{{Short description|British video game developer}} {{Good article}} {{Use British English|date=July 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox company | name = Rockstar Dundee Limited | logo = Rockstar Dundee Logo.svg | logo_alt = A capital "R" in white with a five-pointed, black star with a white outline appended to its lower-right end. They lay on a black square with a thick white border, a thin black outline, and rounded corners. | image = Rockstar Dundee (52816004257).png | image_caption = Headquarters at The Vision Building, Dundee (pictured in 2023) | former_name = Ruffian Games Limited {{nowrap|(2008–2020)}} | type = Subsidiary | industry = Video games | founded = {{Start date and age|2008|04}} | founders = {{Unbulleted list|Gary Liddon|Billy Thomson|Gareth Noyce}} | hq_location_city = Dundee | hq_location_country = Scotland | key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Gary Liddon {{nowrap|(studio director)}}|Billy Thomson {{nowrap|(studio director)}}}} | products = ''Crackdown 2'' (2010) | num_employees = ≈40 | num_employees_year = 2020 | parent = Rockstar Games {{nowrap|(2020–present)}} }}
'''Rockstar Dundee Limited''' (formerly '''Ruffian Games Limited''') is a British video game developer and a studio of Rockstar Games based in Dundee. The studio is best known for developing ''Crackdown 2''.
Gary Liddon, Billy Thomson, and Gareth Noyce founded the company as Ruffian Games in April 2008. They had previously worked on ''Crackdown'', with Thompson as its lead designer while at Realtime Worlds. Ruffian Games immediately partnered with Microsoft for ''Crackdown 2'', being chosen over Realtime Worlds. Released in 2010, the game did not sell well enough to allow for a third ''Crackdown'' game and Ruffian Games joined co-development projects, including several Kinect games, to stay afloat. ''Game of Glens'' and ''Hollowpoint'' were cancelled, while a ''Streets of Rage'' remake was unsuccessfully pitched. After independently releasing ''Fragmental'' and ''RADtv'', the studio was working with Rockstar Games by October 2019. The publisher's parent company, Take-Two Interactive, acquired Ruffian Games in October 2020 and integrated it with Rockstar Games as Rockstar Dundee.
== History ==
=== Early years and ''Crackdown 2'' (2008–2013) === thumb|left|Ruffian Games's logo until October 2020 Gary Liddon, Billy Thomson, and Gareth Noyce founded Rockstar Dundee as Ruffian Games in April 2008.<ref name="Ruffian Games: About" /> Thomson had led the design for ''Crackdown'' at Realtime Worlds, while Liddon and Noyce had worked at Xen Group, a technology provider for the game.<ref name="Gamasutra: Launch" /><ref name="GIbiz: persistence of life" /> Thomson associated with Xen Group following ''Crackdown''{{'}}s 2007 release.<ref name="Gamasutra: Formed" /> Ruffian Games's name was derived from an event in Thomson's childhood where he was referred to as "a ruffian" by a school classmate's father, who believed that Thomson had a bad influence on his son. Thomson had relayed the story to Liddon, who suggested that they use the name "Ruffian Games" for their venture.<ref name="Engadget: Name" /> Liddon, Thomson, and Noyce assumed the roles of studio head, creative director, and development director, respectively.<ref name="Gamasutra: Launch" /><ref name="IGN: Flying High" /> The company moved into Dundee-based offices in October 2008 and its formation was announced in January 2009.<ref name="Gamasutra: Launch" /><ref name="Gamasutra: Formed" /> By this time, the 15-person team comprised former developers of ''Crackdown'', ''Fable II'', ''MotoGP'', and the ''Grand Theft Auto'' series, among them "five or six" who joined from Realtime Worlds.<ref name="Gamasutra: Launch" /><ref name="GIbiz: persistence of life" /><ref name="Engadget: GTA" /> In February, the company hired Steve Iannetta and Ed Campbell, designers for ''Crackdown'', as lead designer and senior designer, respectively.<ref name="Engadget: designers" /><ref name="Gamasutra: veterans" /> It recruited 15 further people in May.<ref name="Engadget: 15" /> The headcount grew to 49 by November 2009, partially helped by closures and layoffs affecting other local studios, such as Midway Studios – Newcastle.<ref name="GIbiz: persistence of life" /><ref name="MCV: layoffs" />
By the time of its formation announcement, Ruffian Games had entered into a contract with a "major publisher".<ref name="Gamasutra: Launch" /> Microsoft partnered with the studio for ''Crackdown 2'', forgoing Realtime Worlds as it was preoccupied with ''APB: All Points Bulletin''.<ref name="IGN: Defends" /> When this deal was rumoured, Realtime Worlds's studio head, Colin MacDonald, stated that his studio was still in talks with Microsoft to develop another ''Crackdown'' game. He doubted that the publisher "would harm an otherwise fruitful existing development relationship" by partnering with a different developer also based in Dundee.<ref name="Gamasutra: Launch" /> After Ruffian Games was announced as developing ''Crackdown 2'' in June 2009, David Jones, the chief executive officer of Realtime Worlds, stated that he was "a bit miffed" at Microsoft for handing Ruffian Games the development of the game, as he considered the studio's proximity to Realtime Worlds a threat.<ref name="GIbiz: miffed" /> In response, Thomson opined that Ruffian Games was capable of creating a proper sequel to ''Crackdown'' because it had hired talent from every department that worked on the original game.<ref name="IGN: Defends" />
''Crackdown 2''{{'}}s development was quick but difficult: The studio was beset by deadlines it deemed unmanageable and the expectations of fans of the original ''Crackdown''. The production lasted just over one year and was described as "intense, exhausting". The resulting game, released in mid-2010, received mixed reviews and did not sell well enough for the studio to immediately start working on a third ''Crackdown'' game.<ref name="Eurogamer: I really do" /> To remain in business, Ruffian Games worked with Microsoft on several games for the Kinect peripheral, including ''Kinect Star Wars'' and ''Nike+ Kinect Training''.<ref name="Eurogamer: I really do" /> Around 2012, the studio created an experimental multiplayer mode for Crytek's ''Ryse: Son of Rome'', although this work was not released with the final game.<ref name="Polygon: Ryse" /><ref name="Eurogamer: Ryse" /> Of several cancelled projects, ''Streets of Rage'' was a pitch to Sega for a remake of the 1991 game of the same name. The prototype was created by a small team within six to eight weeks but the project went unsigned.<ref name="Eurogamer: I really do" /><ref name="Polygon: Streets of Rage" /> A third ''Crackdown'' game remained implausible as of 2013.<ref name="VG247: Tribal Towers" />
=== Independent and cancelled projects (2013–2019) === In February 2013, Ruffian Games announced ''Tribal Towers''.<ref name="VG247: Tribal Towers" /> The game was conceptualised as "a quirky, side-on, real-time projectile combat game" but an alpha test phase showed that the game and its controls were too complicated. After temporarily putting the game on hold, the studio reworked it as ''Game of Glens'', a game inspired by competitive Highland games that combined elements of ''Angry Birds'', ''Minecraft'', and ''World of Goo''.<ref name="Eurogamer: I really do" /> When Square Enix launched the pilot phase of its crowdfunding initiative, Square Enix Collective, in January 2014, ''Game of Glens'' was among the three games seeking funding.<ref name="Eurogamer: Collective" /> User polls conducted for the three projects showed that only 39% of respondents were ready to fund ''Game of Glens'', compared to the 90% for ''World War Machine'' and 83% for ''Moon Hunters''. Much of the backlash stemmed from users expecting another ''Crackdown'' game from Ruffian Games rather than a casual game.<ref name="Eurogamer: I really do" /> As a result, the development for ''Game of Glens'' was halted in April 2014.<ref name="Eurogamer: rest" />
Noyce left Ruffian Games in late 2013, moved to Finland with his girlfriend, and became an indie game developer. He had attempted to create a Finnish satellite studio for the company to take advantage of investment opportunities in the country but "it was probably the wrong time to make the move and it didn't quite work out".<ref name="Eurogamer: Lumo" /><ref name="MCV: Lumo" /> In August 2014, Ruffian Games announced the cooperative action game ''Hollowpoint'' with Paradox Interactive as its publisher.<ref name="Eurogamer: Hollowpoint" /> Paradox Interactive had penned a deal with Sony that would have made the game on console temporarily exclusive to the PlayStation 4. However, shortly after releasing a second trailer in mid-2015, Ruffian Games and Paradox Interactive ended their partnership due to creative differences. The game's development was put on hold and the publisher intended to re-evaluate the game's creative direction.<ref name="Eurogamer: Hollowpoint on hold" /> The studio then worked on ''Fragmental'', a twin-stick shooter with local multiplayer inspired by ''Hotline Miami'' that the studio self-published in Steam Early Access in February 2016.<ref name="Eurogamer: Hollowpoint on hold" /><ref name="PCGamesN: Fragmental" /> The studio's ''RADtv'', a virtual reality game involving hotseat multiplayer, was released in August 2019.<ref name="PCGamesN: RADtv" /><ref name="Road to VR: RADtv" />
=== Acquisition by Rockstar Games (2019–present) === In October 2019, Ruffian Games was announced as working with Rockstar Games on games that were not further specified.<ref name="VG247: Rockstar partnership" /> Take-Two Interactive, Rockstar Games's parent company, acquired Ruffian Games in October 2020 and integrated it with Rockstar Games as Rockstar Dundee.<ref name="VGC: Rockstar acquisition" /><ref name="GIbiz: Rockstar acquisition" /><ref name="GamesRadar+: Rockstar acquisition" /> At the time, the studio had approximately 40 employees.<ref name="VGC: excited" /> Liddon and Thomson remained with Rockstar Dundee as the co-studio directors.<ref name="The Courier: Dundee" />
== Games developed == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ {{sronly|List of games developed by Rockstar Dundee}} |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Platform(s) ! scope="col" | Publisher(s) ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row" | 2010 | ''Crackdown 2'' | rowspan="2" | Xbox 360 | rowspan="2" | Microsoft Studios | {{centered|<ref name="Eurogamer: I really do" />}} |- ! scope="row" | 2012 | ''Kinect PlayFit'' | {{centered|<ref name="Ruffian Games: Past Titles" />}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | ''Fragmental'' | rowspan="2" | Windows | rowspan="2" | Ruffian Games | {{centered|<ref name="PCGamesN: Fragmental" />}} |- ! scope="row" | 2019 | ''RADtv'' | {{centered|<ref name="PCGamesN: RADtv" />}} |}
=== Additional work === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ {{sronly|List of games supportively developed by Rockstar Dundee}} |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Lead developer(s) ! scope="col" | Platform(s) ! scope="col" | Publisher(s) ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2012 | ''Kinect Star Wars'' | Terminal Reality | rowspan="3" | Xbox 360 | rowspan="6" | Microsoft Studios | | {{centered|<ref name="Eurogamer: I really do" />}} |- | ''Nike+ Kinect Training'' | Sumo Digital | | {{centered|<ref name="Eurogamer: I really do" />}} |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | ''Kinect Sesame Street TV'' (season 2) | Soho Productions | | {{centered|<ref name="Ruffian Games: Past Titles" />}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2014 | ''Kinect Sports Rivals'' | Rare | Xbox One | | {{centered|<ref name="MCV: 30 under 30" />}} |- | ''Halo: The Master Chief Collection'' | 343 Industries | Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S | Ported ''Halo 3'', ''Halo 3: ODST'', ''Halo 4'', and ''Halo: Reach'' | {{centered|<ref name="VG247: Rockstar partnership" /><ref name="Eurogamer: ODST" /><ref name="GameSpot: Monumental Undertaking" />}} |- ! scope="row" | 2019 | ''Crackdown 3'' | Sumo Digital | Windows, Xbox One | Developed the ''Wrecking Zone'' multiplayer mode; credited as Elbow Rocket | {{centered|<ref name="VG247: Rockstar partnership" /><ref name="Variety: Elbow Rocket" />}} |}
=== Cancelled === * ''Streets of Rage''<ref name="Polygon: Streets of Rage" /> * ''Tribal Towers'' / ''Game of Glens''<ref name="Eurogamer: rest" /> * ''Hollowpoint''<ref name="Eurogamer: Hollowpoint on hold" />
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<ref name="MCV: Lumo">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.mcvuk.com/development-news/gareth-noyce-on-making-lumo-triple-a-isnt-my-calling/ |title=Gareth Noyce on making Lumo: 'Triple-A isn't my calling' |first=James |last=Batchelor |date=9 May 2016 |magazine=MCV/Develop |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813194330/https://www.mcvuk.com/development-news/gareth-noyce-on-making-lumo-triple-a-isnt-my-calling/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PCGamesN: Fragmental">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/fragmental/making-it-in-unreal-fragmental-the-arena-battler-crackdown-2s-devs-have-fought-to-make |title=Making it in Unreal: Fragmental, the arena battler Crackdown 2's devs have fought to make |first=Jeremy |last=Peel |date=16 December 2015 |website=PCGamesN |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012182944/https://www.pcgamesn.com/fragmental/making-it-in-unreal-fragmental-the-arena-battler-crackdown-2s-devs-have-fought-to-make |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PCGamesN: RADtv">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/rad-tv/rad-tv-vr-ruffian-games |title=The Crackdown 2 team will soon have you stuff a boy's face with burgers and peas in VR |first=Dustin |last=Bailey |date=22 September 2017 |website=PCGamesN |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012182617/https://www.pcgamesn.com/rad-tv/rad-tv-vr-ruffian-games |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Polygon: Ryse">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/e3-2013/2013/6/10/4395790/ryse-seven-year-development |title=Ryse: Son of Rome's seven-year road to E3 |first=Matt |last=Leone |date=10 June 2013 |website=Polygon |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026234315/https://www.polygon.com/e3-2013/2013/6/10/4395790/ryse-seven-year-development |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Polygon: Streets of Rage">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2012/12/5/3732406/streets-of-rage-remake-from-ruffian-games-shown-in-prototype-video |title=Streets of Rage remake from Ruffian Games revealed in prototype video |first=Michael |last=McWhertor |date=5 December 2012 |website=Polygon |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725095919/http://www.polygon.com/2012/12/5/3732406/streets-of-rage-remake-from-ruffian-games-shown-in-prototype-video |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Road to VR: RADtv">{{cite web |url=https://www.roadtovr.com/rad-tv-looks-like-raddest-social-vr-party-game-ever/ |title=Madcap Social VR Party Game 'RADtv' Resurfaces with August Launch Date |first=Scott |last=Hayden |date=4 July 2019 |website=Road to VR |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195329/https://www.roadtovr.com/rad-tv-looks-like-raddest-social-vr-party-game-ever/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Ruffian Games: About">{{cite web |url=http://www.ruffiangames.com/intro/ |title=About |year=2019 |publisher=Ruffian Games |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012184348/http://www.ruffiangames.com/intro/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Ruffian Games: Past Titles">{{cite web |url=http://www.ruffiangames.com/games/ |title=Past Titles |year=2019 |publisher=Ruffian Games |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116085219/http://www.ruffiangames.com/games/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="The Courier: Dundee">{{cite web |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/2541074/rockstar-thrilled-to-be-returning-to-dundee/ |title=Grand Theft Auto creators Rockstar Games 'thrilled' to be returning to Dundee |first=Rachel |last=Amery |date=17 October 2020 |website=The Courier |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828110929/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/2541074/rockstar-thrilled-to-be-returning-to-dundee/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Variety: Elbow Rocket">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/gaming/features/crackdown-3-less-than-it-was-meant-to-be-but-still-stupid-fun-1203125536/ |title='Crackdown 3': Less Than It Was Meant to Be, but Still Stupid Fun |first=Michael |last=Futter |date=1 February 2019 |website=Variety |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104120942/https://variety.com/2019/gaming/features/crackdown-3-less-than-it-was-meant-to-be-but-still-stupid-fun-1203125536/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VG247: Rockstar partnership">{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2019/10/12/ruffian-games-working-with-rockstar-games/ |title=Ruffian Games working with Rockstar Games on "upcoming titles" |first=Stephany |last=Nunneley |date=12 October 2019 |website=VG247 |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018102334/https://www.vg247.com/2019/10/12/ruffian-games-working-with-rockstar-games/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VG247: Tribal Towers">{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2013/02/19/tribal-towers-announced-by-ruffian-games-crackdown-3-not-on-the-production-table/ |title=Tribal Towers announced by Ruffian Games, Crackdown 3 not on the "production table" |first=Stephany |last=Nunneley |date=19 February 2013 |website=VG247 |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811165032/https://www.vg247.com/2013/02/19/tribal-towers-announced-by-ruffian-games-crackdown-3-not-on-the-production-table/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VGC: excited">{{cite web |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/ruffian-says-its-excited-to-work-on-rockstar-properties-following-sale/ |title=Ruffian says it's 'excited to work on Rockstar properties' following sale |first=Andy |last=Robinson |date=15 October 2020 |website=Video Games Chronicle |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117212708/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/ruffian-says-its-excited-to-work-on-rockstar-properties-following-sale/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VGC: Rockstar acquisition">{{cite web |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-taken-over-master-chief-collection-developer-ruffian-games/ |title=Rockstar has taken over Master Chief Collection developer Ruffian Games |first=Andy |last=Robinson |date=12 October 2020 |website=Video Games Chronicle |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208013522/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-taken-over-master-chief-collection-developer-ruffian-games/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{Rockstar Games}} {{Take-Two Interactive}} {{Authority control}}
Category:2008 establishments in Scotland Category:2020 mergers and acquisitions Category:British companies established in 2008 Category:British subsidiaries of foreign companies Category:Companies based in Dundee Category:Rockstar Games subsidiaries Category:Software companies of Scotland Category:Take-Two Interactive divisions and subsidiaries Category:Video game companies established in 2008 Category:Video game companies of the United Kingdom Category:Video game development companies