SS Andaste

{{Short description|Ship wrecked in Lake Michigan in 1929}} {{Infobox ship |display_title=''SS Andaste'' |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=SS Andaste.jpg |image_caption= SS ''Andaste'' in port, {{circa|1900}} }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |country=United States |flag={{shipboxflag|United States|civil}} |name=''Andaste'' |namesake=''Andaste'', a French name for the [[Susquehannock]] people (from [[Wyandot language|Wyandot]] ''Andastoerrhonon'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvhcCAAAQBAJ&q=Andastoerrhonon+andaste&pg=PT232|title=Brothers Among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580-1660|first=Cynthia J. Van|last=Zandt|date=July 8, 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190292744|via=Google Books}}</ref> |ordered= |builder=Cleveland Shipbuilding Company |laid_down=1892 |launched= |acquired= |in_service= |out_of_service= |renamed= |struck= |reinstated= |fate=Sank 9–10 September 1929 |notes= }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |type= |tonnage= |displacement= |length={{convert|266.9|ft|m|abbr=on}} |beam={{convert|38.1|ft|m|abbr=on}} |height= |draft= |depth={{convert|17.9|ft|m|abbr=on}} |hold_depth= |decks= |deck_clearance= |propulsion=Triple expansion |sail_plan= |speed= |boats= |capacity= |crew= |notes=Official number US 106929 }} }} [[File:SS Andaste 1910.jpg|thumb|310 px|SS ''Andaste'' fully loaded, c. 1910]] The '''SS ''Andaste''''' was a Monitor-class vessel, built in 1892 by the [[American Ship Building Company|Cleveland Ship Building Company]] for the Lake Superior Iron Company.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} The vessel is best known for sinking on [[Lake Michigan]] on the night of September 9–10, 1929, with all hands; 25 men were lost.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} As of 2025, the wreck of ''Andaste'' has not yet been located.<ref name="MSRA">{{cite web |url=https://michiganshipwrecks.org/shipwrecks-2/shipwreck-categories/shipwrecks-lost/andaste |title=Andaste |publisher=[[Michigan Shipwreck Research Associates|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association]], Michigan Shipwrecks.org |access-date=October 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="MSW-sonar">{{cite web |url=http://michiganshipwrecks.org/shipwrecks-2/shipwreck-categories/shipwrecks-lost |title=Shipwrecks lost |publisher=Michigan Shipwreck Research Association michiganshipwrecks.org |access-date=November 4, 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Mechem|2014|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KCnnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT152 152]}}

==History== ''Andaste'' was built by the Cleveland Shipbuilding Company and launched on March 31, 1892.<ref name=marinenews /> She was {{convert|266.9|ft|m}} long with a {{convert|38.1|ft|m|adj=on}} beam{{sfn|Devendorf|1996|p=80}} and {{convert|17.9|ft|m|abbr=}} depth (hold and water bottom). She had a cutaway stern, seven deck hatches, and no interior bulkheads between the forward collision bulkhead and the engine bulkhead in the rear. She could carry {{convert|2800|ST|MT}} fully loaded, at which time she would draw {{convert|16|ft|m}}.<ref name=marinenews>{{cite news|title=Lake Marine News|work=The Plain Dealer|date=April 1, 1892|page=4}}</ref> She was originally built for the Lake Superior Iron Company in 1892, but the [[Cleveland-Cliffs Inc.|Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company]] became her owner after the original owner went into bankruptcy in 1898.{{sfn|Stonehouse|2006|p=58}}

''Andaste'', and her sister ship [[SS Choctaw|''Choctaw'']], had an unusual design. They were straight-back steel freighters, similar to [[whaleback]]s, but they had straight sides and a conventional bow.{{sfn|Vanderlinden|Bascom|1994|pp=25–26}} This combination meant that from the waterline upward, their sides sloped inboard in a "tumble-home" configuration.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} They were a hybrid called "semi-whalebacks"{{efn-ua|"The steamers Andaste and Choctaw were both built by the Cleveland Shipbuilding Company on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in 1892. Their unique design often has been described as a "semi-whaleback," straight-back steel freighters similar to a whaleback but with straight sides and a conventional bow. Both were 266 feet long with 900 horsepower engines and a capacity of 3,000 tons of ore. They plied the Lake Superior iron trade, running between northern ore docks and southern steel mills without incident until the parent company went bankrupt in 1898 and soon after were acquired by the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company."{{sfn|Stonehouse|2006|p=58}}{{sfn|Thompson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tog_ll_MYrkC&pg=PA26 26]}}}} and like the true whalebacks, they were vulnerable to getting a wet deck in storm or gale conditions.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} In 1898 ''Andaste'' and ''Choctaw'' were transferred from Lake Superior Iron to the Cleveland Cliffs Co.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} The vessels carried coal, iron ore, and grain to and from Lake Superior to the lower Great Lakes.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} ''Choctaw'' sank in 1915 as the result of a marine collision in Lake Huron, leaving ''Andaste'' as a unique vessel without any sister ships.<ref name="MSRA"/>{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=60–61}}{{efn-ua|Because of their unconventional design, ''Andaste'' and her sister were considered to be ugly ships.<ref name=ugly1>{{cite web |url=https://perdurabo10.tripod.com/ships/id131.html|title=Andaste |last=Donahue|first= James |date=2017 |website=Great And Lost Ships Of The World |publisher=The Mind of James Donahue |access-date=November 4, 2017 }}</ref><ref name=ugly2>{{cite web |url=https://michiganshipwrecks.org/shipwrecks-2/shipwreck-categories/shipwrecks-lost/andaste |title=Andaste |author= |date= 2016|publisher=Michigan Shipwreck Research Association |access-date=November 4, 2017 }}</ref>}}

===Refits=== The vessel received new boilers in 1906.{{sfn|Devendorf|1996|p=80}}

In the winter of 1920–1921, ''Andaste'' (then owned by the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co.){{sfn|Canadian Railway|1921|p=148}} was delivered to the [[Great Lakes Engineering Works]] for a major refit.<ref name=SeawayShipping>{{cite web |url= http://www.boatnerd.com/news/archive/9-04.htm |title=Great Lakes & Seaway Shipping News Archive |date=2004 |publisher=Boatnerd.com |access-date=November 6, 2017 |quote=On 9 September 1929 the ANDASTE (steel propeller self-unloading sandsucker, 247 foot, built in 1892 at Cleveland, Ohio) was probably overloaded with gravel when she “went missing” west of Holland, Michigan. The entire crew of 25 was lost. When built, she was the sister of the “semi-whaleback” CHOCTAW, but was shortened 20 feet in 1920–21 to allow her to use the Welland Canal.}}</ref> She was shortened from 266 feet in length to 246 feet.{{sfn|Brehm|2004|p=167}} Her new "canaller" dimensions made it possible for her to operate in the [[Welland Canal]] and [[St. Lawrence River]].{{sfn|Greenwood|1998|p=8}}<ref name=20FeetShorter>{{cite news |author= |title=Andaste is to lose 20 feet of length |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14926820/ |work= Detroit Free Press, Page 15 |location= Detroit, Michigan |date= 25 June 1921 }}</ref> Despite this refit, the vessel was rapidly becoming superannuated. Her age and unique dimensions made her superfluous within the Great Lakes bulk-carriage shipping industry.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}

In 1925 ''Andaste'' was steered to [[Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin]], for a second refit. This second refit was carried out under the supervision of her new owners, Cliffs-L.D. Smith Steamship Company.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} This rebuild was meant to help the aging vessel transport crushed stone and [[Construction aggregate|stone aggregate]], and a self-unloading crane and related apparatus were refitted onto the ship's hull and frame.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} The Smith-patented tunnel scrapers were intended to enable the ship to unload more quickly, and to partially offload at ports that could not previously be serviced by a bulk carrier.{{sfn|Brehm|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z6H8QIk_6wC&pg=PA170 167–174]}} Although the Leatham Smith self-unloading apparatus made economic sense, the topside gear appears to have had negative effects upon the [[Metacentric height|metacentric stability]] of the vessels that took on the new machinery. Four of the refitted ships were lost in relatively quick progression.{{sfn|Brehm|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z6H8QIk_6wC&pg=PA170 167–174]}}

===Sinking=== During the 1920s, there was a dramatic upsurge in demand by local governments and road districts for gravel, sand, and cement. Outdoor construction materials were in high demand to build concrete-paved roads and highways for motor cars. This demand created a new lease on life for the old ''Andaste''. Starting in 1928, the aging "canaller" was chartered to the Construction Materials Company of Chicago as a shuttle boat for aggregate construction materials.<ref name="MSRA"/> The Company's dock and concrete plant, on the Calumet River in [[South Chicago, Chicago|South Chicago]], always needed more aggregate.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} In addition, the Company had been hired as a contractor to the [[City of Chicago]], which was building a broad parkway along its shoreline that required hundreds of thousands of tons of landfill sand. The parkway that ''Andaste'' was helping to build would become Chicago's [[Lake Shore Drive]].<ref name="AP">{{cite news |author= |title=Wreckage Of Andaste Found – Believe Crew Lost |url=http://www.gendisasters.com/michigan/16088/grand-haven-mi-lake-michigan-freighter-andaste-lost-sep-1929 |agency=Associated Press |location=[[Sandusky Register]] |date=September 14, 1929 |access-date=November 1, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Pocock">{{cite web |url=https://www.maritimequest.com/daily_event_archive/2010/09_sept/09_andaste.htm |title=Daily Event for September 9, 2010 |last=Pocock |first=Michael W. |date=September 9, 2010 |website=MaritimeQuest.com |access-date=November 1, 2017 }}</ref> Although ''Andaste'' was itself owned by Cleveland interests, the vessel rarely left the sand-and-gravel-rich basin of Lake Michigan.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}

As a shuttle boat, ''Andaste'' was commanded by Captain Albert L. Anderson of Sturgeon Bay.<ref name="MSRA"/> A glacier-deposited mound of sand and gravel on the banks of the [[Grand River (Michigan)|Grand River]], at what is now the [[Bass River State Recreation Area]] twelve miles southeast of [[Grand Haven, Michigan|Grand Haven]], yielded a steady stream of aggregate loads bound for Chicago.<ref name="Hayden">{{cite news |last=Hayden |first=Jim |date=May 11, 2010 |title=Search for ship, Andaste, that went down in 1929 begins |url=http://www.hollandsentinel.com/x2084237373/Search-for-ship-Andaste-that-went-down-in-1929-begins |work=[[Holland Sentinel]] |location=Holland, Mich. |access-date=November 1, 2017 }}</ref> On September 9, 1929, ''Andaste'' lay alongside a Grand River dock, taking on another 2,000-ton load of Grand River aggregate.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/> Few noticed the workaday vessel, as she was a constant presence at working port quays like this one. Late that evening she cast off and headed for Chicago. The boat was logged by the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] as passing through the Grand Haven harbor piers at 9:03 p.m. This brief notation in an official log book is the last verified sighting of ''Andaste''.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/>

About one hour after ''Andaste'' departed Grand Haven, a stiff wind sprang up.<ref name="MSRA"/> Gale warnings were posted, but too late for ''Andaste'' to see or hear them, as the vessel had no radio.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/>{{sfn|Mechem|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KCnnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT152 152]}} The storm continued to develop, producing wind of 60 miles per hour (100 km/h) by 1 a.m. the morning of Tuesday, September 10.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} The captain and first officer of another vessel out in Lake Michigan, ''[[SS Alabama]]'', later testified to the wind's force and fury.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}<ref name="Ashcroft">{{cite news |last=Ashcroft |first=Brent |date=2016 |title=Long-lost document may be final clue to finding 'Andaste' |url=http://www.wzzm13.com/news/local/michigan-life/long-lost-document-may-be-final-clue-to-finding-andaste/83424498 |work=[[WZZM]] |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] |access-date=November 2, 2017 }}</ref> In this gale ''Andaste'' disappeared and was never seen again.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/>{{sfn|Thompson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tog_ll_MYrkC&pg=PA26 26]}}<ref name="L1831">{{cite web |url=http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=L1831.htm |title=Shipwrecks and the Coast Guard/The 'Escanaba' |author= |date=1991 |website=michmarkers.com |publisher=Michigan History Center |access-date=November 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906183223/http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=L1831.htm |archive-date=2010-09-06 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Although the vessel had been due in Chicago on the morning of Tuesday, the 10th, ''Andaste'' did not make harbor at the Calumet River or in any other port.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/>{{sfn|Mechem|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KCnnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT152 152]}} Searches for the lost vessel on September 11 found nothing. Further search efforts on September 12 uncovered a large quantity of wreckage.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/> A "vast floating field of wreckage" was seen that afternoon southwest of [[Holland, Michigan|Holland]], a Lake Michigan port downbound from ''Andaste'''s Grand Haven departure point.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} The wreckage included a cabin door and hatch strongbacks that were identified by former ''Andaste'' seamen as having come from the lost vessel.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}

On September 13, the [[Associated Press]] distributed the story to its member newspapers: "Wreckage of Andaste Found – Believe Crew Lost. No Trace Found of 26 [''sic''] On Ship."<ref name="AP"/>

==Inquiry== Among the missing was 14-year-old Earl Zietlow, a [[steward's assistant]] on his first voyage who performed tasks such as helping out in the ship's galley; he was last seen peeling potatoes.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pages=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/> The bodies of 16 of the 25 men aboard were recovered.<ref name="MSRA"/> Their remains washed ashore with the surf along a stretch of Michigan beach from Holland north to Grand Haven.<ref name="MSRA"/> Evidence that the men knew their ship had been in danger is shown by 11 of the 16 bodies wearing [[life jacket]]s.<ref name="MSRA"/>

===Coroner's jury=== Additional evidence that the boat's men had known they had been in trouble was presented to the county coroner. Men searching the [[Ottawa County, Michigan|Ottawa County]] beaches for bodies found a bobbing, splintered plank or piece of board siding.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} On the wood was written, with pencil, a note: "Worst storm I have ever been in. Can’t stay up much longer. Hope to God we are saved. A.L.A." Albert L. Anderson was the ship's captain.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}{{sfn|Thompson|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tog_ll_MYrkC&pg=PA152 152–153]}} The note was treated as evidence by many, and deprecated by others. Skeptics said that the ship's master, a man with forty years' experience on the Great Lakes (and thirty of them with captain's papers),<ref name="Pocock"/> would have been likely to try to write down the exact time the note was written, the condition of the boat at the time of writing, and the location of the boat as it labored through its final moments.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}} In any case, the coroner's inquiry into the vessel's sinking – which would have very much liked to have had this information – did not have it. At the inquest, held September 24 in Grand Haven, the coroner's jury was forced to conclude that the lost boat had sunk for unknown reasons at an unknown location.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pp=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/><ref name="Ashcroft"/>

===Cause of sinking=== Speculations, with which the coroner's jury did not agree or disagree, were presented to the inquiry on the possible condition of the vessel prior to its foundering. The life-jacketed corpses that washed ashore south of Grand Haven were seen by some as a sign that the doomed vessel had fallen into what is called the "trough" of the gale waves.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pages=59–79}} This is a condition when a boat, often a boat with impaired metacentric functions, cannot recover after being hit broadside by a breaking wave. Partly swamped, the rolling boat falls down in the wave troughs and does not rise with the wave crests. Questions were raised, at the inquiry and later, about the metacentric stability of ''Andaste'' with its topside self-unloading machinery. Great Lakes seamen were aware that a structurally similar (although not identical) aggregate freighter, [[SS Clifton|''Clifton'']], had been refitted with similar topside self-unloading machinery and had disappeared with all hands on [[Lake Huron]] in September 1924.<ref name="Ramirez">{{cite news |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/09/22/freighter-missing-lake-huron-since-1924-found/692360001/ |title=Freighter missing in Lake Huron since 1924 found |first1=Charles E. |last1=Ramirez |newspaper=[[The Detroit News]] |date=September 22, 2017 |access-date=October 20, 2017}}</ref> A similar retrofit and sinking involved ''[[Hennepin (shipwreck)|Hennepin]]''.<ref name="msra-hennepin">{{cite web|url=http://www.michiganshipwrecks.org/hennepin.htm |title=MSRA – The wreck of the Hennepin |publisher=[[Michigan Shipwreck Research Associates]] |access-date=2008-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212073258/http://www.michiganshipwrecks.org/hennepin.htm |archive-date=2008-02-12 }}</ref>

The corpse of the lost ''Andaste'''s first mate, Charles Brown, was found wearing high rubber boots. The footwear was seen by some as a sign that the vessel was prone to shifting its cargo of aggregate in bad weather, and that the doomed ship's officer may have had to dress himself for the frantic task of shoveling gravel uphill inside a wet ship's hold.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pages=59–79}} As of September 1929, there was no way to confirm or deny this speculation.

After issuing its verdict, the coroner's jury added three additional points on matters of overall Great Lakes marine policy. Its members, who were businessmen of Holland with an interest in Lake Michigan safety, issued three unofficial recommendations to the shipping industry.

===Coroner's jury recommendations=== * That all large vessels operating on the Great Lakes be equipped with a radio apparatus. * That five central marine offices be established, one for each of the Great Lakes, to officially report missing vessels. * That proper facilities be maintained on each of the five Great Lakes for immediate searches and rescues.{{sfn|Boyer|1968|pages=59–79}}<ref name="MSRA"/>

==Legacy== The Ottawa County [[coroner's jury]] recommendations with respect to ''Andaste'', although they had no official standing, were taken seriously by the Lake Carriers Association (the trade association of Great Lakes commercial shipowners) and by the U.S. Coast Guard. Pressure rose on Congress to take action, and the national legislature responded by funding a small fleet of six [[U.S. Coast Guard]] [[United States Coast Guard Cutter|cutters]] for deployment at various spots along the Great Lakes shoreline. The cutter assigned to Grand Haven, [[USCGC Escanaba (WPG-77)|USCGC ''Escanaba'']], entered service in November 1932.<ref name="L1831"/> Meanwhile, commercial shipowners were taking steps to furnish each of their vessels with a radio apparatus. The impact of these deployments could be seen throughout the 1930s and 1940s, decades in which there was a sharp reduction in shipping disasters on the Great Lakes.

Starting in December 2006, the [[Michigan Shipwreck Research Associates|Michigan Shipwreck Research Association]] (MSRA) has expressed a public desire that ''Andaste'' be found.<ref name="MSRA - Search">{{cite news |author= |title=The Search is On! – Find the Andaste |url=https://issuu.com/michiganshipwrecks/docs/msra-newsletter7 |number=7 |publisher=Michigan Shipwreck Research Association |date=December 2006 |access-date=November 1, 2017 }}</ref> In response to its appeal, the MSRA has been able to collect key artifacts of the lost vessel, salvaged by rescue workers and [[Beachcombing|beachcombers]] immediately after the tragedy. An original name board, bearing the name "Andaste", turned up in 2010.<ref name="MSRA"/><ref name="Hayden"/> The MSRA has also continued the search for the hull of ''Andaste'', which lies somewhere in the bed of Lake Michigan.<ref name="MSRA"/><ref name="Hayden"/> MSRA board director Valerie van Heest told a reporter in 2016 that the 1929 inquest, particularly the testimony of ''Alabama'' senior officers, contains valuable clues that may help the organization succeed in uncovering the missing ship's hull.<ref name="Ashcroft"/> Yet "as with all missing ships," the Association's webpage concludes, "the ''Andaste'' may never be found."<ref name="MSRA"/>

''Andaste'''s last voyage, her departure from Grand Haven, and her legacy of support for the U.S. Coast Guard are commemorated in State of Michigan historical marker L1831, which has been erected on the Grand Haven harborfront.<ref name="L1831"/> Built on sand and gravel that ''Andaste'' had helped to carry,<ref name="AP"/> Chicago's Lake Shore Drive is used by tens of thousands of motor vehicles daily.

The Michigan Shipwreck Research Association still lists ''Andaste'' as missing.<ref name="MSW-sonar"/> The Association says: "As with all missing ships, ''Andaste'' may never be found. However, with today’s side scan sonar and other electronic search equipment, the secrets of 'ships gone missing' may someday be uncovered."<ref name="MSRA"/>

==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin|45em}} * {{cite news|author=Canadian Railway|title=Canadian Railway and Marine World|date=August 1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MY7mAAAAMAAJ|quote=The Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co.'s s.s. Andaste is being shortened by 20 ft., to allow her to pass through the Welland Canal.}} * {{cite book |last=Boyer |first= Dwight |author-link=Dwight Boyer |title= Ghost Ships of the Great Lakes |year= 1968 |publisher= [[Dodd, Mead and Company]], Freshwater Press |location= New York City, Cleveland, Ohio |pages= 59–79 |isbn=0912514477}} * {{cite book |last1=Brehm |first1=Victoria |title=A Fully Accredited Ocean: Essays of the Great Lakes |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |date=April 13, 2004 |orig-year=1998 |isbn=9780472107094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z6H8QIk_6wC&pg=PA167|pages=167|quote=Diminutive at 266 feet in length when built, it became even more so in 1920 when shortened another twenty feet to be able to transit the Welland Canal locks.4s The Andaste represented precisely the obsolete tonnage whose commercial viability Smith believed his unloading system could resurrect.}} * {{cite book|last=Devendorf|first=John F.|title=Great Lakes Bulk Carriers, 1869–1985|location=Niles, Mich.|publisher=J.F. Devendorf|date=1996|isbn=9781889043036}} * {{cite book|last=Greenwood|first=John Orville |title=The fleets of Cleveland-Cliffs, Detroit and Cleveland Navigation, Traverse City Transportation and the Hawgood family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrbhAAAAMAAJ|date=April 1998|publisher=Freshwater Press|isbn=978-0-912514-57-4|quote=The problem was solved by choosing to shorten the ANDASTE, the most economical of the pair, by 20 feet. Her overall length upon this being done was 260'2" which was allowable in the canal. On December 23, 1920, the Cleveland-Cliffs Steamship Company was incorporated as an Ohio corporation to provide a wholly-owned vessel subsidiary of Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company. It had statutory headquarters in Mentor, Ohio. }} * {{cite book |last1=Mechem |first1=Liz |title=Disasters at Sea: A Visual History of Infamous Shipwrecks |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |date=July 1, 2014 |isbn=9781629142784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCnnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT152 |pages=152–153 }} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Mark L. |title=Graveyard of the Lakes |work=Great Lakes Books Series |location=Detroit, Michigan |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |date=April 13, 2004 |isbn=9780814332269 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Tog_ll_MYrkC&pg=PA26 |page=26 }} * {{cite book|last=Stonehouse|first=Frederick |title=Haunted Lake Michigan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn3hAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Lake Superior Port Cities, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-942235-72-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Vanderlinden |first1=Peter J. |last2=Bascom |first2=John H. |title=Great Lakes Ships We Remember |volume=1 |location=Cleveland |publisher=Freshwater Press |year=1994 |orig-year=1979 |isbn=9780912514246 |pages=25–26 }} {{Refend}}

==Further reading== {{Commons category|Andaste (ship, 1892)|SS ''Andaste''}} * {{cite book|author=Great Lakes Register|title=Great Lakes Register for the Construction and Classification of Steel and Wooden Vessels. Volume 18|location=Cleveland|publisher=Great Lakes Register|date=1916|pages=18 v |hdl=2027/mdp.39015057176235}} * Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping (1902) [https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EgAQAAMAAJ Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping] * {{cite book |isbn=9781931599214 |title=Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan |first1=Benjamin J. |last1=Shelak |first2=John, Designer |last2=Huston |editor-first1=Stan |editor-last1=Stoga |location=Black Earth, Wisconsin |publisher=Trails Books |year=2003}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andaste, ship, 1892}} [[Category:1892 ships]] [[Category:Maritime incidents in 1929]] [[Category:Missing ships]] [[Category:Ships built in Cleveland]] [[Category:Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan]] [[Category:Great Lakes freighters]] [[Category:Ships lost with all hands]] [[Category:Ships sunk in storms]]