Rorippa

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Rorippa amphibia.jpg | image_caption = ''Rorippa amphibia'' | taxon = Rorippa | authority = Scop. | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 75–87; see text | synonyms = *''Brachiolobos'' {{small|All.}} *''Caroli-gmelina'' {{small|G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.}} *''Clandestinaria'' {{small|Spach}} *''Kardanoglyphos'' {{small|Schltdl.}} *''Leiolobium'' {{small|Rchb.}} *''Neobeckia'' {{small|Greene}} *''Radicula'' {{small|Moench}} *''Roripa'' {{small|Adans.}} *''Roripella'' {{small|(Maire) Greuter & Burdet}} *''Sisymbrianthus'' {{small|Chevall.}} *''Tetracellion'' {{small|Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.}} *''Tetrapoma'' {{small|Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.}} *''Trochiscus'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}} | synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Rorippa'' Scop. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30012174-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref> }}

'''''Rorippa''''' is a globally distributed genus in the family Brassicaceae, with species occurring on all continents except for Antarctica.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jonsell |first=Bengt |title=Studies in the North-West European species of Rorippa s.str. |publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis |year=1968 |isbn= |location=Uppsala, Sweden}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bleeker |first1=W. |last2=Weber-Sparenberg |first2=C. |last3=Hurka |first3=H. |date=2002 |title=Chloroplast DNA Variation and Biogeography in the Genus Rorippa Scop. (Brassicaceae) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1055/s-2002-20442 |journal=Plant Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=104–111 |doi=10.1055/s-2002-20442 |bibcode=2002PlBio...4..104B |issn=1438-8677}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Ting-Shen |last2=Yu |first2=Chih-Chieh |last3=Zheng |first3=Quan-Jing |last4=Kimura |first4=Seisuke |last5=Onstein |first5=Renske E. |last6=Xing |first6=Yao-Wu |date=2024 |title=Synergistic polyploidization and long-distance dispersal enable the global diversification of yellowcress herbs |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.13798 |journal=Global Ecology and Biogeography |language=en |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=458–469 |doi=10.1111/geb.13798 |bibcode=2024GloEB..33..458H |issn=1466-8238|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''Rorippa'' species are natively distributed in the Northern Hemisphere through Eurasia and North America, and dispersed into the Southern Hemisphere through long-distance dispersal.<ref name=":0" /> ''Rorippa'' species are annual to perennial herbs, usually with yellow flowers and a peppery flavour. They are known commonly as '''yellowcresses'''.

== Description == As a close relative of ''Arabidopsis'', ''Rorippa'' has emerged as a group of valuable model organisms for investigating various biological processes. Researchers have utilized ''Rorippa'' to study developmental phenomena such as heterophylly,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Nakayama |first1=Hokuto |last2=Kimura |first2=Seisuke |date=2015-12-02 |title=Leaves may function as temperature sensors in the heterophylly of ''Rorippa aquatica'' (Brassicaceae) |journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior |volume=10 |issue=12 |article-number=e1091909 |doi=10.1080/15592324.2015.1091909 |pmid=26367499 |pmc=4854334 |bibcode=2015PlSiB..10E1909N |issn=1559-2324}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Nakayama |first1=Hokuto |last2=Nakayama |first2=Naomi |last3=Seiki |first3=Sumer |last4=Kojima |first4=Mikiko |last5=Sakakibara |first5=Hitoshi |last6=Sinha |first6=Neelima |last7=Kimura |first7=Seisuke |date=December 2014 |title=Regulation of the KNOX-GA Gene Module Induces Heterophyllic Alteration in North American Lake Cress |journal=The Plant Cell |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=4733–4748 |doi=10.1105/tpc.114.130229 |pmid=25516600 |pmc=4311196 |bibcode=2014PlanC..26.4733N |issn=1040-4651}}</ref> weediness,<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Ling-Zi |last2=Xu |first2=Zhou-Geng |last3=Chang |first3=Tian-Gen |last4=Wang |first4=Long |last5=Kang |first5=Heng |last6=Zhai |first6=Dong |last7=Zhang |first7=Lu-Yi |last8=Zhang |first8=Peng |last9=Liu |first9=Hongtao |last10=Zhu |first10=Xin-Guang |last11=Wang |first11=Jia-Wei |date=2023-01-18 |title=Common evolutionary trajectory of short life-cycle in Brassicaceae ruderal weeds |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=290 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-35966-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=9849336 |pmid=36653415|bibcode=2023NatCo..14..290L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bärring |first=Ulf |date=January 1986 |title=''Rorippa sylvestris:'' A new troublesome weed in Swedish forest nurseries |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research |volume=1 |issue=1–4 |pages=265–269 |doi=10.1080/02827588609382417 |bibcode=1986SJFR....1..265B |issn=0282-7581}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Klimešová |first1=Jitka |last2=Sosnová |first2=Monika |last3=Martínková |first3=Jana |date=2006-07-25 |title=Life-history variation in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris: effect of germination date and injury timing |journal=Plant Ecology |volume=189 |issue=2 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.1007/s11258-006-9180-x |issn=1385-0237}}</ref> and vegetative regeneration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dietz |first1=Hansjörg |last2=Köhler |first2=Alexander |last3=Ullmann |first3=Isolde |date=February 2002 |title=Regeneration growth of the invasive clonal forb Rorippa austriaca (Brassicaceae) in relation to fertilization and interspecific competition |journal=Plant Ecology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=171–182 |doi=10.1023/a:1015567316004 |bibcode=2002PlEco.158..171D |issn=1385-0237}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Amano |first1=Rumi |last2=Nakayama |first2=Hokuto |last3=Momoi |first3=Risa |last4=Omata |first4=Emi |last5=Gunji |first5=Shizuka |last6=Takebayashi |first6=Yumiko |last7=Kojima |first7=Mikiko |last8=Ikematsu |first8=Shuka |last9=Ikeuchi |first9=Momoko |last10=Iwase |first10=Akira |last11=Sakamoto |first11=Tomoaki |last12=Kasahara |first12=Hiroyuki |last13=Sakakibara |first13=Hitoshi |last14=Ferjani |first14=Ali |last15=Kimura |first15=Seisuke |date=2019-10-25 |title=Molecular Basis for Natural Vegetative Propagation via Regeneration in North American Lake Cress, Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae) |journal=Plant and Cell Physiology |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=353–369 |doi=10.1093/pcp/pcz202 |pmid=31651939 |issn=0032-0781}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Kedong |last2=Chang |first2=Yunxia |last3=Zhang |first3=Yi |last4=Liu |first4=Kun |last5=Zhang |first5=Ju |last6=Wang |first6=Wei |last7=Li |first7=Zhanshuai |last8=Wu |first8=Jianxin |last9=Ma |first9=Shuya |last10=Xin |first10=Yuexing |last11=Li |first11=Chunjing |last12=Zhou |first12=Qianbei |last13=Qiu |first13=Hanhan |last14=Pi |first14=Yumei |last15=Wang |first15=Youwei |date=2016-01-22 |title=Rorippa indica Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis Involving Frog Egg-like Bodies Efficiently Induced by the Synergy of Salt and Drought Stresses |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |article-number=19811 |doi=10.1038/srep19811 |pmid=26796345 |pmc=4726193 |bibcode=2016NatSR...619811X |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> For example, heterophylly is the ability of plants to produce different leaf forms in response to contrasting environments, such as aerial or submerged conditions. This may incur anatomical or physiological changes and facilitate adaptation to the amphibious lifestyle in ''Rorippa,''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Koga |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Ikematsu |first2=Shuka |last3=Kimura |first3=Seisuke |date=2024-07-22 |title=Diving into the Water: Amphibious Plants as a Model for Investigating Plant Adaptations to Aquatic Environments |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-024919 |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |language=en |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=579–604 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-024919 |pmid=38424069 |issn=1543-5008|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Additionally, ''Rorippa'' has been employed to explore stress tolerance mechanisms, including responses to submergence,<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Akman |first1=Melis |last2=Bhikharie |first2=Amit V |last3=Mustroph |first3=Angelika |last4=Sasidharan |first4=Rashmi |date=2014-02-01 |title=Extreme flooding tolerance in Rorippa |journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior |volume=9 |issue=2 |article-number=e27847 |doi=10.4161/psb.27847 |pmc=4091424 |pmid=24525961|bibcode=2014PlSiB...9E7847A }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Stift |first1=Marc |last2=Luttikhuizen |first2=Pieternella C. |last3=Visser |first3=Eric J.W. |last4=Van Tienderen |first4=Peter H. |date=2008 |title=Different flooding responses in Rorippa amphibia and Rorippa sylvestris, and their modes of expression in F1 hybrids |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02547.x |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=180 |issue=1 |pages=229–239 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02547.x |pmid=18631292 |bibcode=2008NewPh.180..229S |issn=1469-8137|hdl=2066/72164 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=van Veen |first1=Hans |last2=Müller |first2=Jana T. |last3=Bartylla |first3=Malte M. |last4=Akman |first4=Melis |last5=Sasidharan |first5=Rashmi |last6=Mustroph |first6=Angelika |date=2024 |title=Phylotranscriptomics provides a treasure trove of flood-tolerance mechanisms in the Cardamineae tribe |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.15033 |journal=Plant, Cell & Environment |language=en |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=4464–4480 |doi=10.1111/pce.15033 |pmid=39012097 |bibcode=2024PCEnv..47.4464V |issn=1365-3040|doi-access=free |hdl=11370/abe48f0e-4c29-4514-96c4-e80eecdc320e |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sasidharan |first1=Rashmi |last2=Mustroph |first2=Angelika |last3=Boonman |first3=Alex |last4=Akman |first4=Melis |last5=Ammerlaan |first5=Ankie M.H. |last6=Breit |first6=Timo |last7=Schranz |first7=M. Eric |last8=Voesenek |first8=Laurentius A.C.J. |last9=van Tienderen |first9=Peter H. |date=2013-09-27 |title=Root Transcript Profiling of Two ''Rorippa'' Species Reveals Gene Clusters Associated with Extreme Submergence Tolerance |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=1277–1292 |doi=10.1104/pp.113.222588 |pmid=24077074 |pmc=3813650 |issn=0032-0889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akman |first1=Melis |last2=Bhikharie |first2=Amit V. |last3=McLean |first3=Elizabeth H. |last4=Boonman |first4=Alex |last5=Visser |first5=Eric J. W. |last6=Schranz |first6=M. Eric |last7=van Tienderen |first7=Peter H. |date=2012-04-11 |title=Wait or escape? Contrasting submergence tolerance strategies of Rorippa amphibia, Rorippa sylvestris and their hybrid |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=1263–1276 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs059 |pmid=22499857 |pmc=3359918 |issn=1095-8290}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Ikematsu |first1=Shuka |last2=Umase |first2=Tatsushi |last3=Shiozaki |first3=Mako |last4=Nakayama |first4=Sodai |last5=Noguchi |first5=Fuko |last6=Sakamoto |first6=Tomoaki |last7=Hou |first7=Hongwei |last8=Gohari |first8=Gholamreza |last9=Kimura |first9=Seisuke |last10=Torii |first10=Keiko U. |date=February 2023 |title=Rewiring of hormones and light response pathways underlies the inhibition of stomatal development in an amphibious plant Rorippa aquatica underwater |journal=Current Biology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=543–556.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.064 |pmid=36696900 |bibcode=2023CBio...33E.543I |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free }}</ref> heavy metals,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Ruilian |last2=Jin |first2=Caixia |last3=Zhou |first3=Qixing |date=2010-02-02 |title=Characteristics of cadmium accumulation and tolerance in Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell., a species with some characteristics of cadmium hyperaccumulation |journal=Plant Growth Regulation |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=67–74 |doi=10.1007/s10725-010-9451-3 |issn=0167-6903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Shuhe |last2=Li |first2=Yunmeng |last3=Zhan |first3=Jie |last4=Wang |first4=Shanshan |last5=Zhu |first5=Jiangong |date=August 2012 |title=Tolerant mechanisms of Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell. hyperaccumulating Cd explored from root morphology |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=118 |pages=455–459 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.049 |pmid=22717563 |bibcode=2012BiTec.118..455W |issn=0960-8524}}</ref> high-altitudes,<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Ting-Shen |last2=Hu |first2=Zheng-Yan |last3=Du |first3=Zhi-Qiang |last4=Zheng |first4=Quan-Jing |last5=Liu |first5=Jia |last6=Mitchell-Olds |first6=Thomas |last7=Xing |first7=Yao-Wu |date=2022-09-01 |title=Adaptive responses drive the success of polyploid yellowcresses (Rorippa, Brassicaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot |journal=Plant Diversity |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=455–467 |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2022.02.002 |pmid=36187546 |pmc=9512641 |bibcode=2022PlDiv..44..455H |issn=2468-2659}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Du |first1=Zhi-Qiang |last2=Xing |first2=Yao-Wu |last3=Han |first3=Ting-Shen |date=2024-05-30 |title=Effects of environment and genotype-by-environment interaction on phenotype of ''Rorippa elata'' (Brassicaceae), an endemic alpine plant in the Hengduan mountains |url=https://academic.oup.com/jpe/article/17/4/rtae048/7685073 |journal=Journal of Plant Ecology |volume=17 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/jpe/rtae048 |issn=1752-993X|doi-access=free }}</ref> and herbivory (specifically the mustard aphid).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bandopadhyay |first1=Lekha |last2=Basu |first2=Debabrata |last3=Sikdar |first3=Samir Ranjan |date=2013-09-09 |title=Identification of Genes Involved in Wild Crucifer Rorippa indica Resistance Response on Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi Challenge |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e73632 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0073632 |doi-access=free |pmid=24040008 |pmc=3767759 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...873632B |issn=1932-6203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=Poulami |last2=Jana |first2=Kuladip |last3=Sikdar |first3=Samir Ranjan |date=2017-08-02 |title=Overexpression of biologically safe Rorippa indica defensin enhances aphid tolerance in Brassica juncea |journal=Planta |volume=246 |issue=5 |pages=1029–1044 |doi=10.1007/s00425-017-2750-4 |pmid=28770337 |bibcode=2017Plant.246.1029S |issn=0032-0935}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marzouk |first1=Mona Mohamed |last2=Reda Hussein |first2=Sameh |last3=Elkhateeb |first3=Ahmed |last4=Mohamed Farid |first4=Mai |last5=Fawzy Ibrahim |first5=Lamyaa |last6=Abdel-Hameed |first6=El-Sayed Saleh |date=August 2016 |title=Phenolic profiling of Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser (Brassicaceae) by LC-ESI-MS: Chemosystematic significance and cytotoxic activity |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=633–637 |doi=10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61100-3 |issn=2222-1808|doi-access=free }}</ref> For example, ''Rorippa amphibia'' can escape submergence through elongation,<ref name=":11" /> while ''Rorippa sylvestris'' or ''Rorippa palustris'' can photosynthesize underwater and exhibits a hyponastic response (positive growth response to gravity), demonstrating a quiescence strategy (a period of reduced activity during unfavorable conditions).<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

Furthermore, ''Rorippa'' has served as a model system for studying biological invasion, with research focusing on evolutionary,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bleeker |first=W. |date=2003-05-27 |title=Hybridization and''Rorippa austriaca''(Brassicaceae) invasion in Germany |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=1831–1841 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01854.x |pmid=12803635 |bibcode=2003MolEc..12.1831B |issn=0962-1083}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bleeker |first1=W |last2=Matthies |first2=A |date=2005-04-20 |title=Hybrid zones between invasive Rorippa austriaca and native R. sylvestris (Brassicaceae) in Germany: ploidy levels and patterns of fitness in the field |journal=Heredity |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=664–670 |doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6800687 |pmid=15940276 |issn=0018-067X}}</ref> ecological,<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huberty |first1=Martine |last2=Tielbörger |first2=Katja |last3=Harvey |first3=Jeffrey A. |last4=Müller |first4=Caroline |last5=Macel |first5=Mirka |date=April 2014 |title=Chemical Defenses (Glucosinolates) of Native and Invasive Populations of the Range Expanding Invasive Plant Rorippa austriaca |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=363–370 |doi=10.1007/s10886-014-0425-1 |pmid=24752856 |bibcode=2014JCEco..40..363H |issn=0098-0331}}</ref> and historical aspects.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Stuckey |first=Ronald L. |date=1972 |title=Taxonomy and Distribution of the Genus Rorippa (cruciferae) in North America |journal=SIDA, Contributions to Botany |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=279–443 |jstor=41966420 |issn=0036-1488}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Elizabeth E. |last2=Gehring |first2=Janet L. |date=1998 |title=Population Viability of Rorippa columbiae: Multiple Models and Spatial Trend Data |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97094.x |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1054–1065 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97094.x |bibcode=1998ConBi..12.1054C |issn=1523-1739|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Garnock-Jones |first=P. J. |date=March 1978 |title=''Rorippa''(Cruciferae, Arabideae) in New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=119–122 |doi=10.1080/0028825x.1978.10429664 |bibcode=1978NZJB...16..119G |issn=0028-825X}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Klimešová |first1=Jitka |last2=Martínková |first2=Jana |last3=Kočvarová |first3=Marie |date=January 2004 |title=Biological flora of Central Europe: Rorippa palustris (L.) Besse |journal=Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants |volume=199 |issue=6 |pages=453–463 |doi=10.1078/0367-2530-00173 |bibcode=2004FMDFE.199..453K |issn=0367-2530}}</ref>

== Ecology == Most ''Rorippa'' species thrive in moist or wet environments like ditches, meadows, waterfronts, and wetlands,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Les |first=Donald H. |title=Aquatic dicotyledons of North America: ecology, life history, and systematics |date=2018 |publisher=CRC press, Taylor & Francis group |isbn=978-1-4822-2502-0 |location=Boca Raton, FL}}</ref> highlighting their exceptional tolerance to flooding.<ref name=":10" /> This facilitates the dispersal of their seeds or vegetative propagules by floods over short to long ranges. For example, their fruits with seeds can remain viable for up to 60 days while floating in water.<ref name=":3" /> The aquatic or marshy habitats of ''Rorippa'' often overlap with those of migratory shorebirds,<ref name=":2" /> which could potentially carry seeds or fragments over long distances, establishing new populations far from the source. Furthermore, several adaptations, like the mucilage coating or hollows on their seeds, and their ability to self-fertilize and reproduce clonally,<ref name=":1" /> might also contribute to their long-distance dispersal.<ref name=":0" />

''Rorippa'' species are known for colonizing disturbed or wet areas first. They serve as valuable indicators of hydrophytic (water-loving) vegetation types. According to the National Wetland Plant List ([https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/ NWPL]) for the United States, several ''Rorippa'' species are classified as wetland indicators, with a high probability of occurring in Obligate (OBL) or Facultative Wetland (FACW) categories. For instance, nearly 55% of the 22 North American ''Rorippa'' species are categorized as OBL wetland indicators,<ref name=":3" /> highlighting their strong association with wet environments. This characteristic makes ''Rorippa'' plants a valuable tool for wetland establishment, restoration, and enhancement efforts.

== Example == '''''Rorippa aquatica''''', a North American lakecress, is a valuable model organism for studying plant development and adaptation. It exhibits striking heterophylly,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":13" /> altering its leaf shape in response to environmental conditions like submergence, temperature, and light. In low-light submerged environments, for example, it develops finely dissected leaves. While in terrestrial conditions, it forms simple leaves with serrated edges. This leaf shape variation is controlled by the levels of plant hormones including gibberellin (GA) and ethylene, as well as the expression of specific genes, such as ''KNOX1''<ref name=":5" /> or ''RaSPCH/RaMUTE,<ref name=":13" />'' providing an efficient way for leaves to absorb sunlight underwater. The species is also used to study vegetative propagation as it can regenerate from leaf fragments.<ref name=":8" /> Its close phylogenetic relationship to ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' and its recently sequenced allotetraploid genome make it a powerful tool for genetic and genomic research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sakamoto |first1=Tomoaki |last2=Ikematsu |first2=Shuka |last3=Nakayama |first3=Hokuto |last4=Mandáková |first4=Terezie |last5=Gohari |first5=Gholamreza |last6=Sakamoto |first6=Takuya |last7=Li |first7=Gaojie |last8=Hou |first8=Hongwei |last9=Matsunaga |first9=Sachihiro |last10=Lysak |first10=Martin A. |last11=Kimura |first11=Seisuke |date=2024-04-18 |title=A chromosome-level genome assembly for the amphibious plant Rorippa aquatica reveals its allotetraploid origin and mechanisms of heterophylly upon submergence |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=431 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-06088-7 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=11026429 |pmid=38637665}}</ref>

'''''Rorippa elata''''' is a type of plant that has adapted to live in high-altitude mountain environments. It can adjust its traits, like flowering time and chemical defenses, to survive in different conditions.<ref name=":15" /> The plant's ability to adapt is also linked to its polyploid nature, which seems to have played a role in its successful colonization of high-altitudes during periods of historical climate change.<ref name=":14" />

'''''Rorippa palustris''''', a short-lived and self-pollinating herb, is a ruderal weed that has expanded into disturbed wetland areas across the world. A key characteristic of ''R. palustris'', and other ruderal plants, is its short life cycle.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":14" /> Genetic studies have shown that mutations in the ''CRY2'' gene contribute to this early-flowering trait.<ref name=":6" /> These mutations lead to a constitutively active ''CRY2'' protein, which overrides the need for vernalization (a cold period) and allows the plant to flower early, even under short-day conditions.

== List of species == [[File:Rorippa sylvestris flowering 01.JPG|thumb|right|''Rorippa sylvestris'']] There are about 75<ref name="china">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=128745 ''Rorippa''.] Flora of China.</ref> to 87<ref>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=10616 ''Rorippa''.] The Jepson eFlora 2013.</ref><ref name="fna">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128745 ''Rorippa''.] Flora of North America.</ref> species in the genus. About 70% of ''Rorippa'' are polyploids, and 90% of them are endemic to specific continents.<ref name=":0" /> A few of ''Rorippa'' species are widely distributed and invasive, including ''Rorippa amphibia'', ''Rorippa dubia'', ''Rorippa indica'', ''Rorippa palustris'', and ''Rorippa sylvestris''. Plants of ''Rorippa palustris'' can be found globally, making it one of the most successful weeds in the world.

''Plants of the World Online'' accepts 87 species.<ref name = powo/> {{div col}} *''Rorippa africana'' {{small|(Braun-Blanq.) Maire}} *''Rorippa alpina'' (S.Wats.) Rydb. – alpine yellowcress *''Rorippa amphibia'' (L.) Bess. – great yellowcress *''Rorippa ampullicarpa'' {{small|V.I.Dorof.}} *''Rorippa × anceps'' {{small|(Wahlenb.) Rchb.}} *''Rorippa apetala'' {{small|Y.Y.Kim & B.U.Oh}} *''Rorippa aquatica'' {{small|(Eaton) E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.}} – lakecress *''Rorippa × armoracioides'' {{small|(Tausch) Fuss}} *''Rorippa × astyla'' {{small|(Rchb.) Rchb.}} *''Rorippa atlantica'' {{small|(Ball) Maire}} *''Rorippa aurea'' {{small|(Boiss. & Heldr.) Hub.-Mor.}} *''Rorippa austriaca'' (Crantz) Bess. – Austrian yellowcress, Austrian fieldgrass *''Rorippa austroamericana'' {{small|Mart.-Laborde}} *''Rorippa backeri'' (O.E. Schulz) Jonsell *''Rorippa barbareifolia'' (DC.) Kitagawa – hoary yellowcress *''Rorippa beckii'' {{small|Al-Shehbaz}} *''Rorippa behcetii'' {{small|İlçim}} *''Rorippa benghalensis'' {{small|(DC.) H.Hara}} *''Rorippa bonariensis'' {{small|(Poir.) Macloskie}} *''Rorippa brachycarpa'' {{small|(C.A.Mey.) Hayek}} *''Rorippa burkartii'' {{small|(Mart.-Laborde) Al-Shehbaz}} *''Rorippa calycina'' (Engel.) Rydb. – persistent-sepal yellowcress *''Rorippa cantoniensis'' {{small|(Lour.) Ohwi}} – Chinese yellowcress *''Rorippa chubutica'' {{small|(O.E.Schulz) Mart.-Laborde}} *''Rorippa clandestina'' {{small|(Spreng.) J.F.Macbr.}} *''Rorippa cochlearioides'' {{small|(Roth) Al-Shehbaz & Jonsell}} *''Rorippa columbiae'' (Suksd. ex B.L.Rob.) Howell – Columbian yellowcress, Columbia watercress *''Rorippa × complicata'' {{small|Nyár. & Prodan}} *''Rorippa coxii'' {{small|(F.Phil. ex Phil.) L.E.Navas}} *''Rorippa cryptantha'' {{small|(A.Rich.) Robyns & Boutique}} *''Rorippa crystallina'' {{small|Rollins}} – MacKenzie River yellowcress *''Rorippa curvipes'' Greene – bluntleaf yellowcress *''Rorippa curvisiliqua'' (Hook.) Besser ex Britton – curvepod yellowcress, western yellowcress *''Rorippa cygnorum'' {{small|Keighery}} *''Rorippa × danubialis'' {{small|Borbás}} *''Rorippa dictyosperma'' {{small|(Hook.) L.A.S.Johnson}} *''Rorippa dietrichiana'' {{small|Hewson}} *''Rorippa divaricata'' {{small|(Hook.f.) Garn.-Jones & Jonsell}} <ref name=DeLange2009/> *''Rorippa dubia'' {{small|(Pers.) H.Hara}} *''Rorippa elata'' {{small|(Hook.f. & Thomson) Hand.-Mazz.}} *''Rorippa × erythrocaulis'' {{small|Borbás}} *''Rorippa eustylis'' {{small|(F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson}} *''Rorippa × filarszkyana'' {{small|(Prodan) Jáv.}} *''Rorippa fluviatilis'' {{small|(E.Mey. ex Sond.) Thell.}} *''Rorippa gigantea'' {{small|(Hook.) Garn.-Jones}} *''Rorippa globosa'' {{small|(Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Hayek}} – globe yellowcress *''Rorippa hayanica'' {{small|Maire}} *''Rorippa × haynaldiana'' {{small|Borbás}} *''Rorippa hengduanshanensis'' {{small|Q.J.Zheng, C.C.Yu, T.S.Han & Y.W.Xing}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Quan-Jing |last2=Yu |first2=Chih-Chieh |last3=Xing |first3=Yao-Wu |last4=Han |first4=Ting-Shen |date=2021-01-22 |title=A new Rorippa species (Brassicaceae), R. hengduanshanensis, from the Hengduan Mountains in China |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.480.3.1 |journal=Phytotaxa |language=en |volume=480 |issue=3 |pages=210–222 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.480.3.1 |issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription }}</ref> *''Rorippa hilariana'' {{small|(Walp.) Cabrera}} *''Rorippa hispida'' {{small|(Desv.) Britton}} *''Rorippa × hungarica'' {{small|Borbás}} *''Rorippa hybosperma'' {{small|(O.E.Schulz) Jonsell}} *''Rorippa icarica'' Rech.f. *''Rorippa indica'' (L.) Hiern. – variableleaf yellowcress *''Rorippa insularis'' {{small|Jonsell}} *''Rorippa intermedia'' {{small|(Kuntze) Stuckey}} – intermediate yellowcress *''Rorippa islandica'' {{small|(Oeder) Borbás}} – northern yellowcress, northern marsh yellowcress *''Rorippa kerneri'' {{small|Menyh.}} *''Rorippa × kullodensis'' {{small|Prodan}} *''Rorippa kurdica'' {{small|(Boiss. & Hausskn.) Hedge}} *''Rorippa laciniata'' {{small|(O.E.Schulz) L.A.S.Johnson}}<ref name=DeLange2009>{{cite journal |last1=De Lange |first1=P.J. |last2=Heenan |first2=P.B. |last3=Townsend |first3=A.J. |date=2009 |title=''Rorippa laciniata'' (Brassicaceae), a new addition to the flora of New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=133–137 |doi=10.1080/00288250909509800|s2cid=83609780 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009NZJB...47..133D }}</ref> *''Rorippa × laeta'' {{small|Nyár. & Prodan}} *''Rorippa lippizensis'' {{small|(Wulfen) Rchb.}} *''Rorippa madagascariensis'' {{small|(DC.) H.Hara}} *''Rorippa mandonii'' {{small|(E.Fourn.) Mart.-Laborde}} *''Rorippa megasperma'' {{small|Stuckey}} *''Rorippa × menyharthiana'' {{small|Borbás}} *''Rorippa mexicana'' {{small|(Moc., Sessé & Cerv. ex DC.) Standl. & Steyerm.}} *''Rorippa micrantha'' {{small|(B.Heyne ex Roth) Jonsell}} *''Rorippa microtites'' {{small|(B.L.Rob.) Rollins}} – Chihuahuan yellowcress *''Rorippa millefolia'' {{small|(Baker) Jonsell}} *''Rorippa nana'' {{small|(Schltdl.) J.F.Macbr.}} *''Rorippa neocaledonica'' {{small|Jonsell}} *''Rorippa × neogradensis'' {{small|Borbás}} *''Rorippa nudiuscula'' {{small|(E.Mey. ex Sond.) Thell.}} *''Rorippa palustris'' (L.) Besser – common yellowcress, yellow watercress, marshcress *''Rorippa peekelii'' {{small|(O.E.Schulz) P.Royen}} *''Rorippa philippiana'' {{small|Macloskie}} *''Rorippa pinnata'' {{small|(Sessé & Moc.) Rollins}} *''Rorippa portoricensis'' {{small|(Spreng.) Stehlé}} – Puerto Rico yellowcress *''Rorippa prolifera'' {{small|(Heuff.) Neilr.}} *''Rorippa pyrenaica'' {{small|(All.) Rchb.}} *''Rorippa ramosa'' {{small|Rollins}} – Durango yellowcress *''Rorippa rosulata'' {{small|Charit.}} *''Rorippa sarmentosa'' (G.Forst. ex DC) J.F.Macbr. – longrunner *''Rorippa schlechteri'' {{small|(O.E.Schulz) P.Royen}} *''Rorippa sessiliflora'' {{small|(Nutt.) Hitchc.}} – stalkless yellowcress *''Rorippa sinuata'' (Nutt.) Hitchc. – spreading yellowcress, west yellowcress *''Rorippa spasskajae'' {{small|V.I.Dorof.}} *''Rorippa sphaerocarpa'' (A.Gray) Britton – roundfruit yellowcress *''Rorippa × stenophylla'' {{small|Borbás}} *''Rorippa subumbellata'' Rollins – Tahoe yellowcress, Lake Tahoe yellowcress *''Rorippa sylvestris'' (L.) Besser – creeping yellowcress, yellow fieldcress, keek *''Rorippa tenerrima'' {{small|Greene}} – Modoc yellowcress *''Rorippa teres'' {{small|(Michx.) Stuckey}} – southern marsh yellowcress *''Rorippa thracica'' {{small|(Griseb.) Fritsch}} *''Rorippa valdes-bermejoi'' {{small|(Castrov.) Mart.-Laborde & Castrov.}} *''Rorippa vallicola'' {{small|V.I.Dorof.}} *''Rorippa ventanensis'' {{small|Boelcke}} *''Rorippa × wislokiensis'' {{small|Zapał.}} *''Rorippa wolgensis'' {{small|Fursajev ex Laktionov & Mavrodiev}} {{div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist|25em}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/brassicalesweb.htm#Brassicoideae Brassicaceae: APG II.] Missouri Botanical Garden.

Category:Rorippa Category:Brassicaceae genera Category:Plants described in 1760