, "I have come from the school of medicine at Heliopolis, and have studied at the woman's school at Sais, where the divine mothers have taught me how to cure diseases".<ref>{{cite book|last=Silverthorne, Elizabeth and Geneva Fulgham|title=Women Pioneers in Texas Medicine|year=1997|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-0-89096-789-8|pages=xvii}}</ref>

==Cultural depictions== In Plato's ''Timaeus'' and ''Critias'' (around 395 BC, 200 years after the visit by the Greek legislator Solon), Sais is the city in which Solon receives the story of Atlantis, its military aggression against Greece and Egypt, its eventual defeat and destruction by gods-punishing catastrophe, from an Egyptian priest. Solon visited Egypt in 590 BC. Plato also notes the city as the birthplace of the pharaoh Amasis II.<ref>Plato, ''Timaeus''.</ref>

Plutarch said that the shrine of Athena, which he identifies with Isis, in Sais carried the inscription "I am all that hath been, and is, and shall be; and my veil no mortal has hitherto raised."<ref>Plutarch, ''[http://thriceholy.net/Texts/Isis.html Isis and Osiris]''", ch. 9.</ref>

Hector Berlioz' ''L'enfance du Christ'' ("The Childhood of Christ"), in part Three, has Sais as the setting for the youth of Jesus until age 10, after his parents leave their homeland to escape the Massacre of the Innocents by Herod the Great.

Sais is depicted in the video game ''Assassin's Creed Origins''. Here it is depicted as under the control of a member of the Order of the Ancients named "The Scarab".<ref>[https://www.ign.com/wikis/assassins-creed-origins/The_Scarab%27s_Sting], IGN, ''Assassin's Creed Origins - The Scarab's Sting walkthrough''.</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060526095427/http://www.egyptsites.co.uk/lower/delta/central/saelhagar.html Archeological description of Sais] * [http://www.dur.ac.uk/penelope.wilson/sais.html Official site at the University of Durham]

{{s-start}} {{succession box|title=Historical capital of Egypt|before=Tanis|after=Napata/Memphis|years=732 – 720 BC}} {{succession box|title=Historical capital of Egypt|before=Napata/Memphis|after=Persepolis (Achaemenid Empire)|years=664 – 525 BC}} {{succession box|title=Historical capital of Egypt|before=Babylon (Achaemenid Empire)|after=Mendes|years=404 – 399 BC}} {{s-end}}

Category:Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC Category:Cities in ancient Egypt Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt Category:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Category:Former populated places in Egypt Category:Nile Delta Category:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Category:Former capitals of Egypt