{{Short description|Royal Navy officer (1719–1808)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} {{Infobox military person |honorific_prefix = [[Admiral of the Red]] |name = Robert Roddam |birth_date = 1719 |death_date = 31 March {{death year and age|1808|1719}} |image = Admiral Robert Roddam.jpg |caption = Portrait by [[Lemuel Francis Abbott]], {{circa|1783}} |birth_place = [[Roddam Hall, Northumberland]] |death_place = [[Morpeth, Northumberland|Morpeth]], Northumberland |nickname = |allegiance = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]<br>[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] |service_years = 1735{{ndash}}1808 |rank = [[Admiral of the Red]] |branch = [[Royal Navy]] |commands = {{HMS|Viper|1746|6}}<br>{{HMS|Greyhound|1741|6}}<br>{{HMS|Bristol|1711|6}}<br>{{HMS|Greenwich|1747|6}}<br>{{HMS|Colchester|1746|6}}<br>{{HMS|Lenox|1758|6}}<br>{{HMS|Cornwall|1761|6}}<br>[[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore|Nore Command]]<br>[[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth|Portsmouth Command]] |unit = |battles = {{tree list}} * [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] ** [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias]] * [[War of the Austrian Succession]] * [[Seven Years' War]] * [[American War of Independence]] {{tree list/end}} |awards = |relations = }}
[[Admiral of the Red]] '''Robert Roddam''' (1719 – 31 March 1808) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer who served in the [[War of the Austrian Succession]], [[Seven Years' War]] and [[American War of Independence]]. He survived to see the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], but was not actively employed during them.
Roddam was born intto a [[landed gentry]] family in northern England, and entered the British navy some years before the outbreak of the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]]. He worked his way up through the ranks during this war, and the wider [[War of the Austrian Succession]], distinguishing himself in several actions and gaining promotions which eventually led to his first command in 1746. He impressed his superior officers, including [[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|George Anson]] and [[Sir Peter Warren]], with his ability and enthusiasm, particularly during a daring attack on a French force at [[Cedeira]] . Appointed to larger and more powerful ships, Roddam continued to win praise, and spent some time in North American waters, where he became embroiled in local power struggles. Sent to the Caribbean shortly after the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, Roddam encountered a powerful French squadron, and after a hard-fought struggle, was captured and taken prisoner. Released after a period of time spent imprisoned in poor conditions, Roddam was tried by [[court martial]] and honourably acquitted.
He spent some time with the [[Channel Fleet]] watching the French coast, and was briefly employed as senior officer of one of the blockading squadrons, where he again showed his willingness to fight against heavy odds. He was employed briefly escorting convoys before the end of the war, after which he went ashore. Returning to active service during the [[Falklands Crisis (1770)|Falklands Crisis]] in 1770, he commanded ships until 1773, and was again recalled to active service, this time with the outbreak of the American War of Independence. He was promoted to flag rank not long afterwards, and became [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore|commander-in-chief at the Nore]]. His final period of active service came during the [[Spanish armament]] of 1790, when he was [[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth|commander-in-chief at Portsmouth]], and readied ships for the anticipated war with Spain. He continued to be promoted, reaching the rank of admiral of the red in 1805. He inherited the family seat at [[Roddam Hall]], but though he married three times, he died without issue in 1808.
==Family and early life== Robert Roddam was born in 1719 at the family seat of [[Roddam Hall]], in [[Northumberland]]. He was the second of three sons born to Edward Roddam, and his wife, Jane.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB |chapter=Roddam, Robert (1719–1808)|chapter-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23930|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23930 |last1=Crimmin|first1=P. K.}}</ref> Roddam entered the navy in 1735, joining the 20-gun {{HMS|Lowestoffe|1697|6}} as a [[midshipman]] under Captain Drummond, with whom he served in the [[West Indies]] for the next five years.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC132">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=132}}</ref> He then transferred in succession to the 80-gun ships {{HMS|Russell|1692|6}}, {{HMS|Cumberland|1710|6}} and {{HMS|Boyne|1692|6}}
During this time, he served with [[Chaloner Ogle|Sir Chaloner Ogle]] and [[Edward Vernon|Sir Edward Vernon]] at the [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias]], and the occupation of [[Guantánamo Bay|Cumberland Bay]] in 1741.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC132"/> He distinguished himself during these encounters, and narrowly escaped being killed, when a cannonball shot off part of his coat.<ref name="PC132"/> He was promoted to third lieutenant of the 60-gun {{HMS|Superb|1736|6}} on 2 November 1741, and served under her commander, Captain William Hervey.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC132"/> Roddam was present when ''Superb'' encountered a Spanish ship off the Irish coast during her voyage back to Britain. The Spanish ship, measuring 400 tons, was armed with 20 guns and manned by a crew of 60, was captured, and later valued at £200,000.<ref name="NC180">{{cite book |last=Schomberg|title=Naval Chronology|page=180}}</ref>
===Hervey's court martial=== Hervey had gained a reputation for ill treatment of his officers, and on ''Superb''{{'}}s return to [[Plymouth]] in August 1742, Hervey was tried by [[court martial]] on charges of 'cruelty, ill usage of his officers, and neglect of duty'.<ref name="ODNB"/>{{Ref label|A|a|none}} In response, Hervey made accusations against his first lieutenant, John Hardy, who was also brought to court martial.<ref name="NMM">{{cite book |last=Beatson|title=Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain|page=161}}</ref> Roddam gave evidence to support the charges against Hervey, who was found guilty and [[Cashiering|cashiered]], while Hardy was honourably acquitted.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="NMM"/>
===''Monmouth'' and 'witchcraft'=== With ''Superb'' paid off at Plymouth, Roddam was appointed third lieutenant of the 64-gun {{HMS|Monmouth|1667|6}} on 7 September 1742, serving under Captain Charles Wyndham.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC132"/> He was with ''Monmouth'' for the next four years, spent cruising off the French coast, and travelling as far south as the [[Canary Islands]].<ref name="ODNB"/> While off [[Tenerife]] at midnight one day, Roddam, as master of the watch, was ordered to put the ship about. Three times he attempted it, but each time it proved impossible to do so, though there was no apparent obstacle to the manoeuvre.<ref name="PC133">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=133}}</ref> When relieved by Lieutenant Hamilton, Roddam related the strange behaviour of the ship, suggesting that some sort of [[witchcraft]] was responsible. In Hamilton's presence, Roddam attempted to repeat the procedure, and for the fourth time the ship missed stays. At daybreak a strange sail was sighted ahead of ''Monmouth'', which was chased down and captured. She proved to be a Spanish ship, valued at £100,000, which would otherwise have been missed had ''Monmouth'' come about during the night. Roddam was advanced to second lieutenant on 14 July 1744, during the captaincy of Henry Harrison, and two years later, on 7 June 1746, was promoted to his first command, that of the 14-gun [[sloop-of-war|sloop]] {{HMS|Viper|1746|6}}, which was nearing completion at [[Poole]].<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC133"/>
==First commands== ''Viper'' was launched at Poole on 11 June, and having got her ready for sea, Roddam sailed to join the [[Channel Fleet]] at [[Spithead]], arriving on 26 July.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC134">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=134}}</ref> Shortly after his arrival, the commander-in-chief, [[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|George Anson]] expressed a desire to stop a fleet, then at Plymouth, from sailing. The commanders of the various ships in the fleet argued against sending a ship, owing to the strong south-westerly wind, but Roddam, despite having a brand-new ship, not fully fitted and trialled at sea, offered to make the attempt. Impressed, Anson wrote to the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]], and requested that Roddam be placed under his command.<ref name="PC134"/>
Anson was later superseded by Vice-Admiral [[Sir Peter Warren]], who in mid-1747 received word from a [[Bristol]]-based [[privateer]] that a fleet of some 30 ships were assembled at [[Cedeira|Cedeiro Bay]], near [[Cape Ortegal]], loaded with naval stores. The entrance to the anchorage was very narrow, and was defended by two shore batteries. With the odds against any attack, Sir Peter decided that there was little point in risking an assault.<ref name="PC134"/>
At this time Captain Henry Harrison, Roddam's old commander on ''Monmouth'', suggested to Warren that Roddam make an attempt in ''Viper'', adding that 'He would answer for that young man effecting all that human nature could perform'.<ref name="PC135">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=135}}</ref>
Impressed with Harrison's confidence, Warren ordered Roddam to make an attack. Roddam sailed that evening, and was in position the following morning. He stormed the first battery, carrying it and destroying all its guns, as well as capturing a Spanish privateer which emerged from the bay. He then entered the bay, burnt twenty-eight merchant ships and captured five of them, the most he could provide sailors to man from his small crew.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC135"/>
The inhabitants of the town of [[Cedeira]] offered to surrender to Roddam on his terms, but were told that Roddam 'did not come there to aggrandize himself or crew by distressing harmless individuals, but only such as armed against Great Britain...'<ref name="PC135"/>
On his return to England Roddam was embraced by Warren, who thanked him personally for his skill and gallantry. Warren wrote to the Admiralty strongly recommending Roddam for promotion, and as a result of his efforts, Roddam was advanced to [[post captain]] on 9 July 1747, and given command of the 24-gun {{HMS|Greyhound|1741|6}}.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC135"/>
Meanwhile, Roddam had, on his return to Britain after his action off Cedeira, been petitioned by the constituents of [[Portsmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Portsmouth]] to represent them as their [[Member of Parliament]]. Roddam turned down their offer, and went on to serve at sea under [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] Mitchell, cruising off the Dutch coast and in the [[North Sea]].<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC136">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=136}}</ref> During this time he escorted [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle]], who was on a diplomatic mission to the [[Dutch Republic]]. Roddam's time in the North Sea came to an end with the signing of the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] in 1748, which brought the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] to a close.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC136"/>
He retained command of ''Greyhound'' and went out to North America to serve under Admiral [[Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Watson]] at [[Fortress of Louisbourg|Louisbourg]], who based Roddam at [[Province of New York|New York]] for the next three years until 1751.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC136"/> While at New York in 1750, one of ''Greyhound''{{'}}s lieutenants accidentally shot a woman. A civil trial and court martial resulted, causing Roddam considerable trouble, and hinting at an anti-English mood among some sections of colonial society.<ref name="ODNB"/>{{Ref label|B|b|none}}
Roddam was appointed to command the 50-gun {{HMS|Bristol|1711|6}}, which was then the Plymouth [[guardship]], on 30 January 1753. He was moved to the 50-gun {{HMS|Greenwich|1747|6}} in 1755.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC136"/>
==Seven Years' War==
===Defending ''Greenwich''=== [[File:Joseph de Bauffremont with M de Broves being welcome into Smyrne by the French Consul 28 September 1766 detail.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph de Bauffremont]] (centre), whose squadron captured Roddam off [[San Domingo]]]]
Roddam was ordered to the Caribbean shortly after the outbreak of the [[Seven Years' War]] and departed for [[Jamaica]] on 23 January 1757.<ref name="ODNB"/> While cruising off Cape Cabron, [[San Domingo]] on 18 March 1757, mysterious sails were sighted, which were at first assumed to be a small fleet of merchant ships being conveyed by two frigates. They were in fact a squadron of French warships under [[Joseph de Bauffremont]], consisting of the 84-gun [[French ship Tonnant (1743)|''Tonnant'']], the 74-gun ships [[French ship Diadème (1756)|''Diadème'']] and ''Desauncene'', the 64-gun ships [[French ship Éveillé (1752)|''Éveillé'']] and ''Inflexible'', the frigates [[French frigate Sauvage (1756)|''Sauvage'']] and [[French frigate Brune (1755)|''Brune'']], and a 20-gun storeship.<ref name="PC136"/> The French were to windward, and Bauffremont, unsure of ''Greenwich''{{'}}s identity, sent one of his frigates to examine her. Realising that with the wind in the Frenchman's favour, he could not escape, Roddam attempted to lure the frigate towards him, hoping to capture her before the rest of the fleet could intervene, and then send her immediately to Rear-Admiral [[George Townshend (Royal Navy officer)|George Townshend]], the commander at Jamaica, with news of the French movements.<ref name="PC137">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=137}}</ref>
On assessing ''Greenwich''{{'}}s strength, the frigate kept close to the squadron, which then came up and attacked, action commencing at 9 a.m. when ''Diadème'' opened fire. For the next twelve hours ''Greenwich'' was constantly engaged with one or other of the French ships.<ref name="PC137"/> Roddam still hoped to carry his plan of capturing one of them into execution, and assembled his men in an attempt to board the 64-gun ''Éveillé'', but several of her consorts bore up and opened fire, damaging ''Greenwich''{{'}}s rigging and leaving her unmanageable. Roddam gathered his officers together, and told them that though they had no hope of winning against such a superior force, if any man could point out the admiral's flagship, he hoped to engage her and fight on for another hour or two.<ref name="PC137"/> His officers, among whom was Lieutenant [[James Wallace (Royal Navy officer)|James Wallace]], pledged to follow their captain, but pointed out that they had done all in their power to defend their ship. At 9.30 p.m., Roddam agreed to surrender his ship, as further resistance would only cause further casualties among his men.<ref name="PC138">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=138}}</ref>
The [[striking the colours|colours were then struck]] to ''Éveillé'', upon which her commander demanded Roddam come aboard his ship.<ref name="PC138"/> Roddam refused, answering that if he was wanted on the French ship, a boat must be sent for him, or else he would rehoist the colours and defend the ship until she sank.<ref name="PC139">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=139}}</ref> A lieutenant was then sent over in a boat from the French ship, and Roddam came aboard. The French commander, Captain Merville, gave Roddam the bedding of the ordinary ship's company and a dirty rug, and did not allow him to change his clothes.<ref name="PC139"/> ''Greenwich'' was ransacked, and the crew left unfed. Roddam protested, and demanded to be taken to see Bauffremont. After Roddam had expressed his grievances, Bauffremont asked Roddam why he had refused to come to present his surrender in his own boat. Roddam replied that he would have considered it a disgrace, and that his sword would have been delivered through the body of the person demanding it, had it happened to him.<ref name="PC140">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=140}}</ref>
===Captivity=== Roddam and his men were taken to [[Hispaniola]] and imprisoned there. At first Roddam was allowed to visit his men everyday, but after some time, this was refused. His men became concerned that he had been murdered, and on not getting a satisfactory answer to their queries, seized their guards and took up arms.<ref name="PC141">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=141}}</ref> The prison governor sent for Roddam and asked him to restore order among his men, which Roddam only agreed to do once he had received promises of better treatment for them. Their treatment improved, and after two months in prison the men were paroled back to Jamaica.<ref name="PC141"/>
===Court martial=== On arriving back at Jamaica Roddam was tried by court martial for the loss of his ship. The court martial was held aboard {{HMS|Marlborough|1767|6}} on 14 July 1757.<ref name="PC138"/> After hearing evidence from the crew, the court honourably acquitted him, and Roddam had the [[minutes]] printed at [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] for circulation.<ref name="ODNB"/> He had hoped for similar success to the minutes printed from Admiral [[John Byng|Sir John Byng's]] court martial, which had been held earlier that year, but found they did not sell as well as he had expected. He was told by the printer that 'if you had been condemned to be shot, your trial would have sold as well; but the public take no interest in an honourable acquittal'.<ref name="ODNB"/>
==Return to service== Roddam returned to England aboard a [[packet ship|packet]], and had to work to save the ship when the master pressed on too much sail in a gale, and again when a mysterious sail appeared to be attempting to catch the packet.<ref name="PC143">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=143}}</ref> Roddam was [[prisoner exchange|exchanged]] shortly after his arrival in England, and went out as a passenger aboard {{HMS|Montagu|1757|6}} to join the fleet off [[Ushant]] under [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Sir Edward Hawke]].<ref name="PC143"/> Hawke gave him command of the 50-gun {{HMS|Colchester|1746|6}} on 7 December 1759.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC143"/> After taking her to Plymouth to fit her out, he was sent by Hawke to cruise off [[Brest, France|Brest]], watching the French fleet there in company with {{HMS|Monmouth|1667|6}}, under Captain [[Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol|Augustus Hervey]], and HMS ''Montagu'' under Captain [[Sir Joshua Rowley, 1st Baronet|Joshua Rowley]].<ref name="PC143"/> Three French warships came out, which the British ships chased back under the guns of the shore batteries, and ran one of them ashore.<ref name="PC143"/>
===Off Belle Île=== Having carried this out, Roddam was sent to relieve [[Robert Duff (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Duff]], who was cruising off [[Belle Île]]. To do so he sailed ''Colchester'' through Le Ras, a narrow channel separating the Saints from the mainland, and entered [[Audierne|Audierne Bay]], and became the first known English ship to do so.<ref name="PC144">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=144}}</ref> On arriving he received orders to watch a fleet of transport ships, with an escort of 16 frigates, moored there, believed to be preparing to carry troops to invade Ireland. Lacking sufficient ships to engage the frigates, Roddam gave orders that if possible the French were to be engaged so as to target the transport ships and shoot away their masts, but to avoid the frigates.<ref name="PC144"/> When questioned by his subordinates that ordering his ships not to engage would leave them open to accusations of cowardice, Roddam replied that since he gave the order, only he could be accused, and he would take ''Colchester'' and engage all the frigates single-handedly, trusting that 'some of them would be sent to the bottom.'<ref name="PC144"/>
[[File:Captain John Reynolds, 1714-88.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Reynolds (Royal Navy officer)|John Reynolds]], who succeeded Roddam as senior officer off [[Belle Île]]]]
Before long Commodore [[John Reynolds (Royal Navy officer)|John Reynolds]] arrived aboard {{HMS|Firm|1759|6}} and superseded Roddam as senior officer. Reynolds assessed the possibility of attacking the convoy lying in the river, but was advised by his captains that it could not be done. Roddam requested permission to try anyway, as ''Colchester'' was 'an old man of war, not worth much, and the loss of her would be trifling for the good of the service.'<ref name="PC145">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=145}}</ref> Reynolds forbade Roddam from trying, whereupon Roddam suggested that Reynolds cruise off one of the channels of Belle Île, while Roddam covered the other. Reynolds agreed to this, but that night the French were able to elude Reynolds, and escaped into the river Vans.<ref name="PC145"/> On Duff's return aboard {{HMS|Rochester|1749|6}} to resume command of the squadron, and finding ''Colchester'' in need of repairs, Roddam was sent back to Plymouth, to refit and re-provision.<ref name="PC145"/>
===Convoy work=== Roddam returned to Plymouth, with ''Colchester'' leaking badly, but the [[Port Admiral (Royal Navy)|port admiral]], Commodore Hanaway, merely sent some [[Caulking|caulkers]] on board, and sent her back to sea to join Sir Edward Hawke off Vans with a convoy. On joining the fleet, Hawke asked who had sent him a ship in such poor condition, and sent Roddam back to Plymouth to properly refit.<ref name="PC146">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=146}}</ref> Roddam was then sent to [[Saint Helena]], with Captain Jeekill's 60-gun {{HMS|Rippon|1758|6}} under his orders, to bring home the East Indies convoy. They were joined for their return voyage by [[George Pocock|Sir George Pocock's]] squadron.<ref name="PC146"/> As the squadron and the convoy passed the [[Isles of Scilly]], Roddam became concerned that they were too close to the land, and gave the signal to tack. Roddam had a second occasion to warn the convoy, when off [[Dover]]. Pocock gave the order to lie-to, but Roddam, seeing that some of the convoy were in danger of running onto [[South Foreland]], signalled for the ships to bear away to [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]].<ref name="PC146"/> In both instances Pocock deferred to Roddam's judgement, and thanked him for his efforts.<ref name="PC146"/> ''Colchester'' was then ordered to Portsmouth, and on peace being declared, went ashore.<ref name="PC147">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=147}}</ref>
==Falklands crisis and American War of Independence== Roddam was recalled to active service during the [[Falklands Crisis (1770)|Falklands Crisis]] in 1770, with an appointment to command the 74-gun {{HMS|Lenox|1758|6}} on 7 December. The crisis died down without breaking into open conflict, and Roddam remained in command of ''Lenox'', which was used as the Portsmouth guardship, until 19 December 1773, when he was relieved by Captain Matthew Moor.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC147"/> With the outbreak of the American War of Independence Roddam again returned to active service, taking command of the 74-gun {{HMS|Cornwall|1761|6}} at [[Chatham Dockyard|Chatham]] on 17 March 1777, and took her to [[Spithead]].<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC147"/> Here he was to command her as one of 12 ships sent to the Mediterranean, but he received his promotion to rear-admiral of the white on 23 January 1778 and was succeeded as captain of ''Cornwall'' by Captain Timothy Edwards.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC147"/>
Roddam then became [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]] in 1778. He held the command for the remainder of the war, being promoted to vice-admiral of the blue on 19 March 1779 and vice-admiral of the white on 26 September 1780.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC148">{{cite book |title=Public Characters|page=148}}</ref> He was without active employment for a time after the end of the war, but was promoted to vice-admiral of the red on 24 September 1787, and on 20 April 1789 he became [[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth|Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth]].<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC148"/>
==Later years== He was commander there for three years, flying his flag aboard the 84-gun [[HMS Prince (1670)|HMS ''Royal William'']] during the [[Spanish armament]] in 1790. During the crisis he received orders from the Admiralty to prepare the guardships for sea. He had them fitted and ready for manning within five days, and on being ordered to fit a further five ships for sea, completed the task in fourteen days.<ref name="PC148"/> His rapid response attracted French attention, who reported in their newspapers that 'British ships of war [have] sprung up complete like mushrooms.'<ref name="PC148"/> With the passing of the crisis Roddam struck his flag in 1792. With the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] Roddam received a promotion to admiral of the blue on 1 February 1793. He was promoted to admiral of the white on 12 April 1794, and admiral of the red on 9 November 1805.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="PC148"/>
==Family and personal life== Roddam married three times in his life. His first marriage was to Lucy Mary Clinton, the daughter of [[George Clinton (British politician)|George Clinton]], the governor of New York at the time of Roddam's posting there, on 24 April 1749. Lucy died on 9 December 1750.<ref name="ODNB"/> He then married Alithea Calder, the daughter of Sir James Calder, 3rd Baronet, and a sister of [[Robert Calder]], who would become an admiral in the wars with France, in March 1775.<ref name="ODNB"/> Alithea died on 21 July 1799, with Roddam marrying a third time, this time to Ann, daughter of Elizabeth Harrison of Killingworth, Northumberland.<ref>Will, Elizabeth Harrison of Killingworth. 1799/1803: https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-XCT9-L2B</ref> None of Roddam's marriages produced any children, and he left his estates to his distant relative William Spencer Stanhope, of [[Cannon Hall]] near [[Barnsley]] in south Yorkshire, the great-grandson of his first cousin Mary Roddam, wife of Edward Collingwood, and cousin to Admiral [[Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood|Lord Collingwood]].<ref name="ODNB"/> Robert Roddam had succeeded to the family estates in 1776, on the death without issue of his elder brother Edward Roddam, and settled at the family seat of [[Roddam Hall]] in Northumberland where he had been born.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="Burke">{{cite book |last=Burke|title=Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History|page=1134}}</ref> He appears to have spent his time improving the house and grounds, and was probably responsible for adding the late eighteenth-century wings to the hall.<ref name="ODNB"/> He also planted an avenue of trees, which are still extant today, named on [[Ordnance Survey]] maps as Admiral's Avenue, which leads to Boat Wood.<ref name="ODNB"/>
Admiral Robert Roddam died at [[Morpeth, Northumberland|Morpeth]] on 31 March 1808.<ref name="ODNB"/> His biographer, P. K. Crimmin, described him as a 'brave and competent sailor and a diligent administrator', but noted that he was 'not interested in politics or in a political route to professional advancement.'<ref name="ODNB"/> Certain incidents during his career hinted to Crimmin of a 'certain naïvety towards the non-naval world', and he noted that Roddam's 'closest connections and friendships were service ones.'<ref name="ODNB"/>
Roddam was buried in the Roddam Mausoleum in the churchyard of St Michael's, [[Ilderton, Northumberland|Ilderton]], in north Northumberland.
==Notes== {{refbegin}} '''a.''' {{Note label|A|a|none}} Hervey's actions in the Caribbean had, as early as October 1740, led the [[Port Admiral (Royal Navy)|port admiral]] to recommend that he be relieved of command, but the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] declined to act.<ref name="OIHRN">{{cite book |last=Hill & Ranft|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy|page=144}}</ref>
'''b.''' {{Note label|B|b|none}} The controversy eventually involved a number of colonial leaders, including Chief Justice [[James DeLancey]], [[List of colonial governors of New York|Governor]] [[George Clinton (British politician)|George Clinton]], who was also Roddam's father-in-law, and [[John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford]], the [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]]. Part of the debate revolved around the rights of the civil authorities to intervene in the military's judicial process, with Clinton criticising DeLancey's attempts to extend his authority at the expense of military discipline.<ref name="Documents">{{cite book |last=[[John Romeyn Brodhead|Brodhead]], [[Berthold Fernow|Fernow]] & [[Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan|O'Callaghan]]|title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York|pages=571–6}}</ref>
'''c.''' {{Note label|C|c|none}} ''Greenwich'' enjoyed only a brief career with the French. She was taken into their service under Captain Foucault, and saw action with [[Guy François de Coetnempren, comte de Kersaint]]'s squadron at the indecisive [[Battle of Cap-Français]] on 21 October 1757.<ref name="WA">{{cite book |last=Marley|title=Wars of the Americas|pages=280–1}}</ref> She survived the action and escorted a convoy to France, but was wrecked in a gale as she neared the French coast on 1 January 1758.<ref name="WA"/> {{refend}}
==Citations== {{Reflist|30em}}
==References== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |title = Public Characters [Formerly British public characters] of 1798-9 - 1809-10| publisher =H. Colburn|location=London |year = 1803}} *{{cite book |last =Beatson| first = Robert|title = Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783| publisher =Richard Phillips|location=London |year = 1804|volume=1}} *{{cite book |last=Brodhead|first=John R. |author2=Fernow, Berthold |author3=O'Callaghan, Edmund B.|title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York|publisher=Weed, Parsons|year=1855|volume=6}} *{{cite book |last =Burke| first = John|author-link=John Burke (genealogist)|title = Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry| publisher =H. Colburn|location=London |year = 1847|volume=2}} *{{cite ODNB |first=P. K.|last=Crimmin|chapter='Roddam, Robert (1719–1808)’|chapter-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23930|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23930 }} *{{cite book |last =Hill| first = J. R.|author2=Ranft, Bryan |title = The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy| publisher =Oxford University Press| year = 2002|isbn=0-19-860527-7}} *{{cite book | last =Marley| first = David|title = Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present| publisher =ABC-CLIO| year = 1998|isbn=0-87436-837-5}} *{{cite book | last =Schomberg| first = Isaac|title = Naval chronology: or An historical summary of naval and maritime events... From the time of the Romans, to the treaty of peace of Amiens| publisher =T. Egerton by C. Roworth| year = 1815|volume=1}} {{refend}}
{{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore]] | years=1778–1783 | before=[[Edward Vernon (1723–1794)|Edward Vernon]]| after=[[Walter Stirling|Sir Walter Stirling]]}} |- {{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth]] | years=1789–1792 | before=[[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Viscount Hood]] | after=[[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Viscount Hood]]}} {{end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roddam, Robert}} [[Category:1719 births]] [[Category:1808 deaths]] [[Category:Royal Navy admirals]] [[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession]] [[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War]] [[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War]] [[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Category:British naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]]