{{Short description|English neurophysiologist}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Roger Carpenter | image = RHSCarpenter mugshot, JPG.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Roger Carpenter | birth_date = 2 September 1945 | birth_place = | death_date = 27 October 2017 | death_place = | citizenship = British | field = | work_institutions = Cambridge | alma_mater = University of Cambridge | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = publications | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | prizes = | footnotes = | signature = }} Professor '''Roger Hugh Stephen Carpenter''' (2 September 1945 – 27 October 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-roger-carpenter-scd-19452017|title=Professor Roger Carpenter SCD (1945-2017)|date=27 October 2017}}</ref>) was an English neurophysiologist, Professor of Oculomotor Physiology at the University of Cambridge.

==Early life== Carpenter was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, Norfolk, where he was a member of Farfield (1958–1963),<ref>''Old Greshamian Club Book'' (Cheverton & Son Ltd., 1999), p. 43</ref> and then at Cambridge.

==Career== Before being appointed as Professor of Oculomotor Physiology in the University of Cambridge, Carpenter was a Director of Studies in Medicine at Caius College. In his principal field, mechanisms of consciousness, his position can be described as a one-way Cartesian. He was the creator of EPIC (the Experimental Physiology Instrumentation Computer) and NeuroLab, a set of interactive demonstrations on the working of the human brain.<ref name=rhsc/><ref>[http://babylon.acad.cai.cam.ac.uk/people/rhsc/epic.html EPIC] at acad.cai.cam.ac.uk</ref><ref>[http://babylon.acad.cai.cam.ac.uk/people/rhsc/neurolab.html NeuroLab page] at acad.cai.cam.ac.uk</ref>

In his spare time, he ran the CUDOS project (Cambridge University Distributed Opportunity Systems), aimed at using medical students' gap year between school and university.<ref name=rhsc/><ref>[http://www.cudos.ac.uk/ CUDOS home page] at cudos.ac.uk</ref> He directed the musical ensembles the Susato Consort and Susato Baroque Ensemble.

In 2000, Carpenter was one of a group of twenty inaugural winners of a National Teaching Award of £50,000 from the Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education.<ref>[http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue1/v4i1reviewart1.pdf The Saccadic System: A Neurological Microcosm] at acnr.co.uk (pdf file)</ref>

==Interests== Carpenter focussed on mechanisms of decision in his work. Measurement of saccadic latency, the time taken to choose a visual target and initiate an eye movement, is a reliable method for obtaining reaction time data. This work has inspired a model referred to as LATER (Linear Approach to Threshold with Ergodic Rate) to explain the decision mechanism. Technological advances enabled oculomotor measurements to be made both quickly and non-invasively, using micro-devices which have many clinical applications.<ref>[http://www.neuroscience.cam.ac.uk/directory/profile.php?RogerCarpenter Professor Roger Carpenter] at neuroscience.cam.ac.uk</ref> He also had professional interests in vision in general, motor systems, and physiological mechanisms of consciousness.<ref name=rhsc/>

On a Cambridge web site, Carpenter described himself as "Philosopher, mad scientist, and artiste extraordinaire".<ref name=rhsc>[http://babylon.acad.cai.cam.ac.uk/people/rhsc/ RHSC] at acad.cai.cam.ac.uk</ref>

==Selected publications==

Genest, W., Hammond, R. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''The random dot tachistogram: a novel task that elucidates the functional architecture of decision.'' Scientific Reports 2016; DOI: 10.1038/srep30787, 1-11

Noorani, I. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''The LATER model of reaction time and decision.'' Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2016; 64, 229–251.

Noorani, I., & Carpenter, R.H.S. ''Antisaccades as decisions: LATER model predicts latency distributions and error responses''. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2013: 37 330-338

Carpenter, R. H. S., Reddi, B. A. J. ''Neurophysiology: A Conceptual Approach.'' 5th edition. London: Hodder, 2012.

Noorani, I, Gao, M. J., Pearson, B. C. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Predicting the timing of wrong decisions.'' Experimental Brain Research 2011; 209: 587-598

Anderson, A. J. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Saccadic latency in deterministic environments: getting back on track after the unexpected happens''. Journal of Vision. 2010; 10:14 12

Carpenter, R. H. S., Reddi, B. A. J., & Anderson, A. J. ''A simple two-stage model predicts response time distributions.'' Journal of Physiology 2009. 587, 4051–4062.

Story, G. W. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Dual LATER-unit model predicts saccadic reaction time distributions in gap, step and appearance tasks.'' Experimental Brain Research. 2009; 193:287-296

Roos, J. C. P., Calandrini, D. M. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''A single mechanism for the timing of spontaneous and evoked saccades''. Experimental Brain Research. 2008;187:283-93.

Temel, Y., Visser-Vandewalle, V. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Saccadic latency during electrical stimulation of the human subthalamic nucleus.'' Current Biology. 2008;18:R412-4.

Oswal, A., Ogden, M. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''The time-course of stimulus expectation in a saccadic decision task.'' Journal of Neurophysiology. 2007;97:2722-30.

Anderson, A. J. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''The effect of stimuli that isolate S-cones on early saccades and the gap effect.'' Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2007; 275:335-44.

Taylor, M. J., Carpenter, R. H. S. & Anderson, A. J. ''A noisy transform predicts saccadic and manual reaction times to changes in contrast.'' Journal of Physiology 2006; 573: 241-251

Carpenter, R. H. S. & Anderson, A. J. ''The death of Schrödinger's cat and of consciousness-based quantum wave-function collapse''. Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie 2006; 31: 1-8

Sinha, N., Brown, J. T. G. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Task switching as a two-stage decision process.'' Journal of Neurophysiology 2006; 95: 3146–3153.

McDonald, S. A., Carpenter, R. H. S. & Shillcock R. C. ''An anatomically-constrained, stochastic model of eye movement control in reading.'' Psychological Review 2005; 112: 814–840.

Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Homeostasis: a plea for a unified approach.'' Advances in Physiology Education 2004; 28: S180-187.

Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Contrast, probability and saccadic latency: evidence for independence of detection and decision.'' Current Biology 2004; 14: 1576–1580.

Reddi, B. A. J. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Venous excess: a new approach to cardiovascular control and its teaching.'' Journal of Applied Physiology 2004; 98: 356–364.

Nouraei, S. A. R., de Pennington, N., Jones, J. G. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Dose-related effect of sevoflurane sedation on the higher control of eye movements and decision-making.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003; 91: 175-83

Reddi, B. A. J. & Asrress, K. N. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Accuracy, information and response time in a saccadic decision task''. Journal of Neurophysiology 2003; 90: 3538-46

Leach, J. C. D. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Saccadic choice with asynchronous targets: evidence for independent randomisation.'' Vision Research 2001; 41: 3437–45.

Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Express saccades: is bimodality a result of the order of stimulus presentation?'' Vision Research 2001; 41: 1145–1151.

Reddi, B. A. J. & Carpenter, R. H. S. ''The influence of urgency on decision time.'' Nature Neuroscience 2000; 3: 827–831.

Carpenter, R. H. S. ''A neural mechanism that randomises behaviour.'' Journal of Consciousness Studies 1999; 6: 13–22.

Carpenter, R. H. S, & Kinsler, V. ''Saccadic eye movements while reading music.'' Vision Research 1995; 35: 1447–1458.

Carpenter, R. H. S. & Williams, M. L. L. ''Neural computation of log likelihood in the control of saccadic eye movements.'' Nature 1995; 377: 59–62.

Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Movements of the Eyes.'' 2nd edition. London: Pion, 1988.

Carpenter, R. H. S. ''Cerebellectomy and the transfer-function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the decerebrate cat.'' Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1972; 181: 353-374

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/staff/carpenter/pub.html Full publications Roger Carpenter, Professor of Oculomotor Physiology] at cam.ac.uk *R. H. S. Carpenter, [http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/staff/carpenter/jconstudies.pdf A neural mechanism that randomises behaviour] (1999), full text online at cam.ac.uk *R. H. S. Carpenter, [http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/staff/carpenter/publications/carp_bimod_2001.pdf Express saccades: is bimodality a result of the order of stimulus presentation?] (2001), full text online at cam.ac.uk

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Carpenter, Roger}} Category:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:People educated at Gresham's School Category:1945 births Category:2017 deaths Category:Neurophysiologists Category:English physiologists