Drava

{{Short description|Tributary of the Danube River in south-central Europe}} {{Distinguish|text = the Drawa}} {{Infobox river | name = Drava or Drave | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Drau, Dráva | name_etymology =  | image = River Drava (29799981721).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = The Drava in Osijek, Croatia | map = Drave.png | map_size = | map_caption = Map of the Drava [http://u.osmfr.org/m/391144/] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5  | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|Italy|Austria|Slovenia|Croatia|Hungary}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|Lienz|Spittal an der Drau|Villach|Ferlach|Dravograd|Vuzenica|Muta|Ruše|Maribor|Ptuj|Ormož|Varaždin|Barcs|Belišće|Osijek}}  | length = {{convert|709.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location=Osijek, Croatia (19.8 km; 12¼ miles upstream of mouth) | discharge1_min ={{convert|125|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|552|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|3,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | source1 = North of the Neunerkofel/Cima Nove over the Toblacher Feld/Sella di Dobbiaco | source1_location = Toblach/Dobbiaco, South Tyrol/Alto Adige, Italy | source1_coordinates= {{coord|46|43|9|N|12|15|16|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1,450|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = Danube near Osijek | mouth_location = Croatia | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|45|32|38|N|18|55|31|E|type:_river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = {{RDanube}} | river_system = Danube River | basin_size = {{convert|40,154|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | discharge4_location=Ormož, Slovenia (312.8 km; 194¼ miles upstream of mouth - Basin size: {{convert|15,379|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge5_avg={{convert|280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge5_min={{convert|95|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge5_location=Lavamünd, Austria (413.3 km; 256¾ miles upstream of mouth - Basin size: {{convert|11,052|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge4_max={{convert|1,994|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge4_avg={{convert|292|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge4_min={{convert|28|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge2_location=Belišće, Croatia (53.8 km; 33½ miles upstream of mouth - Basin size: {{convert|38,500|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge3_max={{convert|3,040|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/> (Period of data: 1896–2014){{convert|3,070|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge3_avg={{convert|486|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/> (Period of data: 1896–2014){{convert|595|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge3_min={{convert|114|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/> (Period of data: 1896–2014){{convert|170|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge3_location=Barcs, Hungary (154.1 km; 95¾ miles upstream of mouth - Basin size: {{convert|33,977|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge2_max={{convert|2,232|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge2_avg={{convert|544|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge2_min={{convert|160|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/>|discharge5_max={{convert|2,400|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=jdrcar/> | extra = }}

The '''Drava''' or '''Drave''' ({{langx|de|Drau}}, {{IPA|de|ˈdʁaʊ|pron|De-Drau.ogg}}; {{langx|sl|Drava}} {{IPA|sl|ˈdɾàːʋa|}}; {{langx|hr|Drava}} {{IPA|sh|drǎːʋa|}}; {{langx|hu|Dráva}} {{IPA|hu|ˈdraːvɒ|}}; {{langx|it|Drava}} {{IPA|it|ˈdraːva|}}), historically known as the '''Dravis''' or '''Dravus''',<ref>Smith, William, ed. (1854). [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=dravus-geo "Dravus"]. ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography''. London: John Murray.</ref> is a river in southern Central Europe.<ref name="Utrata">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xAIZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 ''Utrata Fachwörterbuch: Geographie - Englisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Englisch''] by Jürgen Utrata (2014). Retrieved 10 Apr 2014.</ref> With a length of {{gaps|710|km}} (441 miles),<ref name="jdrcar">[http://www.see-river.net/modules/uploader/uploads/system_menu/files_glavni/1_joint-drava-river-corridor-analysis-report.pdf Joint Drava River Corridor Analysis Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610164149/http://www.see-river.net/modules/uploader/uploads/system_menu/files_glavni/1_joint-drava-river-corridor-analysis-report.pdf |date=2016-06-10 }}, 27 November 2014</ref> or {{gaps|724|km}} (450 miles), if the length of its Sextner Bach source is added, it is the fifth or sixth longest tributary of the Danube, after the Tisza, Sava, Prut, Mureș and likely Siret. The Drava drains an area of about 40,154 square kilometers (15,504 sq. mi.).<ref name=jdrcar/> Its mean annual discharge is seasonally {{gaps|500|m³}} (650 cu. yd.) per second) to {{gaps|670|m³}} (880 cu. yd.) per second. Its source is near the market town of Innichen, in the Puster Valley of South Tyrol, Italy. The river flows eastward through East Tyrol and Carinthia in Austria into the Styria region of Slovenia. It then turns southeast, passing through northern Croatia and, after merging with its main tributary the Mur, forms most of the border between Croatia and Hungary, before it joins the Danube near Osijek, in Croatia.

==Name== In ancient times the river was known as ''Dravus'' or ''Draus'' in Latin, and in Greek as Δράος<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roesler |first1=R. |title=Einiges über das Thrakische |journal=Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien |date=1873 |volume=24 |page=111 |publisher=Carl Gerold's Sohn |location=Vienna}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Melich |first1=J. |title=Über slavische Flußnamen fremden Ursprungs. Milan von Rešetar zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet |journal=Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie |date=1932 |volume=9 |issue=1/2 |page=97 |jstor=24000481 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24000481 |access-date=December 7, 2020}}</ref> and Δράβος. Medieval attestations of the name include ''Dravis'' ({{circa}} AD 670), ''Drauva'' (in 799), ''Drauus'' (in 811), ''Trauum'' (in 1091), and ''Trah'' (in 1136). The name is pre-Roman and pre-Celtic, but probably of Indo-European origin, from the root ''*dreu̯-'' 'flow'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snoj |first1=Marko |title=Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen |date=2009 |publisher=Modrijan |location=Ljubljana |page=124}}</ref> The river gives its name to the dravite species of tourmaline.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deer |first1=William Alexander |last2=Howie |first2=Robert Andrew |last3=Zussman |first3=Jack |title=Rock-Forming Minerals: Volume 1B, Disilicates and Ring Silicates |date=1997 |publisher=The Geological Society |location=London |page=559}}</ref>

=== Carpis === The Carpis (Greek: Κάρπίς) was a river which, according to Herodotus,<ref>Hdt. 4.49.</ref> flowed from the upper country of the Ombricans northward into the Ister (Danube), whence it has been supposed that this river is the same as the Dravus.<ref>Smith, William, ed. (1854). [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Dcarpis-geo02 "Carpis. 1"]. ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography''. London: John Murray.</ref>

==Geography== The Drava (along with one of its tributaries, the Slizza) and the Spöl are the only two rivers originating in Italy that belong to the Danube drainage basin. Its main left tributaries (from the north) are the Isel (contributes 39 m3/s), the Möll (25 m3/s), the {{interlanguage link|Lieser (Drava)|lt=Lieser|de|Lieser (Drau)}} (22 m3/s), the Gurk (30 m3/s) and the Lavant (12 m3/s) in Austria, and the Mur (166 m3/s) near Legrad at the Croatian–Hungarian border. Its main right tributaries (from the south) are the Gail (45 m3/s) in Austria, the Meža (12 m3/s) and Dravinja (11 m3/s) in Slovenia, and the Bednja (? m3/s) in Croatia.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Country ! Length (km) ! Catchment area (km2) ! Mean flow (m3/s) |- | Italy ||align=right| 10.6 ||align=right| 354 (0.9%) ||align=right| 4 |- | Austria ||align=right| 254.7 ||align=right|{{gaps|22|162}} (55.2%) ||align=right| 280 |- | Austria–Slovenia ||align=right| 4.2 || border || |- | Slovenia ||align=right| 117.7 ||align=right| 4662 (11.6%) ||align=right| 292 |- | Slovenia–Croatia ||align=right| 23.3 || border || |- | Croatia ||align=right| 166.4 ||align=right| 6822 (17.0%) ||align=right| 544 |- | Croatia–Hungary ||align=right| 133.0 || border || |- | Hungary|| align=right| 0 ||align=right| 6154 (15.3%) ||align=right| 544 |- |Total ||align=right| 709.8 ||align=right| {{gaps|40|154}} (100%) ||align=right| 544 |} Mean discharge is for the last station in the country mentioned in the source.<ref name=jdrcar/>

==Course== thumb|left|Drava sources, Innichen The sources of the Drava are located at the drainage divide between the market town of Innichen/San Candido and neighbouring Toblach/Dobbiaco in the west, where the Rienz River rises, a tributary of the Adige/Etsch. At Innichen itself the 16+ km (10 mile) {{interlanguage link|Sextner Bach|de|}},<ref>[http://umwelt.provinz.bz.it/wasser/suedtiroler-fluesse-und-baeche.asp?news_action=4&news_article_id=550401 Sextner Bach] at the South Tyrol/Alto Adige agency for the environment website</ref> originating near the Sextener Rotwand, joins the ~2 km (1¼ mile) long source creek. The river then flows eastwards and after 8 kilometres (5 miles) crosses into East Tyrol in Austria. At Lienz it flows into the Isel, sourced from the glaciers of the Venediger and Glockner Groups. The Isel (average discharge 39 m3/s) is almost three times larger than the Drava (14 m3/s) where they meet and, starting from the source of its tributary {{interlanguage link|Schwarzach (Isel)|lt= Schwarzach|de|}} under the Rötspitze, the Isel (ca. 64 km; 40 miles) is also longer than the combined Drava and Sextner Bach (ca. 60 km; 35 miles) to that point.<ref>Hydrographisches Jahrbuch Österreichs 2008, S. OG322</ref><ref name=jdrcar/>

The river then flows east into Carinthia at Oberdrauburg. The river separates the Kreuzeck range of the High Tauern in the north and the Gailtal Alps in the south, passes the Sachsenburg narrows and the site of the ancient city of Teurnia, before it reaches the town of Spittal an der Drau. Downstream of Villach, it runs along the northern slopes of the Karawanks to Ferlach and Lavamünd.

The Drava passes into Slovenia at Gorče near Dravograd, from where it runs for {{convert|142|km|mi}}{{GeoQuelle|SI|SURS}} via Vuzenica, Muta, Ruše, and Maribor to Ptuj and the border with Croatia at Ormož.

The river then passes north of Varaždin, after which it receives the Plitvica and Bednja from the right, and then Mura at the border with Hungary. It continues as a largely border river towards the southeast, receiving {{ill|Gliboki|hr}} and {{ill|Bistra Koprivnička|hr|Koprivnička rijeka}} from the right. It passes the city of Barcs in Hungary from the south. It starts to be navigable, for about {{convert|90|km|mi}} in Croatia, from the confluence of the Čađavica to its mouth. It passes Belišće from the north, receives the Karašica from the right, and then passes the city of Osijek from the north. Afterwards, it enters the Kopački Rit wetland and merges into the Danube from its right.

The hydrological parameters of Drava are regularly monitored in Croatia at Botovo, Terezino Polje, Donji Miholjac and Osijek.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hidro.hr/hidro_e.php?id=hidro&param=Podaci_e | title = Daily hydrological report | publisher = State Hydrometeorological Bureau of the Republic of Croatia | access-date = 2010-09-09 | archive-date = 2010-05-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100530062812/http://hidro.hr/hidro_e.php?id=hidro&param=Podaci_e | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Discharge==

The Drava's mean annual discharge (Q) at Drávaszabolcs (Hungary, 77.7 rkm). Period from 1995 to 2023.<ref name="KSH">{{cite web|url=https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/kor/hu/kor0028.html|title=KSH}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Year ! Q (m3/s) ! Year ! Q (m3/s) |- |1995 |479 |2010 |633.4 |- |1996 |598 |2011 |442.4 |- |1997 |437 |2012 |528.3 |- |1998 |513 |2013 |638.5 |- |1999 |588 |2014 |714.9 |- |2000 |549 |2015 |459.2 |- |2001 |464 |2016 |269.7 |- |2002 |410.6 |2017 |359.7 |- |2003 |348.8 |2018 |446.4 |- |2004 |501.6 |2019 |259.8 |- |2005 |474.1 |2020 |535.5 |- |2006 |326.7 |2021 |478.4 |- |2007 |338 |2022 |319.1 |- |2008 |483.5 |2023 |636 |- |2009 |627.9 |2024 | |}

== Hydroelectric power plants == Currently, there are 22 hydroelectric power plants on the Drava. The power plants are listed beginning at the headwaters:

{|class="wikitable sortable" ! Dam ! Nameplate capacity (MW) ! Annual generation (Mio. kwh) |- | Amlach power station<ref name="ti"/> | 60 | 219 |- | Paternion<ref name="ve"/> | 24 | 95 |- | Kellerberg<ref name="ve"/> | 25 | 96 |- | Villach<ref name="ve"/> | 25 | 100 |- | Rosegg-St. Jakob<ref name="ve"/> | 80 | 338 |- | Feistritz-Ludmannsdorf<ref name="ve"/> | 88 | 354 |- | Ferlach-Maria Rain<ref name="ve"/> | 75 | 318 |- | Annabrücke<ref name="ve"/> | 90 | 390 |- | Edling<ref name="ve"/> | 87 | 407 |- | Schwabeck<ref name="ve"/> | 79 | 378 |- | Lavamünd<ref name="ve"/> | 28 | 156 |- | Dravograd<ref name="dem"/> | 26.2 | 142 |- | Vuzenica<ref name="dem"/> | 55.6 | 247 |- | Vuhred<ref name="dem"/> | 72.3 | 297 |- | Ožbalt<ref name="dem"/> | 73.2 | 305 |- | Fala<ref name="dem"/> | 58 | 260 |- | Mariborski Otok<ref name="dem"/> | 60 | 270 |- | Zlatoličje<ref name="dem"/> | 126 | 577 |- | Formin<ref name="dem"/> | 116 | 548 |- | Varaždin | 86 | 476 |- | Čakovec | 75.9 | 400 |- | Dubrava | 84 | |- |}

The Drava is one of the most exploited rivers in the world in terms of hydropower, with almost 100% of its water potential energy being exploited.<ref name="HSEDidYouKnow">{{cite web | url=http://www.hse.si/en/interesting/did-you-know | title=HSE - Did you know? | publisher=HSE | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152859/http://www.hse.si/en/interesting/did-you-know | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }}</ref><ref name="DravaVision">{{cite web | url=http://www.life-drau.at/?page=symposium&id=59&menu=15&lng=1&sub_id=15 | title=International Symposium "Drava River Vision" | work=LIFE Projekt Lebensader Obere Drau | date=2 September 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153559/http://www.life-drau.at/?page=symposium&id=59&menu=15&lng=1&sub_id=15 | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }}</ref> As the region of the river is a place of exceptional biodiversity, this raises several ecological concerns, together with other forms of exploitation such as use of river deposits.<ref name="DravaControversity">{{cite web | url=https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/drava-river-flowing-controversy | title=The Drava River – a flowing controversy | publisher=International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155156/https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/drava-river-flowing-controversy | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }}</ref><ref name="DravaVisionSustainable">{{cite web | url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=Obere_Drau_Symposium_Report.pdf | title=Is the Drava River Basin management sustainable and well on the way? | work=International Symposium "Drava River Vision" | publisher=Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management; Government of Carinthia, Department of Water Management | date=September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155646/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=Obere_Drau_Symposium_Report.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }}</ref>

==References== <references> <ref name="dem">{{cite web | title = Power plants | publisher = Dravske elektrarne Maribor | url = http://www.dem.si/en-gb/Power-plants-and-generation/Power-plants | access-date = 2016-08-25 | archive-date = 2016-08-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160827152614/http://www.dem.si/en-gb/Power-plants-and-generation/Power-plants | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name="ti">{{cite web | title = Kraftwerk Amlach | publisher = Tiroler Wasserkraft | url = https://www.tiwag.at/ueber-die-tiwag/kraftwerke/bestehende-kraftwerke/kraftwerkspark/ | language = de | access-date = 2016-08-25 }}</ref>

<ref name="ve">{{cite web | title = Die Drau | publisher = Verbund | url = https://www.verbund.com/de-de/ueber-verbund/kraftwerke/gewaesser/drau | language = de | access-date = 2016-08-25 }}</ref> </references>

==Bibliography==

{{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Petrić | first = Hrvoje | year = 2014 | chapter = About Drava River Floodings. Some Aspects of the Interrelationship between Humans and the River Drava in the Pre-Industrial Times with an Emphasis on the Late 18th and Early 19th Century. | title = Man, Nature and Environment Between the Northern Adriatic and the Eastern Alps in Premodern Times | url = https://www.academia.edu/11363398 | publisher = University of Ljubljana | isbn = 978-961-237723-6 }} {{refend}}

== External links == {{commons category|Drava}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229204256/http://draudrava.net/ DrauDrava - old river and new sounds] * Condition of Drava in various locations in Slovenia: * [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H45_g_30.html Črneče] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235452/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H45_g_30.html |date=2016-03-03 }} - graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Črneče by ARSO) * [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H46_g_30.html Ptuj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054921/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H46_g_30.html |date=2016-03-04 }} - graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Ptuj by ARSO) * [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H01_g_30.html Borl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233717/http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H01_g_30.html |date=2016-03-03 }} - graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Borl by ARSO)

Category:Drava Category:Drava basin Category:Rivers of Croatia Category:Border rivers Category:Rivers of Styria (Slovenia) Category:Rivers of Hungary Category:Rivers of Italy Category:Rivers of South Tyrol Category:Rivers of Tyrol (state) Category:Rivers of Carinthia Category:Tributaries of the Danube Category:International rivers of Europe Category:Croatia–Hungary border Category:Croatia–Slovenia border Category:Austria–Slovenia border Category:Natura 2000 in Slovenia Category:Rivers of Austria