{{short description|Confederate Brigadier General}} {{Infobox military person |name= Robert Charles Tyler |birth_date= December 4, 1832 |death_date = {{death date and age|1865|4|16|1832|12|4}} |birth_place= [[Hardwick, Massachusetts]] |death_place= near [[West Point, Georgia|West Point]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] |burial_place= Fort Tyler Cemetery<br>West Point, Georgia |burial_label= |image=Brig. Gen. Robert Charles Tyler.jpg |caption= |nickname= |allegiance= [[Confederate States of America]] |branch= [[Confederate States Army]] |service_years= 1861–1865 |rank= [[File:Union army 1st lt rank insignia.jpg|35px]] 1st Lieutenant [[William Walker (filibuster)|(Walker's Army)]] <br/>[[File:Confederate States of America General-collar.svg|35px]] [[Brigadier General (CSA)]] |commands= Fort Tyler<br>Bate's/Tyler's Brigade<br>{{nowrap|15th-37th Consolidated Tennessee Infantry}}<br>[[15th Tennessee Infantry Regiment]] |unit= |battles=[[Campaign of 1856–57|William Walker's Campaign of 1856–57]] [[American Civil War]] *[[Battle of Belmont]] *[[Battle of Shiloh]] *[[Siege of Corinth]] *[[Confederate Heartland Offensive]] *[[Battle of Stones River]] *[[Battle of Chickamauga]] *[[Battle of Missionary Ridge]] *[[Battle of West Point]]{{KIA}} |relations= }} '''Robert Charles Tyler''' (December 4, 1832 – April 16, 1865) was a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] Brigadier General during the [[American Civil War]]. He was the last general killed in the conflict.
He commanded the 15th Tennessee Infantry at [[Battle of Belmont|Belmont]] and [[Battle of Shiloh|Shiloh]], and then led the 15th-37th Consolidated Tennessee Infantry into battle at [[Battle of Chickamauga|Chickamauga]]. Commanding a brigade at [[Battle of Missionary Ridge|Missionary Ridge]], he lost a leg. He was killed at the [[Battle of West Point]], Georgia, one of the last battles of the war, defending an earthworks named Fort Tyler after him.
==Early life== Robert Charles Tyler was born Reuben Cutler Tyler, December 4, 1832, the son of Reuben and Elizabeth Billings Tyler of Hardwick, Massachusetts. The father was a farmer and deacon of the local Congregationalist church. He's living with his parents in Hardwick in 1850, but by 1852 he moved to Yolo County, California, being listed as a "farmer," born Massachusetts, on the 1852 California state census.<ref>See Allardice, "The Lost General is at Last Found," Emerging Civil War blog, March 2, 2022, at https://emergingcivilwar.com/2022/03/02/the-lost-general-is-at-last-found/ One researcher claims Tyler was born in 1833, in an area between the cities of [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] and [[Jackson, Tennessee]], with his family moving to [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] when he was a young child. See https://www.angelfire.com/ga3/confederaterebels/tyler.html However, Allardice, "Out of the Shadows" suggests that he lived in California in the 1850s, and did not live in Baltimore until the late 1850s.</ref> By 1855 he's living in Sonoma County, California, and is being sued for debts. He served as a first lieutenant in [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker's]] [[Filibuster (military)|filibustering]] army and fought in Nicaragua during the [[Campaign of 1856–57]].<ref>The Sonoma County Journal, February 13, 1857 and August 7, 1857, mentions their "former townsman," R. C. Tyler, is now serving under Walker.</ref> About this time he started being referred to as "R. Charles" or "Robert Charles" Tyler, perhaps in order to evade his California creditors. Briefly settling to Baltimore, he worked there as a clerk in 1859. Just prior to the Civil War moved to [[Memphis, Tennessee]] working as a clerk. In 1859 he helped organize the [[Knights of the Golden Circle]],<ref name=Sanders>{{cite web|last1=Sanders|first1=Stuart|title=Robert Charles Tyler: Last American Civil War Confederate General Slain in Combat|url=http://www.historynet.com/robert-charles-tyler-last-american-civil-war-confederate-general-slain-in-combat.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602230347/http://www.historynet.com/robert-charles-tyler-last-american-civil-war-confederate-general-slain-in-combat.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2008|website=Weider History Group - Historynet|accessdate=19 July 2014|date=12 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Keehn|first1=David C.|title=Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War|date=2013|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Louisiana|isbn=978-0-8071-5004-7|pages=318}}</ref> being chosen quartermaster general at the KGC's 1860 national convention. In 1860 KGC founder George W. Bickley helped "Reuben C. Tyler" of Baltimore, and other KGC officers, obtain passports, possibly in connection with another filibustering attempt.
Missing or conflicting sources make both his early life and his military career in the early civil war years unsure.<ref>Ezra J. Warner, author of ''Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders'', once commented, ''Tyler is by all odds the most enigmatic figure of the 425 generals of the Confederacy.''</ref>
==Civil War== When the American Civil War erupted, Tyler joined the [[Confederate Army]] as a [[Private (rank)|private]] in Company D of the [[15th Tennessee Infantry Regiment]], and was promoted to Quartermaster Sergeant the same date.<ref>Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J.; ''Civil War High Commands''; Stanford University Press; 2001; p. 539; {{ISBN|0-8047-3641-3}}.</ref> Within early 1861 Tyler was promoted to the position of Regimental Quartermaster, and is said to have been Quartermaster-General on the staffs of Generals [[Benjamin F. Cheatham]] and [[Gideon Pillow]] with the rank of [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] and later as [[Major (rank)|major]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Krick|first=Robert E.L.|title=Staff Officers in Gray: A Biographical Register of the Staff Officers in the Army of Northern Virginia|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|page=359|year=2003|isbn=0-8078-2788-6}}. Allardice, "Out of the Shadows" states that he was appointed captain and regimental quartermaster to rank from Sept. 26, 1861; promoted to major and brigade quartermaster Oct. 2, 1861; elected Lt. Col. of the 15th Tennessee Dec. 4, 1861.</ref> Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel shortly before the [[Battle of Belmont]] as his predecessor resigned, Tyler commanded the regiment during the battle as Colonel Charles M. Carroll was absent. Tyler retained command of the regiment till the [[Battle of Shiloh]]. Losing three horses under him, he was wounded himself on April 7. His services were officially noted by Tyler's brigade commander, Brigadier [[Bushrod Johnson]].<ref>''The War of the Rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'' I-X-1, pp. 445–446</ref>
Stationed at Corinth the 15th Tennessee reorganized, and Tyler was elected to become Colonel of the regiment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lindsley|first1=John Berrien|title=The Military Annals of Tennessee. Confederate. First Series: embracing a Review of Military Operations, with Regimental Histories and Memorial Rolls|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryannalso00lind|publisher=J. M. Lindsley & CO.|location=Nashville, TN|page=333|date=1886}}</ref> Partially due to his wounds, by order of General [[Braxton Bragg]] he served as [[Provost Marshal|Provost-Marshal General]] of the [[Army of Tennessee]] during the [[Confederate Heartland Offensive]].<ref>''The War of the Rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'' I-XX-2, p. 404</ref> After the [[Battle of Stones River]], the depleted 15th Tennessee was consolidated with the [[37th Tennessee Infantry Regiment]] and Tyler was selected by General Bragg to command the 15th-37th Consolidated Tennessee Infantry Regiment, which he led into the [[Battle of Chickamauga]]. Capturing four guns on September 19, Tyler was slightly wounded in the assault on the next day.<ref>''The War of the Rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'' I-XXX-2, pp. 395–396</ref>
When after the battle Brigadier [[William B. Bate]] was elevated to division command, Tyler took command of the brigade. Tyler then had command not only his own 15-37th Tennessee, but also the 10th, 20th and 30th Tennessee Regiments, as well as the 1st Tennessee Battalion, the 4th Georgia Battalion and the 37th Georgia Regiment. In the ensuing [[Chattanooga campaign]] Tyler's (Bate's) brigade was posted on [[Missionary Ridge]], right in the center of the Confederate second line near Bragg's headquarters. During the [[Battle of Missionary Ridge]] the brigade initially held its position against [[George D. Wagner|Wagner's]] brigade, but was dislodged by the flanking attack of [[William B. Hazen|Hazen's]] brigade. Trying to rally his fleeing men Tyler was shot in the left leg and was carried from the field.<ref>''The War of the Rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'' I-XXXI-2, pp. 739, 742–744</ref>
The wound eventually led to the amputation of his leg and bound him to use crutches for the rest of his life. For his physical recovery, he transferred into a hospital at [[West Point, Georgia]], and was still there when he received a promotion to [[General officers in the Confederate States Army#Brigadier general|brigadier general]] on February 23, 1864. Though his brigade was renamed to Tyler's Brigade, he never commanded the unit in the field. Instead he stayed in Georgia and later in 1864 commanded a camp near Macon where dismounted cavalrymen, stragglers and shirkers were organized into infantry.<ref>''The War of the Rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.'' I-XVL-2, pp. 658–659</ref> When the area was evacuated in late 1864 Tyler returned to West Point as commander of Fort Tyler, a small square earthwork with two field guns and a large 32-pounder gun. He held the position during winter, guarding the railroad bridges over the [[Chattahoochee River]] with a small detachment of convalescent soldiers, invalids and militiamen.<ref name=Sanders/>
===Battle of West Point=== On the morning of April 16, 1865, seven days after [[Robert E. Lee]]'s surrender, one of the brigades of [[Cavalry Corps (Union Army)#Western Cavalry Corps|Wilson's Cavalry Corps]], commanded by Colonel [[Oscar Hugh La Grange]] and accompanied by a battery of artillery, attacked Fort Tyler.<ref name=Sanders/> The battle raged on through most of the day as the outnumbered Confederates under command of General Tyler attempted to hold their fort. Around noon, during a stalemate, Tyler looked out onto the battlefield and was shot by a sniper positioned in a nearby cottage – which Tyler had refused to burn earlier because he knew the owner and did not believe the person could afford the loss. Reputedly another soldier shot at the same time, splitting his crutches.<ref name=Lenz>Lenz, Richard. "The Battle of Fort Tyler." In The Civil War in Georgia, An Illustrated Traveler's Guide. Lenz Design & Communications Inc, 1995. http://www.sherpaguides.com/georgia/civil_war/sidebars/battle_of_fort_tyler.html. Tyler's death notice in the Worcester, Massachusetts National Aegis, July 1, 1865, mentions that he is a native of Hardwick.</ref>
General Tyler is buried on the Fort Tyler Cemetery at West Point, like the other fallen defenders of Fort Tyler. He rests in a joint grave together with a longtime friend, Captain Celestino Gonzalez of the [[1st Florida Infantry Regiment]].<ref name=Sanders/>
==See also== {{portal|American Civil War|Biography}} *[[List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)]]
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References== * Allardice, Bruce, "Out of the Shadows" (Robert C. Tyler)." Civil War Times Illustrated (1995). * Allardice, "The Lost General is at Last Found," Emerging Civil War blog, March 2, 2022, at https://emergingcivilwar.com/2022/03/02/the-lost-general-is-at-last-found/ * Eicher, John H., and [[David J. Eicher]], ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-3641-1}}. * {{cite book|last1=Keehn|first1=David C.|title=Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War|date=2013|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Louisiana|isbn=978-0-8071-5004-7|pages=318}} * {{cite book|last=Krick|first=Robert E.L.|title=Staff Officers in Gray: A Biographical Register of the Staff Officers in the Army of Northern Virginia|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|page=359|year=2003|isbn=0-8078-2788-6}} * Lenz, Richard. "The Battle of Fort Tyler." In The Civil War in Georgia, An Illustrated Traveler's Guide. Lenz Design & Communications Inc, 1995. http://www.sherpaguides.com/georgia/civil_war/sidebars/battle_of_fort_tyler.html. * {{cite book|last1=Lindsley|first1=John Berrien|title=The Military Annals of Tennessee. Confederate. First Series: embracing a Review of Military Operations, with Regimental Histories and Memorial Rolls|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryannalso00lind|publisher=J. M. Lindsley & CO.|location=Nashville, TN|page=333|date=1886}} * {{cite web|last1=Sanders|first1=Stuart|title=Robert Charles Tyler: Last American Civil War Confederate General Slain in Combat|url=http://www.historynet.com/robert-charles-tyler-last-american-civil-war-confederate-general-slain-in-combat.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602230347/http://www.historynet.com/robert-charles-tyler-last-american-civil-war-confederate-general-slain-in-combat.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2008|website=Weider History Group - Historynet|accessdate=19 July 2014|date=12 June 2006}} * Sifakis, Stewart. ''Who Was Who in the Civil War.'' New York: Facts On File, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1055-4}}. * United States War Department. ''The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.'' Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. (Principally prepare by Robert N. Scott) {{OCLC|427057}}. * [[Ezra J. Warner (historian)|Warner, Ezra J.]] ''Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. {{ISBN|978-0-8071-0823-9}}.
==External links== {{commons category}} *{{Find a Grave|8430|accessdate=2009-04-28}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyler, Robert C.}} [[Category:1832 births]] [[Category:1865 deaths]] [[Category:Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War]] [[Category:Confederate States Army brigadier generals]] [[Category:Military personnel from Baltimore]]