{{Short description|Series of short-range ballistic missiles}} {{redirect|Scud|other uses|Scud (disambiguation)}} {{Redirect|SS-1}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Infobox weapon | is_missile = Yes | name = Scud | image = Scud-launcher-England1.jpg | image_size = 280 | caption = Scud launcher, picture taken at [[RAF Spadeadam]], England | origin = [[Soviet Union]] | type = [[SRBM]] | service = 1957–present (Scud A)<br> 1964–present (Scud B)<br> 1965–present (Scud C)<br> 1989–present (Scud D) | vehicle_range = {{convert|180|km|abbr=on}} Scud A <br> {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} Scud B <br> {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} Scud C <br> {{convert|700|km|abbr=on}} Scud D | filling = Conventional high-explosive, fragmentation, chemical VX warhead, thermonuclear | launch_platform = [[MAZ-543|MAZ-543 Mobile Launcher]] | yield = | engine = Single-stage liquid-fuel | guidance = [[Inertial guidance]], Scud-D adds [[DSMAC]] [[terminal guidance]] | accuracy = {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}} Scud A <br> {{convert|450|m|abbr=on}} Scud B <br> {{convert|700|m|abbr=on}} Scud C <br> {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} Scud D | speed = Mach 5 | length = {{convert|11.25|m|abbr=on}} | diameter = {{convert|0.88|m|abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|4400|kg|abbr=on}} Scud A <br> {{convert|5900|kg|abbr=on}} Scud B <br> {{convert|6400|kg|abbr=on}} Scud C <br> {{convert|6500|kg|abbr=on}} Scud D | payload_capacity = | manufacturer = | design_date = From 1950 | unit_cost = | used_by = ''see [[Scud#Current operators|Operators]]'' | wars = [[Yom Kippur War]], [[Iran–Iraq War]], [[Gulf War]], [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]], [[Yemeni Civil War (1994)]], [[First Chechen War]], [[Second Chechen War]], [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]], [[Syrian Civil War]], [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]], [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]], [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]], [[2026 Iran war]] }}
A '''Scud missile''' is one of a series of [[tactical ballistic missile]]s developed by the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]]. It was exported widely to both [[Second World|Second]] and [[Third World|Third]] World countries. The term comes from the [[NATO reporting name]] attached to the missile by Western [[intelligence agencies]]. The Russian names for the missile are the '''R-11''' (the first version), and the '''R-17''' (later '''R-300''') '''Elbrus''' (later developments). The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design.
Scud missiles have been used in combat since the 1970s, mostly in wars in the [[Middle East]]. They became familiar to the Western public during the 1991 [[Persian Gulf War]], when [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] fired dozens at [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Israel]]. In Russian service, it has been replaced by the [[9K720 Iskander]].
==Development== [[File:9P117 9K72.jpg|right|thumb|[[MAZ-543]] (9P117) Launcher with 8K14 rocket of 9K72 missile complex "Elbrus" (Scud B), [[Saint-Petersburg Artillery Museum]], Russia. (2007)]] The first use of the term ''Scud'' was in the NATO name '''SS-1b Scud-A''', applied to the [[R-11 Zemlya]] ballistic missile. The earlier [[R-1 (missile)|R-1]] missile had carried the NATO name SS-1 Scunner, but was of a very different design, almost directly a copy of the German [[V-2 rocket]]. The R-11 used technology gained from the V-2 as well, but was a new design, smaller and differently shaped than the V-2 and R-1 weapons. The R-11 was developed by the [[S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|Korolyev OKB]]<ref name="Wade R-17">{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r17.htm |title=R-17 |access-date=13 February 2008 |last=Wade |first=Mark |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219053013/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r17.htm |archive-date=19 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and entered service in 1957. The most revolutionary innovation in the R-11 was the engine, designed by [[Aleksei Mihailovich Isaev|A. M. Isaev]]. Far simpler than the V-2's multi-chamber design, and employing an anti-oscillation baffle to prevent [[Rocket engine#Chugging|chugging]], it was a forerunner to the larger engines used in Soviet launch vehicles.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
Further developed variants were the '''R-17''' (later '''R-300''') '''Elbrus''' / '''SS-1c Scud-B''' in 1961 and the '''SS-1d Scud-C''' in 1965, both of which could carry either a conventional high-explosive, a 5- to 80-kiloton [[thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear]], or a [[chemical weapon|chemical]] (thickened [[VX (nerve agent)|VX]]) warhead. The '''SS-1e Scud-D''' variant developed in the 1980s can deliver a terminally guided warhead capable of greater precision.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
All models are {{convert|11.35|m|abbr=on}} long (except Scud-A, which is {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} shorter) and {{convert|0.88|m|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are propelled by a single [[liquid-fuel rocket]] engine burning [[kerosene]] and [[Red fuming nitric acid|corrosion-inhibited red fuming nitric acid]] (IRFNA) with a mixture of 50% [[triethylamine]] and 50% [[xylidine]] (Russian [[TG-02]] like German Tonka 250) as liquid igniter (self-ignition with IRFNA) in all models.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
The missile reaches a maximum speed of [[Mach number|Mach]] 5.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
==Variants== ===Scud-A=== {{Main|R-11 Zemlya}} The first of the "Scud" series, designated R-11 (SS-1B Scud-A) originated in a 1951 requirement for a ballistic missile with similar performance to the German [[V-2]] rocket. The R-11 was developed by engineer [[Viktor Makeev]], who was then working in the [[OKB-1]], headed by [[Sergey Korolyov|Sergey Korolev]]. It first flew on 18 April 1953, was fitted with an [[Aleksei Isaev|Isayev]] engine using [[kerosene]] and [[nitric acid]] as propellant. On 13 December 1953, a production order was passed with [[SKB-385]] in [[Zlatoust]], a factory dedicated to producing long-range rockets. In June 1955, Makeev was appointed chief designer of the SKB-385 to oversee the program and, in July, the R-11 was formally accepted into military service.<ref name="Wade R-11">{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r11.htm |title=R-11 |access-date=17 February 2008 |last=Wade |first=Mark |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205042036/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r11.htm |archive-date=5 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The definitive R-11M, designed to carry a nuclear warhead, was accepted officially into service on 1 April 1958. The launch system was placed on an [[IS tank family|IS-2]] chassis and received the [[GRAU]] designation 8K11;<ref>Zaloga, p.7</ref> only 100 Scud-A launchers were built.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031741/http://www.military-today.com/missiles/scud.htm Elbrus (SS-1C Scud-B)]}}. ''Military-Today''.</ref>
The R-11M had a maximum range of 270 km, but when carrying a nuclear warhead, this was reduced to 150 km.<ref>Zaloga, p.4</ref> Its purpose was strictly as a mobile nuclear strike vector, giving the [[Soviet Army]] the ability to hit European targets from forward areas, armed with a nuclear warhead with an estimated yield of 50 kilotons.<ref name="Jane's">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/sws_scud010426.shtml |title=SS-1 'Scud' (R-11/8K11, R-11FM (SS-N-1B) and R-17/8K14) |access-date=12 February 2008 |date=26 April 2001 |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215141138/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/sws_scud010426.shtml <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 15 December 2007}}</ref>
A naval variant, the [[R-11FM]] (SS-N-1 Scud-A) was first tested in February 1955, and was first launched from a converted [[Project 611]] (Zulu class) submarine in September of the same year. While the initial design was done by Korolev's OKB-1, the program was transferred to Makeev's SKB-385 in August 1955.<ref name="Wade R-11"/> It became operational in 1959 and was deployed onboard Project 611 and [[Project 629]] (Golf Class) submarines. During its service, 77 launches were conducted, of which 59 were successful.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/slbm/r-11fm.htm |title=R-11FM / SS-1b Scud |access-date=19 February 2008 |date=13 July 2000 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812064727/http://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/slbm/r-11fm.htm |archive-date=12 August 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Scud-B=== {{Main|R-17 Elbrus}} [[File:Wz8K14 RB3.jpg|thumb|The rear section of an [[R-11/8K14|8K14]] missile, displayed at the Poznan Museum of Armaments - ''[[:pl:Muzeum Uzbrojenia w Poznaniu]]'', Poland. The fixed fins and the graphite vanes that control the missile's path can be seen]] The successor to the R-11, the R-17 (SS-1C Scud-B), renamed R-300 in the 1970s, was the most prolific of the series, with a production run estimated at 7,000. It served in 32 countries and four countries besides the Soviet Union manufactured copied versions.<ref name="Jane's"/> The first launch was conducted in 1961, and it entered service in 1964.<ref name="Wade R-17"/>
The R-17 was an improved version of the R-11. It could carry nuclear, chemical, conventional or fragmentation weapons.<ref name="Jane's"/> At first, the Scud-B was carried on a tracked [[transporter erector launcher]] (TEL) similar to that of the Scud-A, designated 2P19, but this was not successful and a wheeled replacement was designed by the Titan Central Design Bureau, becoming operational in 1967.<ref>Zaloga, pp.14–15</ref> The new [[MAZ-543]] vehicle was officially designated 9P117 ''Uragan''. The launch sequence could be conducted autonomously, but was usually directed from a separate command vehicle. The missile is raised to a vertical position by means of hydraulically powered cranes, which usually takes four minutes, while the total sequence lasts about one hour.<ref name="Jane's"/> [[File:ZIL-157 SCUD Soviet Green Scud-A.tif|alt=Scud-A Transport|left|thumb|267x267px|2T3M1 Transport for the Soviet Scud-A Launchers]]
===Scud-C=== The Makeyev OKB also worked on an extended-range version of the R-17, known in the West as SS-1d Scud-C, that was first launched from Kapustin Yar in 1965. Its range was brought up to 500–600 km, but at the cost of a greatly reduced accuracy and warhead size. Eventually, the advent of more modern types in the same category, such as the [[TR-1 Temp]] (SS-12 Scaleboard), made the Scud-C redundant, and it apparently did not enter service with the Soviet armed forces.<ref name="Zaloga1">Zaloga, p.17</ref>
===Scud-D=== <!--This section is redirected to from [[Scud D]].--> The R-17 VTO (SS-1e Scud-D) project was an attempt to enhance the accuracy of the R-17. The Central Scientific Research Institute for Automation and Hydraulics (TsNIAAG) began work on the project in 1967, using an optical guidance system where a photograph of the target (provided through air reconnaissance) was inserted into a holder. This method was impractical, as the system was only effective in clear weather and it was difficult to take the proper photographs under field conditions. The Soviet artillery troops were not favorable towards the concept due to those limitations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |title=Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945 to Present |last2=Markov |first2=David R. |last3=Hull |first3=Andrew W. |publisher=Darlington Productions |year=1999 |isbn=1892848015 |location=Darlington, Maryland |pages=383}}</ref>
In 1974, the VTO programme was revisited to take advantage of miniaturized computer hardware, where the guidance system would rely on a digitized image ([[TERCOM|DSMAC]]). This also made it possible to reassign targets from the missile warhead's computer library. The warhead was tested on an [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-17]] in 1975 and the first test launch was conducted on 29 September 1979, where the missile hit within a few meters of the target. Development continued through the 1980s, and the design was modified to have a separating warhead and to have it make [[Maneuverable reentry vehicle|terminal corrections before impact]]. The first two test launches of this version in 1984 failed; the optical lens' inner surface on the missile's nose suffered from dust buildup and this was corrected after redesign work.<ref name=":0" />
The system was accepted into initial service as the 9K720 Aerofon in 1989.<ref name="Z_19">Zaloga, p.19</ref> However, by this time, more advanced weapons were in use, such as the [[OTR-21 Tochka]] (SS-21) and the [[R-400 Oka]] (SS-23), and the Scud-D was not acquired by the Soviet Armed Forces. Instead it was proposed for export as an upgrade for Scud-B users, in the 1990s.<ref name="Z_19" />
Unlike previous Scud versions, the 9K720 had a warhead that separated from the missile's body, and was fitted with its own terminal guidance system. With a [[TV camera]] fitted in the nose, the system could compare the target area with data from an onboard computer library ([[DSMAC]]).<ref name="Z_19"/> In this way, it was thought to attain a [[circular error probable]] (CEP) of 50 m.
===Characteristics=== {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center; |- !NATO codename ! Scud-A ! Scud-B ! Scud-C ! Scud-D |- ! align=right | U.S. [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] | SS-1b | SS-1c | SS-1d | SS-1e |- ! align=right | Official designation | R-11 | R-17/R-300 | | |- ! align=right | Deployment Date | 1957 | 1964 | 1965 | 1989 |- ! align=right | Length | 10.7 m | 11.25 m | 11.25 m | 12.29 m |- ! align=right | Width | 0.88 m | 0.88 m | 0.88 m | 0.88 m |- ! align=right | Launch weight | 4,400 kg | 5,900 kg | 6,400 kg | 6,500 kg |- ! align=right | Range | 180 km | 300 km | 600 km | 700 km |- ! align=right | Payload | 950 kg | 985 kg | 600 kg | 985 kg |- ! align=right | Accuracy ([[Circular error probable|CEP]]) | 3,000 m | 450 m | 700 m | 50 m |}
===Al Hussein and Iraqi variants=== {{Main|Al Hussein (missile)}} {{Main|Al Abbas (missile)}} {{Main|Al Hijarah (missile)}}
===Hwasong-5/Shahab-1=== {{Main|Hwasong-5}} {{Main|Shahab-1}} North Korea obtained its first Scud-Bs from Egypt in 1979 or 1980.<ref name="WPNAC">{{cite web |url=http://www.wisconsinproject.org/egypts-missile-efforts-succeed-with-help-from-north-korea/ |title=Egypt's Missile Efforts Succeed with Help from North Korea |access-date=3 September 2017 |date=1 September 1996 |publisher=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164205/http://www.wisconsinproject.org/egypts-missile-efforts-succeed-with-help-from-north-korea/ |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> These missiles were [[reverse engineering|reverse engineered]], and reproduced using North Korean infrastructure, including the 125 factory at [[Pyongyang]], a research and development institute at Sanum-dong and the [[Musudan-ri]] Launch Facility.<ref name="CNS1">{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op2/fbmsl.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011111192116/http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op2/fbmsl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2001 |title=A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK: First Ballistic Missiles, 1979–1989 |access-date=14 February 2008 |last= Bermudez |first=Joseph S. |year=1999 |publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies}}</ref> The first prototypes were completed in 1984, and designated Hwasong-5. They were exact replicas of the R-17Es obtained from Egypt. The first test flights occurred in April 1984, but the first version saw only limited production, and no operational deployment, as its purpose was only to validate the production process.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
Production of the definitive version began at a slow rate in 1985. The type incorporated several minor improvements over the original Soviet design. The range was increased by 10 to 15 percent and it could carry High Explosive (HE) or cluster chemical warheads. Throughout the production cycle, until it was phased out in favour of the Hwasong-6 in 1989, the DPRK manufacturers are thought to have carried out small enhancements, in particular to the guidance system.<ref name="CNS1"/>
In 1985, Iran acquired 90 to 100 Hwasong-5 missiles from North Korea. A production line was also established in Iran, where the Hwasong-5 was produced as the [[Shahab-1]].<ref name="CNS1"/>
===Hwasong-6/Shahab-2=== {{Main|Hwasong-6}} {{Main|Shahab-2}} The Hwasong-6 was first test-flown in June 1990, and entered full-scale production the same year, or in 1991, until it was superseded by the Rodong-1. It features an improved guidance system, a range of 500 km, but had its payload reduced to 770 kg, though the dimensions are identical to the original Scud. Due to difficulties in procuring MAZ-543 TELs, the North Koreans had to produce a local copy. By 1999, North Korea was estimated to have produced 600 to 1,000 Hwasong-6 missiles, of which 25 served for testing, 300 to 500 were exported, and 300 to 600 are used by the [[Korean People's Army]].<ref name="CNS2">{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op2/lrdes.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011111233437/http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op2/lrdes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2001 |title=A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK: Longer Range Designs, 1989–Present |access-date=14 February 2008 |last= Bermudez |first=Joseph S. |year=1999 |publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies}}</ref>
The Hwasong-6 was exported to Iran where it is known as the [[Shahab-2]], and to Syria, where it is manufactured under license with Chinese assistance.<ref name="CNS2"/> Also, according to [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]], 150 Scud-C were exported to Syria in 1991–96, 5 to Libya in 1999, 45 to Yemen in 2001–02.<ref>[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] (in Japanese) 2009-03-27, ver.13, page11</ref>
===Hwasong-7/Shahab-3=== {{Main|Hwasong-7}} {{Main|Shahab-3}} The Nodong (also referred as RoDong, Hwasong-7), was the first North Korean missile to feature important modifications from the Scud design.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cordesman |first1=Anthony H. |last2=Hess |first2=Ashley |title=The Evolving Military Balance in the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia: Missile, DPRK and ROK Nuclear Forces, and External Nuclear Forces |date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-2520-6 |pages=10–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OH3yAwAAQBAJ |access-date=30 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Development began in 1988, and the first missile was launched in 1990, but it apparently exploded on its launch pad. A second test was carried out in May 1993 successfully.<ref name="WPNAC"/><ref name="CNS2"/>
The main characteristics of the Rodong are a range of 1000 km and a CEP estimated at 2,000–4,000 m, giving the North Koreans the ability to strike Japan.<ref name="CNS3">{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op2/fbmsl.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011111192116/http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op2/fbmsl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2001 |title=CNS Special Report on North Korean Ballistic Missile Capabilities |access-date=15 February 2008 |date=22 March 2006 |publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies}}</ref> The missile is substantially larger than the Hwasong series, and its Isayev 9D21 engine was upgraded with help from Makeyev OKB. Some assistance came also from China and Ukraine while a new TEL was designed using an Italian [[Iveco]] truck chassis and an Austrian crane. The rapidity with which the Rodong was designed and exported after just two tests came as a surprise for many Western observers, and led to some speculation that it was in fact based on a cancelled Soviet project from the Cold War period, but this has not been proven.<ref name="NTI Nodong">{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/NK/Missile/1363.html |title=Nodong: Overview and Technical Assessment |access-date=15 February 2008 |date=May 2003 |publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302115507/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/NK/Missile/1363.html |archive-date=2 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Iran is known to have financed much of the Rodong program, and in return is allowed to produce the missile, as the [[Shahab-3]]. While the first prototypes may have been acquired as early as 1992, production began only in 2001, with assistance from Russia.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The Rodong has also been exported to Egypt and Libya.
===Hwasong-9/Scud-ER=== {{main article|Hwasong-9}} The Hwasong-9,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neams.ru/real-name/ |title=Real Name! — NEAMS |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813045424/http://www.neams.ru/real-name/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SYun3">{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/scud-er/|title=Hwasong-9 (Scud-ER)|publisher=Missile Threat Project|access-date=11 September 2024|date=23 April 2024}}</ref> also called as Scud-ER (Scud Extended Range), is essentially a [[North Korea]]n modification of the Hwasong-6 that can exchange payload for greater range.
Hwasong-9 demonstrated range of {{cvt|1000|km|abbr=on}} with 500 kg payload.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.yna.co.kr/mob2/en/contents_en.jsp?cid=AEN20160909000300315&site=0200000000&mobile |title=U.S. Expert claims latest N.K. Missile launches Scud-ER |date=9 September 2016 |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032301/http://m.yna.co.kr/mob2/en/contents_en.jsp?cid=AEN20160909000300315&site=0200000000&mobile |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allthingsnuclear.org/dwright/north-korea-launches-four-missiles-simultaneously |title=North Korea Launches Four Missiles "Simultaneously" |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081113/http://allthingsnuclear.org/dwright/north-korea-launches-four-missiles-simultaneously |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Qiam 1=== {{Main|Qiam 1}} Iran began development of the indigenous Qiam missile prior to 2010, when it was first publicly tested.<ref name="Fars News: Qiam 1">{{cite web |title=Iran Test-Fires New Surface-to-Surface Missile |date=25 August 2010 |publisher=Fars News Agency |url=http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8905290734 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825132631/http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8905290734 |archive-date=25 August 2010 |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> It is developed from the Shahab-2/Hwasong-6.<ref name="CSIS: Qiam 1">{{cite web |title=Qiam 1 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/qiam-1/ |access-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025074445/https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/qiam-1/ |archive-date=25 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Qiam 1 has a range of {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[circular error probable|(CEP)]] accuracy.<ref name="CSIS: Qiam 1" /> The most noticeable difference from the Shahab-2 is a lack of fins—which could be used to reduce the missile's radar signature during ascent as fins reflect radar.<ref name="ATN: Qiam 1">{{cite web |title=Iranian Qiam-1 Missile Test |first=David |last=Wright |date=25 August 2010 |publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists: [Blog] All Things Nuclear |url=http://allthingsnuclear.org/dwright/iranian-qiam-1-missile-test |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201345/http://allthingsnuclear.org/dwright/iranian-qiam-1-missile-test |archive-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Removing fins from a missile also reduces the structural mass, so the payload weight or missile range can be increased.<ref name="ATN: Qiam 1" /><ref name="CSIS: Qiam 1" /> Without the fins and associated drag, the missile can be more responsive to changes in trajectory.<ref name="ATN: Qiam 1" /> Iranian sources cite an improved guidance system on the missile, and analysts note that adjusting the missile's in-flight trajectory without fins requires a highly responsive guidance system.<ref name="Fars News: Qiam 1" /><ref name="CSIS: Qiam 1" /> The Qiam 1's accuracy is also improved with the addition of a separable warhead.<ref name="ATN: Qiam 1" /> Other changes to the warhead include a "baby-bottle" shape, possibly to increase drag and thus stability during reentry at the expense of range, potentially increasing accuracy. The shape can also increase the [[terminal velocity]] of the warhead, making it harder to intercept.<ref name="Iran Watch">{{cite web |title=Iran's New "Baby Bottle" Shihab |first=Uzi |last=Rubin |date=24 August 2008 |publisher=Middle East Missile Monitor |url=http://www.iranwatch.org/library/me-missile-monitor-irans-baby-bottle-shihab-8-24-04 |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003139/http://www.iranwatch.org/library/me-missile-monitor-irans-baby-bottle-shihab-8-24-04 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CSIS: Qiam 1" /><ref name="Research Notes: Qiam 1">{{cite web |title=Research Notes |issue=39 |first=Michael |last=Eisenstadt |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |date=November 2016 |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote39-Eisenstadt.pdf |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128052215/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote39-Eisenstadt.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Deliveries began in either 2010 or 2011.<ref name="IRIB: Qiam 1">{{cite web |title=The Launch of a Massive Rocket "Uprising 1" by the Air Force Corps [آغاز تحویل انبوه موشک قیام 1 به نیروی هوافضای سپاه] |publisher=IRIB News |url=http://www.iribnews.ir/Default.aspx?Page=MainContent&news_num=285509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130824/http://www.iribnews.ir/Default.aspx?Page=MainContent&news_num=285509 |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="FAS: Qiam 1">{{cite web |title=Iran's Ballistic Missile and Space Launch Programs |first=Steven |last=Hildreth |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=6 December 2012 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R42849.pdf |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204210506/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R42849.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The missile's first combat use was against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS militants]] on 18 June 2017.<ref name="Ledger-Enquirer: Qiam 1">{{cite web |title=US Air Force official: Missile targeting Saudis was Iranian |date=10 November 2017 |publisher=Ledger-Enquirer |url=http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/business/article183846816.html#storylink=cpy |access-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225353/http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/business/article183846816.html#storylink=cpy |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Volcano H-2|Burkan 2-H]] used by the [[Houthis]] in [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemen]] is potentially related, or the Qiam 1 has potentially been used by that group.<ref name="USUN: Qiam 1">{{cite web |title=Press Release: Ambassador Haley on Weapons of Iranian Origin Used in Attack on Saudi Arabia |date=7 November 2017 |publisher=United States Mission to the United Nations |url=https://usun.state.gov/remarks/8090 |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061725/https://usun.state.gov/remarks/8090 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WaPo: Burkan Missiles">{{cite news |title=Q&A: US, Saudi Arabia accuse Iran over Yemen missile launch |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |date=11 November 2017 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/qanda-us-saudi-arabia-accuse-iran-over-yemen-missile-launch/2017/11/11/8f629a4a-c74b-11e7-9922-4151f5ca6168_story.html |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112050519/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/qanda-us-saudi-arabia-accuse-iran-over-yemen-missile-launch/2017/11/11/8f629a4a-c74b-11e7-9922-4151f5ca6168_story.html |archive-date=12 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Burkan-1=== {{Main|Volcano 1}} The [[Houthi]] forces in [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemen]] unveiled the '''Burkan-1'''<ref name="Arms Control Wonk: Burkan-1">{{cite web |first=Jeffrey |last=Lewis |title=Yemen's Burkan-1 Missile |publisher=Arms Control Wonk |date=27 October 2016 |url=http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1202119/yemens-burkan-1-missile/ |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109163606/http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1202119/yemens-burkan-1-missile/ |archive-date=9 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (also spelled as '''Borkan 1''' and '''Burqan 1'''<ref name="CNN: Burqan">{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia intercepts ballistic missile over capital |first1=T |last1=Lister |first2=A |last2=Albadran |first3=H |last3=Al-Masmari |first4=SE |last4=Sirgany |first5=E |last5=Levenson |publisher=CNN |date=4 November 2017 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/04/middleeast/saudi-arabia-ballistic-missile/index.html |access-date=6 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106003723/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/04/middleeast/saudi-arabia-ballistic-missile/index.html |archive-date=6 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>) on 2 September 2016 when it was fired toward [[King Fahd International Airport]].<ref name="Janes: Burkan Missiles">''Yemenis unveil 'new' Burkan-1 ballistic missile.'' Binnie, Jeremy. 7 September 2016. IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/63468/yemenis-unveil-new-burkan-1-ballistic-missile. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043623/http://www.janes.com/article/63468/yemenis-unveil-new-burkan-1-ballistic-missile. Accessed 6 November 2017.</ref><ref name="Almotamar: Burkan-1">{{cite web |title=Missile Force Launches New Missile on Saudi Territory |publisher=Almotamar.net |date=2 September 2016 |url=https://www.almotamar.net/en/9881.htm |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112131859/https://www.almotamar.net/en/9881.htm |archive-date=12 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The missile's range is {{convert|800|km|mi}}, greater than the Soviet-made Scud-B missiles the Houthi forces took control of in 2015.<ref name="Almotamar: Burkan-1"/><ref name="Janes: Burkan Missiles 2">{{cite web |title=Incremental improvements in Houthi militants' ballistic missile campaign increase risk to assets in central Saudi Arabia |first=Ludovico |last=Carlino |publisher=Jane's IHS |date=26 July 2017 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/72626/incremental-improvements-in-houthi-militants-ballistic-missile-campaign-increase-risk-to-assets-in-central-saudi-arabia |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110001911/http://www.janes.com/article/72626/incremental-improvements-in-houthi-militants-ballistic-missile-campaign-increase-risk-to-assets-in-central-saudi-arabia |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Missiles shot down mid-flight in October 2016 and July 2017 were claimed to target the [[holy city]] of [[Mecca]] by Saudi Arabia, while the Houthis claimed the targets were airports in the region.<ref name="Reuters 1">{{cite web |title=Yemen's Houthis launch missile toward Saudi holy city, coalition says |publisher=Reuters |date=27 October 2016 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-missiles/yemens-houthis-launch-missile-toward-saudi-holy-city-coalition-says-idUSKCN12S016 |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110163939/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-missiles/yemens-houthis-launch-missile-toward-saudi-holy-city-coalition-says-idUSKCN12S016 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=FRANCE24>{{cite web |title=Saudi coalition downs Yemeni rebel missile near Mecca |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20170728-saudi-arabia-coalition-downs-missile-fired-yemen-mecca |publisher=France24 |date=31 July 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731213106/http://www.france24.com/en/20170728-saudi-arabia-coalition-downs-missile-fired-yemen-mecca |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Burkan 2-H=== {{Main|Volcano H-2}} The Houthi forces in Yemen unveiled the '''Burkan 2-H'''<ref name="Al Jazeera: Burkan 2-H">{{cite web |title=Yemen's Houthis fire ballistic missile at Riyadh |first=F |last=Edroos |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=5 November 2017 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/yemen-houthi-fire-missile-saudi-arabia-riyadh-171104180946302.html |access-date=6 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105232401/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/yemen-houthi-fire-missile-saudi-arabia-riyadh-171104180946302.html |archive-date=5 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (also spelled as '''Borkan H2''' and '''Burqan 2H'''<ref name="CNN: Burqan"/>) when it was launched at Saudi Arabia on 22 July 2017.<ref name="Yemen Press: Burkan Missiles">{{cite web |title=Yemen targets Saudi oil refinery with ballistic missile |date=23 July 2017 |publisher=Yemen Press |url=http://www.yemenpress.org/yemen/yemen-targets-saudi-oil-refinery-with-ballistic-missile.html |access-date=6 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731032858/http://www.yemenpress.org/yemen/yemen-targets-saudi-oil-refinery-with-ballistic-missile.html |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Analysts identify it as based on the Iranian Qiam 1/Scud-C,<ref name="Brugge: Scuds"/><ref name="WaPo: Burkan Missiles"/> Iranian [[Shahab-2|Shahab-2/Scud-C]],<ref name="Brugge: Scuds">{{cite web |first=Norbert |last=Brügge |title=The Soviet "Scud" Missile Family |url=https://b14643.eu/Spacerockets/Specials/Scud/index.htm |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151717/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Specials/Scud/index.htm |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> or Scud-D<ref name="Arms Control Wonk: Burkan-1" /> missile. Pictures indicate a "baby bottle" [[re-entry vehicle]], like the Shahab-3 and Qiam 1 missiles. The missile's exact range is unknown, but is greater than {{convert|800|km|mi}}.<ref name="BBC: Burkan Missiles">{{cite web |title=Saudis accuse Iran of 'direct aggression' over Yemen missile |publisher=BBC |date=7 November 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41899643 |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110033706/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41899643 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
It has been launched in July 2017, and a second launch was claimed on 4 November 2017, with the missile shot down over the Saudi Arabian capital, [[Riyadh]].<ref name="CNN: Burqan"/> According to the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]], the missile was actually an Iranian Qiam 1.<ref name="USUN: Qiam 1"/> Saudi Arabia's [[Ministry of Culture and Information]] also supplied the [[Associated Press]] with pictures from a military briefing of what it claimed were components from the intercepted missile bearing Iranian markings matching those on other pictures of the Qiam 1.<ref name="WaPo: Burkan Missiles"/>
===Golan-1 and Golan-2=== {{Main|List of equipment of the Syrian Army}} The '''Golan''' missiles are variants of Scud missiles produced under license for the Syrian Army.<ref name="SYun1">{{Cite web|url=https://alkhanadeq.org.lb/post.php?id=2225|title=الترسانة الصاروخية السورية: من مفاجئات أي حرب مقبلة...}}</ref>
The '''Golan-1''' missile is simply a licensed copy of the Scud-C missile without major changes. The '''Golan-2''' missile is a modernization of the Scud-D, with an increased range of up to 850 km (compared to 700 km for the basic version).<ref name="SYun1"/> Syrian engineers have also converted various versions of Scud missiles (possibly including Golan missiles) to use cluster munitions.<ref name="SYun1"/> It was developed and produced in Syria by the [[Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center]].<ref name="SYun1"/> The number of missiles produced is unknown. Used in the [[Syrian Civil War]].
==Operational use== [[File:2TZM-5306.JPG|thumb|An R-17 on a reload transport trailer with a [[ZIL-131]] tractor, Tolyatti Technical Museum, [[Tolyatti]], Russia (2010)]] The Scud missile family is one of the few ballistic missiles to be extensively used in actual warfare by different forces, second only to the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] in terms of combat launches. [[October 22 Scud missile attack|The first recorded combat use]] of the Scud was at the end of the [[Yom Kippur War]] in 1973, when three missiles were fired by Egypt against Israeli-held [[Arish]] and bridgehead on the western bank of the [[Suez canal]].<ref name="missilethreat">{{cite web |url=http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-1-scud/ |title=SS-1C 'Scud B' |access-date=12 February 2008 |publisher=MissileThreat.csis.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026235047/http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-1-scud/ |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Seven Israeli soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amuta600.org.il/Cipur.asp |title=החטיבה במלחמה |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503210230/http://www.amuta600.org.il/Cipur.asp |access-date=2020-04-09|archive-date=3 May 2007 }}</ref> Libya responded to [[1986 Bombing of Libya|U.S. airstrikes in 1986]] by firing two Scud missiles at a [[LORAN-C transmitter Lampedusa|U.S. Coast Guard navigation station]] on the nearby Italian island of [[Lampedusa]], which missed their target. Scud missiles were used in several regional conflicts that included use by Soviet and Afghan Communist forces in Afghanistan, and Iranians and Iraqis against one another in the so-called "[[War of the cities]]" during the [[Iran–Iraq War]]. Scuds were used by Iraq during the [[Gulf War]] against Israel and coalition targets in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |title=The day Israel's wars changed forever |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/the-day-israels-wars-changed-forever-655785 |date=2021-01-17 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
More than a dozen Scuds were [[Afghan SCUD attacks in Pakistan|fired from Afghanistan at targets in Pakistan]] in 1988, and against targets within Afghanistan in March 1991. There were also a small number of Scud missiles used in the 1994 civil war in Yemen, as well as by Russian forces in [[Chechnya]] in 1996 and onwards. The missiles saw some minor use by forces loyal to [[Muammar Gaddafi]] in the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]]. They have reportedly been used recently in the ongoing [[Syrian civil war]] by the [[Syrian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=ERIC SCHMITT |author2=MICHAEL R. GORDON |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/world/middleeast/us-to-send-patriot-missiles-to-turkey-to-deter-syria.html?smid=pl-share |title=U.S. to Send 2 Missiles Batteries to Turkey to Deter Syria |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=2012-12-13 |access-date=2017-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020073458/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/world/middleeast/us-to-send-patriot-missiles-to-turkey-to-deter-syria.html?smid=pl-share |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Iran–Iraq War=== {{Further|Iran–Iraq War}} Iraq was the first to use ballistic missiles during the [[Iran–Iraq War]], firing limited numbers of [[Frog-7]] rockets at the towns of [[Dezful]] and [[Ahvaz]]. On 27 October 1982, Iraq launched its first Scud-Bs at Dezful killing 21 civilians and wounding 100. Scud strikes continued during the following years, intensifying sharply in 1985, with more than 100 missiles falling inside Iran.<ref name="TTU">{{cite web |url=http://www.ttu.fr/site/english/endocpdf/24pBalmissileenglish.pdf |title=1944–2001: The threat of theatre ballistic missiles |access-date=13 February 2008 |last=Perrimond |first=Guy |year=2002 |publisher=TTU Online|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016094525/http://www.ttu.fr/site/english/endocpdf/24pBalmissileenglish.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref>
In response, the Iranians searched for a source of ballistic weapons, finally meeting success in 1985, when they obtained a small number of Scud-Bs from Libya and Syria: in addition to supplying these missiles, Syria also taught Iran the technology to produce them. These weapons were assigned to a special unit, the ''[[Khatam Al-Anbya]]'' force, attached to the ''[[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Pasdaran]]''. On 12 March, the first Iranian Scuds fell in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]]. The strikes infuriated [[Saddam Hussein]], but the Iraqi response was limited by the range of their Scuds, that could not reach [[Tehran]]. After a request for [[TR-1 Temp]] (SS-12 Scaleboard) missiles was refused by the Soviets, Iraq turned to developing its own long-range version of the Scud missile, that became known as the [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein]]. In the meantime, both sides quickly ran out of missiles, and had to contact their international partners for resupply. In 1986, Iraq ordered 300 Scud-Bs from the Soviet Union, while Iran turned to [[North Korea]] for missile deliveries and for assistance in developing a domestic missile industry.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
By 1988 the fighting along the border had reached a stalemate, and both belligerents began employing terror tactics in order to break the deadlock. Lasting from 29 February to 20 April, this conflict became known as the [[Iran–Iraq War#War of the cities|war of the cities]] and saw an intensive use of Scud missiles in what became known as the "Scud duel". The first rounds were fired by Iraq, when seven [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al-Husseins]] landed in Tehran on 29 February. In all, Iraq fired 189 missiles, mostly of the Al-Hussein type, of which 135 landed in Tehran, 23 in [[Qom]], 22 in [[Isfahan]], four in [[Tabriz]], three in [[Shiraz]] and two in [[Karaj]].<ref name="TTU" /> During this episode, Iraq's missiles killed 2,000 Iranians, injured 6,000, and caused a quarter of Tehran's population of ten million to flee the city.<ref name="Gulflink 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/scud_info/scud_info_s02.htm#III.%A0%20IRAQ'S%20SCUD%20CHARACTERISTICS%20AND%20CAPABILITIES |title=Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles: Historical back ground |access-date=25 February 2008 |date=25 July 2000 |publisher=GulfLink.osd.mil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229172224/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/scud_info/scud_info_s02.htm#III.%A0%20IRAQ'S%20SCUD%20CHARACTERISTICS%20AND%20CAPABILITIES |archive-date=29 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Iranian response included launching 75 to 77 Hwasong-5s, a North Korean Scud variant, at targets in Iraq, mostly in Baghdad.<ref name="TTU"/>
Prior to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the government of Saddam Hussein had asserted that Iran fired dozens of Scud missiles at the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|People's Mujahedin]] (MKO) in Iraq in 1999 and 2001, with the MKO itself claiming that Iran fired more missiles at Iraq in 2001 than it did during the entire Iran–Iraq War.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/366743.stm|title=Iraq says Iran fired Scuds|work=BBC News|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/366743.stm|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-apr-19-mn-52980-story.html|title=Iraq Accuses Iran of Scud Missile Attack|work=Los Angeles Times|date=19 April 2001|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111161808/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/19/news/mn-52980|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2001/me-iran-04-25.html |title=Iran |website=Worldtribune.com |date=2001-04-25 |access-date=2017-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417005234/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2001/me-iran-04-25.html |archive-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Civil war in Afghanistan=== The most intensive – and less well-known – use of Scud missiles occurred during the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|civil war in Afghanistan]] between 1989 and 1992. As compensation for the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, the USSR agreed to deliver sophisticated weapons to the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] (DRA), among which were large quantities of Scud-Bs, and possibly some Scud-Cs as well.<ref name="Jane's"/> The first 500 were transferred during the early months of 1989, and soon proved to be a critical strategic asset for the DRA. Every Scud battery was composed of three TELs, three reloading vehicles, a mobile meteorological unit, one tanker and several [[command and control]] trucks.<ref>Yousaf & Adkin, p. 230</ref> During the [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] attack against [[Jalalabad]], between March and June 1989, three firing batteries manned by Afghan crews advised by Soviets fired approximately 438 missiles in defense of the embattled garrison.<ref>Zaloga, p. 39</ref> Soon all the heavily contested areas of Afghanistan, such as the [[Salang Pass]] and the city of [[Kandahar]], were under attack by Scud missiles.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Due to its imprecision, the Scud was used as an area bombing weapon, and its effect was psychological as well as physical: the missiles would explode without warning, as they travelled faster than the sound they produced in-flight. At the time, reports indicated that Scud attacks had devastating consequences on the morale of the Afghan rebels, who eventually learned that by applying guerilla tactics, and keeping their forces dispersed and hidden, they could minimize casualties from Scud attacks.<ref name="TTU"/> The Scud was also used as a punitive weapon, striking areas that were held by the resistance. In March 1991, shortly after the town of [[Khost]] was captured, it was hit by a Scud attack. On 20 April 1991, the marketplace of [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]] was hit by two Scuds, which killed 300 and wounded 500 inhabitants. Though the exact toll is unknown, these attacks resulted in heavy civilian casualties.<ref>Lewis, George, Fetter, Steve and [[Lisbeth Gronlund|Gronlund, Lisbeth]] (1993). ''Casualties and damage from Scud attacks in the 1991 Gulf War''. Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, Center for International Studies, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], p. 13</ref> The explosions destroyed the headquarters of [[Islamist|Islamic]] leader [[Jamil al-Rahman]], and killed a number of his followers.<ref>Adamec, Ludwig (2011). ''Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan''. Scarecrow Press, p. 226. {{ISBN|0810878151}}</ref> In all, between October 1988 and February 1992, with 1,700 to 2,000 Scud launches,<ref name="TTU" /> Afghanistan saw the greatest concentration of ballistic weapons fired since World War II.<ref>Marshall, A.(2006); ''Phased Withdrawal, Conflict Resolution and State Reconstruction''; Conflict research Studies Centre; {{ISBN|1-905058-74-8}} [http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/ca/06%2829%29AM.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201033319/http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/ca/06%2829%29AM.pdf|date=1 December 2007}}</ref> After January 1992, the Soviet advisors were withdrawn, reducing the Afghan army's ability to use their ballistic missiles. On 24 April 1992, the mujahideen forces of [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] captured the main Scud stockpile at Afshur but members of the [[99th Missile Brigade]] had ditched their uniforms leaving Massoud's men with no way of operating such weapons. As the communist government collapsed, the few remaining Scuds and their TELs were divided among the rival factions fighting for power. Due to the lack of knowledge on such weapons, between April 1992 and 1996, only 44 Scuds were fired in Afghanistan. When the [[Taliban]] arrived in power in 1996, they captured a few of the remaining Scuds, but lack of maintenance had reduced the state of the missile force to such an extent that there were only five Scud firings, until 2001. After the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]], the last four surviving Scud launchers were destroyed in 2005.<ref name="Zaloga39">Zaloga, p.39</ref>
===Gulf War=== ====Scud attacks==== [[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Damage from an Iraqi Scud missile.jpg|thumb|Damage from an Iraqi Scud missile that hit [[Ramat Gan]], Israel, during the first Gulf War (26 January 1991)]] At the outbreak of the [[Gulf War]], Iraq had an effective, if limited, ballistic missile force. Besides the original Scud-B, several local variants had been developed. These included the Al-Hussein, developed during the Iran–Iraq War, the Al-Hijarah, a shortened Al-Hussein, and the Al-Abbas, an extended-range Scud fired from fixed launching sites, that was never used. The Soviet-built [[MAZ-7310|MAZ-543]] vehicle was the prime launcher, along with a few locally designed [[Transporter erector launcher|TELs]], the Al Nida and the Al Waleed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
Scuds were responsible for most of the coalition deaths outside Iraq and Kuwait. Of a total 88 Scud missiles, 46 were fired into Saudi Arabia and 42 into Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1003916,00.html |magazine=Time |title=Iraq: The Great Scud Hunt |date=23 December 2002 |access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022090439/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1003916,00.html |archive-date=22 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dodscud.htm|title=Information Paper: Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles|first=Bernard|last=Rostker|year=2000|publisher=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control from 2000–2006|access-date=21 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514212635/http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dodscud.htm|archive-date=14 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Twenty-eight members of the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]] were [[Dharan barracks|killed]] when a Scud struck a [[United States Army]] [[barracks]] in [[Dhahran]], Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |first=Eric |last=Schmitt |title=After the war; Army Is Blaming Patriot's Computer For Failure to Stop the Dhahran Scud |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DD143FF933A15756C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |date=20 May 1991 |access-date=11 February 2008 }}</ref>
====Scud hunting==== [[File:Scud downed by Patriot missiles.JPEG|thumb|right|Military personnel examine the remains of a Scud tail assembly during the Gulf War, 26 May 1992]]The [[United States Air Force]] organized [[Combat air patrol|air patrols]] over areas where Scud launchers were suspected to operate, namely western Iraq near the Jordanian border, where the Scuds were fired at Israel, and southern Iraq, where they were aimed at Saudi Arabia. [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]] strike aircraft flew over these zones during the day, and [[F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15Es]] fitted with [[LANTIRN]] pods and [[synthetic aperture radar]]s patrolled at night. However, the [[infrared signature]]s and [[radar signature]]s of the Iraqi TELSs were almost impossible to distinguish from ordinary trucks and from the surrounding [[Clutter (radar)|electromagnetic clutter]]. During the war, while patrolling, strike aircraft managed to sight mobile TELs on 42 occasions, but only eight times the aircraft were able to locate the targets well enough to release their ordnance.<ref name="RAND">{{cite book |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1408/MR1408.ch3.pdf |title=Coalition Scud-hunting in Iraq, 1991 |access-date=8 November 2012 |last=Rosenau |first=William |isbn=0-8330-3071-X |year=2001 |publisher=[[RAND corporation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423014403/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1408/MR1408.ch3.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the Iraqi missile units dispersed their Scud TELs and hid them in culverts, [[wadis]], or under highway bridges. They also practiced "[[shoot-and-scoot]]" tactics, withdrawing the launcher to a hidden location immediately after it had fired, while the launch sequence that usually took 90 minutes was reduced to half an hour. This enabled them to preserve their forces, despite optimistic claims by the coalition. A post-war [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] study concluded that relatively few launchers had been destroyed by coalition aircraft.<ref name="RAND"/>
Ground-based special forces from the United Kingdom were covertly inserted into Iraq to locate and destroy Scud launchers, either by directing airstrikes or in some cases attacking them directly with [[MILAN]] man-portable missiles. An example was the 8-man [[Special Air Service|SAS]] patrol designated [[Bravo Two Zero]], led by "[[Andy McNab]]" (a pseudonym). This patrol resulted in the death or capture of all but one of its members, "[[Chris Ryan]]".<ref name="RAND"/>
The mobility of Scud TELs allowed for a choice of firing position and increased the survivability of the weapon system to such an extent that, of the approximately 100 launchers claimed destroyed by coalition pilots and special forces in the Gulf War, not a single destruction could be confirmed afterwards. After the war, [[UNSCOM]] investigations showed that Iraq still had 12 MAZ-543 vehicles, as well as seven Al-Waleed and Al-Nidal launchers, and 62 complete Al-Hussein missiles.<ref name="RAND"/>
===1994 Yemen civil war=== [[File:South Yemeni ballistic missiles on the military parade.jpg|thumb|South Yemeni Scud TEL]] During the [[1994 civil war in Yemen]], [[South Yemen]] separatists fired Scud missiles at the Yemeni capital of Sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-06 |title=Five Scuds fired at Yemeni capital as war worsens: The Guardian, 7 Apr 94 |url=http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/artic/gdn13.htm |access-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506015031/http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/artic/gdn13.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009 }}</ref>
===Chechen Wars=== A small number of Scuds were used by Russian forces in 1996 during the [[First Chechen War]] and in late 1999/early 2000 during the [[Second Chechen War]], including during the [[Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Field artillery and firepower|page=422|author=J. B. A. Bailey|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2004|isbn=1591140293}}</ref><ref name="Oliker">{{cite book|title=Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat|page=82|author=Olga Oliker|publisher=Rand Corporation|year=2001 |isbn=0833032488}}</ref> Although frequently reported by media as Scuds, the majority of the 60–100 SRBMs fired in the Chechen Wars were the [[OTR-21 Tochka|OTR-21 Tochka (SS-21 Scarab-B)]].<ref name="Oliker"/>
===Libyan Civil War=== In May 2011, early during the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], it was rumored that Scud-B's had been fired by [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s forces against [[anti-Gaddafi forces]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8500231/The-forgotten-frontline-in-Libyas-civil-war.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Andrew | last=Gilligan | title=The forgotten frontline in Libya's civil war | date=8 May 2011 | access-date=4 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418225910/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8500231/The-forgotten-frontline-in-Libyas-civil-war.html | archive-date=18 April 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> The first confirmed use happened several months later, when on 15 August 2011, as anti-Gaddafi forces encircled the Gaddafi-controlled capital of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], [[Libyan Army (1951–2011)|Libyan Army]] forces near Gaddafi's hometown of [[Sirte]] fired a Scud missile toward anti-Gaddafi positions in [[Cyrenaica]], well over 100 kilometers away. The missile struck the desert near [[Ajdabiya]], causing no casualties.<ref>{{cite news|title=Col Gaddafi fires scud missile at rebel territory as Nato braces itself for final violent showdown|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8703041/Col-Gaddafi-fires-scud-missile-at-rebel-territory-as-Nato-braces-itself-for-final-violent-showdown.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=15 August 2011|access-date=15 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820032933/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8703041/Col-Gaddafi-fires-scud-missile-at-rebel-territory-as-Nato-braces-itself-for-final-violent-showdown.html|archive-date=20 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 August 2011, a second Scud-B also fired by Gaddafi forces in Sirte. On 23 August, opposition forces in [[Misrata]] reported that four Scud-B missiles were fired against the city from Sirte, but had caused no damage. Initial claims that an [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System]]-equipped [[United States Navy|US Navy]] cruiser shot down the missiles over the [[Gulf of Sidra]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/24/libya-rebels-advance-gaddafi-home-town|work=The Guardian|date=24 August 2011|access-date=24 August 2011|title=Libyan rebels advance on Gaddafi's home town|first=Christopher|last=Stephen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930193131/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/24/libya-rebels-advance-gaddafi-home-town|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> were later denied by US DoD officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dodbuzz.com/2011/08/31/dod-denies-reports-navy-shot-down-libyan-scuds/|title=DoD denies reports Navy shot down Libyan Scuds|work=DoD Buzz|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020191417/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2011/08/31/dod-denies-reports-navy-shot-down-libyan-scuds/|archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Syrian Civil War=== On 12 December 2012, it was reported by various outlets that the [[Syrian Army]] has begun using short-range ballistic missiles against rebels in the [[Syrian civil war]]. According to [[NATO]] officials, "allied intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance assets" had detected the launch of a number (later reports said at least 6) of unguided, short-range ballistic missiles inside Syria. The trajectory and distance travelled indicated that they were Scud-type missiles, although no information on the type of Scud being used was provided at the time. An American intelligence official, who asked not to be identified, confirmed that missiles had been fired from the [[Damascus]] area at targets in northern Syria, where the majority of the [[Free Syrian Army|rebels' bases]] and facilities are located.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/13/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments-assad.html?ref=world|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012|title=Syrian Forces Have Fired Scud Missiles at Insurgents, U.S. Says|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213032103/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/13/world/middleeast/syria-war-developments-assad.html?ref=world|archive-date=13 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/scud-type-missiles-launched-in-syria--nato-official/|work=Trust.org|date=12 December 2012|access-date=12 December 2012|title=Scud-type missiles launched in Syria -NATO official|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416012553/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/scud-type-missiles-launched-in-syria--nato-official/|archive-date=16 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Three districts in the rebel-held eastern part of [[Aleppo]] and the nearby city of [[Tel Rifat]] were hit by ballistic missiles on 22 February 2013, flattening up to 20 houses in each of the places hit. [[Human Rights Watch]] inspector Ole Solvang toured the areas targeted by Scuds on 25 February, saying that he "has never seen such destruction" during his past visits to the country. According to the New York-based organization at least 141 people were killed in the attacks, including 71 children. The statement added that there was no sign of rebel presence in the areas hit, meaning that the attacks were unlawful. Syrian Information Minister Omran al-Zoabi denied the government was using ballistic weapons, even as opposition activists claimed more than 30 had been launched since December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/syrian-ballistic-missiles-killed-141-civilians-last-week-hrw/|work=Trust.org via Reuters|date=26 February 2013|access-date=27 February 2013|title=Syrian ballistic missiles killed 141 civilians last week-HRW|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416002307/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/syrian-ballistic-missiles-killed-141-civilians-last-week-hrw/|archive-date=16 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/world/middleeast/scud-missile-aleppo.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 2013|access-date=27 February 2013|title=Scud Missile Attack Reported in Aleppo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410163332/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/world/middleeast/scud-missile-aleppo.html?_r=0|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) === Houthis possessed 300 Scud missiles as of June 2015, although Saudi-led air strikes allegedly damaged or destroyed "most of them."<ref name=DNEWS>{{cite web |first=Abdullah |last=Al-Shihri |url=https://www.defensenews.com/news/your-military/2015/06/06/saudi-arabia-shoots-down-scud-missile-fired-from-yemen/ |title=Saudi Arabia shoots down Scud missile fired from Yemen |publisher=Defense News |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=10 November 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Between 2015 and November 2017, Houthi forces fired more than 170 ballistic missiles at Saudi Arabia, including Scud, Scarab, and [[Qaher-1|modified SA-2]] missiles.<ref name="dw: Burkan 2-H">{{cite web |title=US Air Force: Missiles fired at Saudi Arabia from Yemen have 'Iranian markings' |first=Chase |last=Winter |date=11 November 2017 |publisher=DW |url=http://www.dw.com/en/us-air-force-missiles-fired-at-saudi-arabia-from-yemen-have-iranian-markings/a-41333618 |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115180402/http://www.dw.com/en/us-air-force-missiles-fired-at-saudi-arabia-from-yemen-have-iranian-markings/a-41333618 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CSIS: Yemeni Civil War">{{cite web |title=Interactive: The Missile War in Yemen |date=13 October 2016 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile-war-yemen/ |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204221619/https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile-war-yemen/ |archive-date=4 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of October 2016, there were 85 confirmed interceptions using Patriot missiles.<ref name="CSIS: Yemeni Civil War"/> In addition to Scud-B missiles, there is a report of a single Scud-C missile launched on 6 June 2015 at [[As Sulayyil|Al-Salil Military Base]].<ref name="Tools of War">{{cite book |title=Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times |first=Syed |last=Ramsey |publisher=PublishDrive |year=2016 |isbn=9789386834157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oK04DwAAQBAJ&q=al-salil+scud&pg=PT116 |access-date=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Arab News: Scud-C">{{cite web |title=Saudi troops intercept Scud fired from Yemen |date=6 June 2015 |publisher=Arab News |url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/757731 |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805194548/http://www.arabnews.com/news/757731 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local versions of Scud missiles, known as the Burkan 1 and Burkan 2-H, have also been displayed and used by the Houthis beginning in September 2016.<ref name="Brugge: Scuds"/><ref name="Janes: Burkan Missiles"/>
=== Nagorno-Karabakh war (2020) === [[File:President was present at the Military Parade dedicated to the 25th anniversary of Armenia’s Independence 64.jpg | thumb | right | Scud-B of the [[Armenian army]] during the military parade in [[Yerevan]]]] On 11 October 2020 a Scud missile was fired from the territory of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] at [[Ganja, Azerbaijan]], the country's second largest city, during the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]]. As a result, according to Azerbaijan official sources, 10 people, including four women, were killed and 35 people, including children, were injured.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hours after truce agreed, children became orphans in Azerbaijan|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/15/ganja-attack|access-date=2020-10-17|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-12|title=Armenia Azerbaijan: Reports of fresh shelling dent ceasefire hopes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54488386|access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-04|title=Azerbaijan claims Armenia shelled city of Ganja, in conflict that could spill over into direct war|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-05/azerbaijan-says-armenian-forces-shell-second-city-in-escalation/12731012|access-date=2020-10-17|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Azerbaijan says Armenian forces shell second city of Ganja|url=https://www.insider.com/azerbaijan-says-armenian-forces-shell-second-city-of-ganja-2020-10|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Insider}}</ref>
On 16 October 2020, Armenian Armed Forces in Nagorno-Karabakh fired another Scud missile at Ganja. Officials in Azerbaijan announced that at least 13 people, including two infants, had been killed, with more than 50 others injured.<ref>{{Cite news|last=BBC news|date=17 October 2020|title=Nagorno-Karabakh: Civilians hit amid Armenia Azerbaijan conflict|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54581628}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Azerbaijan: Armenian missile killed 13, wounded over 50|url=https://www.startribune.com/azerbaijan-armenian-missile-killed-13-wounded-over-50/572780312/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Star Tribune|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214731/https://www.startribune.com/azerbaijan-armenian-missile-killed-13-wounded-over-50/572780312/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-17|title=At least 12 killed in missile attack on Azerbaijan's 2nd biggest city: Baku|url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/at-least-12-killed-in-missile-attack-on-azerbaijans-2nd-biggest-city-baku/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=La Prensa Latina Media|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Mirage|date=2020-10-17|title=Azerbaijan says 13 killed in new Scud missile strike by Armenia {{!}} Mirage News|url=https://www.miragenews.com/azerbaijan-says-a-dozen-killed-in-new-missile-attacks-from-armenia/,%20https://www.miragenews.com/azerbaijan-says-a-dozen-killed-in-new-missile-attacks-from-armenia|access-date=2020-10-17|website=www.miragenews.com|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=r/KarabakhConflict - Russian-made "SCUD" ballistic missile that Armenia dropped to Ganja last night|date=13 October 2020|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/KarabakhConflict/comments/ja2ryd/russianmade_scud_ballistic_missile_that_armenia/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Agencies|date=2020-10-17|title=Nagorno-Karabakh: Azerbaijan says 12 civilians killed by shelling in Ganja|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/17/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-says-12-civilians-killed-by-shelling-in-ganja|access-date=2020-10-17|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Azerbaijan destroyed at least one Scud missile launcher during the course of the war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/09/the-fight-for-nagorno-karabakh.html|title = The Fight for Nagorno-Karabakh: Documenting Losses on the Sides of Armenia and Azerbaijan|date=2020}}</ref>
==Operators== [[File:Scud operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#2559db|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]] [[File:Scud Launcher.jpg|thumb|right|An [[opposing force]] Scud launcher in the United States.]] Operators of Scuds or Scud derivatives as of 2022 are:<ref name="Jane's"/>
===Current operators=== ;{{flagu|Algeria}}: (Scud-B, Scud-D): Some sources said that Algeria has received Scud B and D ;{{flagu|Armenia}}: (Scud-D): 8 launchers, 32 missiles<ref>{{cite book|title=Crossroads and conflict: security and foreign policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia|page=173|author=Gary K. Bertsch|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0415922747}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/msg/2007/10/m109970.htm |title=Обнародован ежегодный отчет по экспорту и импорту вооружений в Регистре обычных вооружений ООН (United Nations Register of Conventional Arms) |website=Memo.ru |access-date=2017-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195846/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/msg/2007/10/m109970.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
;{{flagu|Cuba}}: R-11, R-17, Hwasong-5/6<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-05-08 |date=2000-01-12 |publisher=Jane's Defence Weekly |title=The Cuban Missile Arsenal |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/cuban-ballistic-capabilities-report}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
;{{flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}: (Scud-B)<ref>"Iran sold Scud missiles to Congolese" By Bill Gertz THE WASHINGTON TIMES 22 November 1999, page 1.</ref> ;{{flagu|Egypt}}:(Scud-B, Hwasong-6, [[project-t|Project T]]) ;{{flagu|Iran}}: (Scud-B, [[Hwasong-5]], [[Shahab-1]], [[Shahab-2]], [[Shahab-3]], [[Rodong-1]], [[Qiam 1]]) ;{{flagu|Kazakhstan}}: (Scud-B) ;{{flagu|Libya|2011}}: (Scud-B) ;{{flagu|Myanmar}}: ([[Hwasong-6]], [[Hwasong-5]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/fears-myanmar-buying-missiles-from-north-korea-raise-canberra-s-alarm-20180206-p4yzgz.html|title=Fears-Myanmar-buying-missiles-from-North-Korea-raise-Canberra's-alarm|date=5 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aseaneconomist.com/myanmar-buying-n-korean-arms/|title=Myanmar-'buying'-N-Korean-arms|date=7 February 2018}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>) ;{{flagu|North Korea}}:(Scud-E, Scud-B, Scud-C, [[Hwasong-5]], [[Hwasong-6]], [[Rodong-1]]){{Efn|The H-5, H-6 and R1 are derivatives of the Scud}} ;{{flagu|Oman}}: (Scud-B) ;{{flagu|Syria}}: (Scud-B, Scud-C, Golan-1, Golan-2, Scud-D, Scud-ER, [[Shahab-1]], [[Shahab-2]], [[Hwasong-5]], [[Hwasong-6]], [[Rodong-1]])<ref name="Oryx20">{{cite web |title=Syria's Scientific Studies and Research Center|url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/f353d0a2893e4396b9d82b9ba5458d69|website=storymaps.com|date=20 October 2020 |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> ;{{flagu|United States}}: c. 30 Scud-B missiles and four [[Transporter erector launcher|TELs]] acquired in 1995, and converted into targets by [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref name="Jane's"/> ;{{flagu|Vietnam}}:(Scud-B, Scud-C) ;{{flagu|Yemen}}: (Scud-B, Scud-C, [[Volcano 1]], [[Volcano H-2]])
===Former operators=== [[File:SCUD 2.JPG|thumb|right|Scud launcher of the [[Afghan National Army]].]] ; {{flagu|Afghanistan}}: (Scud-B)<ref>{{cite web |title=SS-1 "Scud" |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/scud/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> – 30 launchers and 2,300 missiles delivered to the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|DRA]] between 1988 and 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> After the US invasion of Afghanistan, the last 4 remaining launchers were scrapped in 2005<ref name="Zaloga39"/> ;{{flagu|Belarus}}: 60 launchers, retired in May 2005 ;{{flagu|Bulgaria}}: (Scud-B) – 36 launchers, retired<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pan.bg/view_article-6-3617-Vypros-na-praznika-Koj-unishtozhi-raketniq-shtit-na-Bylgariq.html |title=Въпрос на празника: Кой унищожи ракетния щит на България? |website=Pan.bg |date=2015-12-30 |access-date=2017-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514060159/http://pan.bg/view_article-6-3617-Vypros-na-praznika-Koj-unishtozhi-raketniq-shtit-na-Bylgariq.html |archive-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> ;{{flagu|Czechoslovakia}}: (Scud-B) – 30 launchers ;{{flagu|Czech Republic}}: (Scud-B) – 27 launchers, retired ;{{flagu|East Germany}}: (Scud-A, Scud-B) – 24 launchers plus decoys,<ref name="DWdecoys">{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/east-german-army-unit-finds-skills-still-in-demand-after-reunification/a-5796289|title=East German army unit finds skills still in demand after reunification|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=16 August 2010|access-date=14 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912151559/http://www.dw.de/east-german-army-unit-finds-skills-still-in-demand-after-reunification/a-5796289|archive-date=12 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> retired 1990 ;{{flagu|Hungary}}: (Scud-B) – 9 launchers, retired, destroyed in 1995<ref>{{cite web |url=http://img.index.hu/imgfrm/3/4/9/8/BIG_0002453498.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image of Scud-B missiles |date=1995 |website=Img.index.hu |access-date=2017-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731082423/http://img.index.hu/imgfrm/3/4/9/8/BIG_0002453498.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> ;{{flagu|Iraq|1991}}: (Scud-B, Al-Hussein, Al-Abbas) – 24–36 launchers<ref name="FAS-Iraq">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/missile/scud.htm|title=Scud – Iraq Special weapons|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030732/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/missile/scud.htm|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> plus decoys,<ref name="DWdecoys"/> 819 missiles,<ref name="FAS-Iraq"/> plus 11 [[MAZ-7310|MAZ-543]] launchers for Al-Hussein. ;{{flagu|Poland}}: (Scud-B) – 30 launchers, retired in 1989 ;{{flagu|Romania}}: (Scud-B) – 18 launchers, retired ;{{flagu|Russia}}: (Scud-C, Scud-D) – ~300 launchers remaining at the dissolution of the Soviet Union, retired ;{{flagu|South Yemen}}: 6 launchers and an unknown quantity of [[R-17 Elbrus|R-17E]] missiles bought in 1979<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994 |date=2017 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Solihull, UK |isbn=978-1-912174-23-2 |page=44}}</ref> ;{{flagu|Soviet Union}}: ~660 launchers ;{{flagu|Slovakia}}: (Scud-B)-retired ;{{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}:25 [[Hwasong-5]]s purchased from North Korea in 1989. The [[United Arab Emirates Armed Forces|UAE military]] were not satisfied with the quality of the missiles, and they were kept in storage.<ref name="CNS1"/> ;{{flagu|Ukraine}}: 50 launchers and 185 missiles, all destroyed<ref>{{cite web | url=http://old.er.ru/text.shtml?19/7240,110989 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717060256/http://old.er.ru/text.shtml?19/7240,110989 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-07-17 | title=Единая Россия: США помогли Украине утилизировать 185 ракет "Скад"}}</ref>
==See also== * [[List of missiles]] * [[Shahab-1]] – An Iranian copy of the Scud-B * [[9K720 Iskander]] – Russian Scud replacement * [[MGM-52 Lance]] and [[Pershing II]] – American Equivalents * [[ Pluton (missile)|Pluton]] – French Equivalent * [[Hyunmoo]] – South Korean Equivalent
==Notes== {{Notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading== * {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Zaloga |author2=Illustrated by Jim Laurier and Lee Ray |title=Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955–2005 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn=1-84176-947-9}} * {{cite book |last=Yousaf |first=Mohammad |author2=Adkin, Mark |title=Afghanistan-the bear trap |year=2001 |publisher=Casemate |isbn=0-9711709-2-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanthebe00yous }}
==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Scud|scud}} {{Commons|Scud}} * {{cite web |url= https://fas.org/news/iran/1995/iran-950611.htm |author= [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's Intelligence Review]] |title= Strategic Delivery Systems |publisher= [[Federation of American Scientists]] |date= June 1995 |access-date= 5 September 2008}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/scud_info/ |title= Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles |access-date= 12 February 2008 |date= 25 July 2000 |publisher= [[GulfLink]] }} * [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/theater/r-11.htm R-11 / SS-1B SCUD-A] * [http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/a-lucid-interval. A Lucid Interval]
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}} {{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}} {{Scud}} {{USAF/DoD reporting names}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1953 in spaceflight]] [[Category:Chemical weapon delivery systems]] [[Category:Cold War missiles of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Tactical ballistic missiles of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Tactical ballistic missiles of Iraq]] [[Category:Tactical ballistic missiles of Iran]] [[Category:Weapons of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Weapons of Egypt]] [[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1950s]]