SAFEGE

'''SAFEGE''' ({{Ipac-en|'|s|ei|f|i:|Z}}) is a French consulting and engineering firm, founded as a consortium of 25 companies including Michelin and Renault. The name is an acronym for ''Société Anonyme Française d'Etude de Gestion et d'Entreprises'' ({{lit|French Limited Company for the Study of Management and Business}}).

SAFEGE was originally founded in 1919 as ''Société Auxiliaire Française d'Électricité, Gaz et Eau'' ({{lit|French Auxiliary Company for Electricity, Gas and Water}}), a holding company with interests in private water, gas, and electricity production and distribution. Following the nationalization of these public utilities in 1947, the company was reorganized as an engineering and consulting firm.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Today, SAFEGE operates as a subsidiary of Suez, specializing in water and environmental engineering. The majority of its business activity—around 60% of turnover—is based in France.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==SAFEGE type monorail== The SAFEGE consortium developed a type of suspension railway technology in the late 1950s. The design team was headed by engineer Lucien Chadenson.<ref name="The Monorail Society History">{{Cite web |title=Monorails in History - Part II |url=https://www.monorails.org/tMspages/History2.html |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=The Monorail Society}}</ref>

[[File:JHM-1963 - Voie du SAFEGE expérimental, près de Gien.jpg|thumb|SAFEGE test track in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, 1963]]

The system was conceived as a potential extension of the Paris Métro, intended to connect Charenton to Créteil, southeast of Paris. Construction of a full-scale {{convert|1.4|km|adj=on}} test track began in April 1959 and was completed in April 1960. Testing continued until 1967.<ref name="The Monorail Society Technical">{{Cite web |title=Technical Page - Safege |url=https://www.monorails.org/tMspages/TPSafege.html |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=The Monorail Society}}</ref> The test track appeared prominently in the 1966 film ''Fahrenheit 451''.<ref name="The Monorail Society History" /><ref name="CNET_0,39029552,49304078,00" /> It was demolished between 1970 and 1971, though at least one prototype vehicle was preserved for some years afterward.<ref name="The Monorail Society Technical" /><ref name="Geocities_1061" /><ref name="Zapatopi_2004-12-11" />

The SAFEGE system adapted the rubber-tired bogie used on the Paris Métro by mounting it inside a hollow steel box girder from which passenger cars were suspended. The bogies ran along the interior of the enclosed beam, with a narrow slot along the underside allowing suspension arms to connect to the cars below. The cars were mounted on a pendulum-type suspension with pneumatic springs, providing stability and comfort at higher speeds. As on the Paris Métro, steel emergency wheels were fitted alongside the tires in case of deflation.<ref name="The Monorail Society Technical" />

Enclosing the running gear protected it from rain, ice, and snow, addressing a major limitation of earlier rubber-tired metro systems and suspended monorails such as the Wuppertal Schwebebahn in Germany.

===SAFEGE-type monorails in the world=== Although the SAFEGE system gained international attention for its innovative enclosed-beam design, only a few such systems were built, compared with the more widely adopted ALWEG-type straddle-beam monorails. Despite its French origins, no SAFEGE systems were constructed in France. In Japan, however, two suspended monorails based on the SAFEGE design were successfully built and remain in operation. The German company Siemens later developed a smaller-scale suspended monorail system inspired by the SAFEGE concept.<ref name="The Monorail Society History" />

====Mitsubishi Heavy Industries==== thumb|The preserved car and track of the Higashiyama Zoo Monorail in 2017 thumb|Shonan Monorail in 2015 thumb|Chiba Urban Monorail in 2020

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan licensed the suspended railway technology from SAFEGE and developed three installations, two of which remain in operation. * From early 1964 to December 1974, a {{convert|0.5|km|mi|adj=on}} single-line ran between Higashiyama Zoo and the nearby Botanical Gardens in Nagoya, Japan.<ref name="Voice">{{cite book|last1=Voice|first1=David|date=2010|publisher=Adam Gordon|isbn=978-1-874422-81-5|page=37|edition=1|title=Monorails of the World: A History of Passenger Monorails}}</ref> Although initially popular, it experienced mechanical issues, and after the first two years ridership declined.<ref name="Demery">{{cite web|last1=Demery|first1=Leroy|title=Monorails in Japan: An Overview|url=http://www.publictransit.us/ptlibrary/specialreports/sr9.JapanMonorails.pdf|publisher=www.publictransit.us|access-date=3 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621134953/http://www.publictransit.us/ptlibrary/specialreports/sr9.JapanMonorails.pdf|archive-date=21 June 2006}}</ref> Plans to expand the zoo and gardens led to its closure, but one of the cars and a short section of track were preserved at a station site. Although marketed primarily as an amusement ride, it charged a fare, making it the first revenue-earning SAFEGE-type monorail.<ref name="Voice"/> * In 1970, the Shonan Monorail opened, running from Ōfuna Station in Kamakura to Shōnan-Enoshima Station in Fujisawa.<ref name="Demery" /> * In 1988,<ref name="Demery"/> the first stage of the Chiba Urban Monorail system opened in Chiba. With a route length of {{convert|15.2|km|mi}} and two lines, route length, it is the longest suspended monorail in the world.<ref name="Demery" />

====Siemens==== Siemens Mobility developed a suspended railway technology known as the H-Bahn or SIPEM for SIemens PEople Mover in the early 1970s.Although it employs a similar enclosed box-girder track to the SAFEGE system, it was not directly licensed from SAFEGE and incorporates several technical differences. Siemens built two such installations, both of which remain in operation. While Siemens no longer actively markets the system, it continues to supply software for the automated operation of existing SIPEM networks and vehicles. * In 1984, the first operational H-Bahn opened on the campus of Dortmund University. * In 2002, the ''SkyTrain'' monorail opened at Düsseldorf Airport

==== Unfulfilled proposals ==== In 1966, a proposal was considered to construct a SAFEGE-type monorail in Manchester, England. The {{convert|16|mi|km|adj=on}} line was planned to link Manchester Airport with the city centre and suburbs, including a tunnel beneath the central area. The project, along with the Picc-Vic tunnel proposal for a conventional underground line, was abandoned due to cost.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Monorail for Manchester?|website=archive.commercialmotor.com|date=28 January 1966|url=http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/28th-january-1966/24/monorail-for-manchester|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Manchester later developed the Metrolink, a light rail network,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ogden |first1=Eric |title=Metrolink |last2=Senior |first2=John |publisher=Transport Publishing Company |year=1992 |isbn=0-86317-155-9 |location=Glossop, Derbyshire}} </ref> one line of which, opened in 2014, now connects Manchester Airport to the city centre.

In November 1967, General Electric proposed constructing a SAFEGE-type monorail linking downtown San Francisco with San Francisco International Airport.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rapidtransitserv1968jaco|title=Rapid transit service to San Francisco International Airport and to the Peninsula|last1=Jacobs|first1=Allan B.|last2=San Francisco (Calif.). Dept. of City Planning|last3=San Francisco (Calif.). City Planning Commission|date=1968|publisher=San Francisco : Dept. of City Planning|others=San Francisco Public Library}}</ref> The proposal was studied by the City of San Francisco alongside alternatives, including an extension of the Southern Pacific Railroad's Peninsula Commute service and an extension of the BART rapid transit system. Concerns about incompatibility with other rail systems, the visual impact of an elevated structure, and potential competition with existing and planned rapid transit lines led to the proposal's rejection in favor of a BART extension. SFO was ultimately connected to downtown San Francisco by BART in 2003.

== References ==  <references>

<ref name="CNET_0,39029552,49304078,00">{{cite news|url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/0,39029552,49304078,00.htm|title=The future is now: Sci-fi films in real locations|work=Cnet-uk|date=19 November 2009|first=Rich|last=Trenholm|quote=Fahrenheit 451 (1966). SAFEGE test track, Châteneuf-sur-Loire, near Orléans, France The monorail scenes were filmed on a now-demolished 1.4 km test track built in 1959|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211142534/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/0,39029552,49304078,00.htm|archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Geocities_1061">{{Cite web|url=http://geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Orbit/1061/safege/safege.html |title=Saran, France{{dash}}SAFEGE Monorail... |first=Randy |last=Lambert |work=Archived version of personal site hosted on now-defunct Yahoo! GeoCities; a photo essay of the derelict SAFEGE monorail cars now in storage in France. |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020095620/http://geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Orbit/1061/safege/safege.html |archive-date=20 October 2009 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>

<ref name="Zapatopi_2004-12-11">{{cite web | url = http://zapatopi.net/blog/?post=200412114840.French_Monorail_Trash | title = French Monorail Trash| date=11 December 2004 |first=Lyle| last=Zapato| work=Monorail Danger }}</ref>

</references>

== External links == {{commonscat|SAFEGE}} * Monorail society: ''[http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/TPSafege.html Technical Page{{dash}}Safege]''. Retrieved 25 May 2008. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715223042/http://www.safege.com/en/safege/ SAFEGE company Web site, in English] * [http://www.safege.pl/ SAFEGE in Poland website]

Category:Suspended monorails Category:SAFEGE people movers Category:Monorails Category:Monorails in France