{{Short description|Extinct genus of amphibians}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = [[Late Triassic]], {{fossilrange|223|200}} | image = | taxon = Rileymillerus | authority = Bolt and Chatterjee, [[2000 in paleontology|2000]] | type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Rileymillerus cosgriffi''''' | type_species_authority = Bolt and Chatterjee, 2000 }}
'''''Rileymillerus''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[temnospondyl]] amphibian from the [[Late Triassic]] Post Quarry in the [[Dockum Group]] of Texas that was described by John Bolt and Sankar Chatterjee in 2000.<ref name=BC00>{{cite journal|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0670:ANTAFT>2.0.CO;2|year=2000|volume=74|pages=670|title=A New Temnospondyl Amphibian from the Late Triassic of Texas|last1=Bolt|first1=John R.|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Sankar|journal=Journal of Paleontology|issue=4}}</ref> The [[holotype]], a nearly complete skull with articulated jaws, is housed at the [[Museum of Texas Tech University]]. The genus is named for Riley Miller, who allowed Chatterjee to work on the Post Quarry, and the species is named for the paleontologist John Cosgriff.
==Description== ''Rileymillerus cosgriffi'' most closely resembles the poorly-known ''Latiscopus disjunctus'' that was described from similarly aged deposits of the Dockum Group near Otis Chalk, Texas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=John A.|date=1948|title=A Small Amphibian from the Triassic of Howard County|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=359–361|jstor=1299405}}</ref> As was noted by Wilson (1948) and Bolt & Chatterjee (2000), both of these taxa differ substantially from the morphology seen in large, flat-skulled aquatic temnospondyls of the Late Triassic ([[Metoposauridae|metoposaurids]] in North America). Examples of their more unusual anatomy (most of which are confidently known only in ''R. cosgriffi'') include the absence of a lacrimal bone, the presence of a lateral exposure of the palatine bone, a tall skull with laterally facing orbits, and an anteromedial inflection of the palatal ramus of the pterygoid. Both are also exceptionally small for Triassic temnospondyls, with skull lengths estimated around 3.5 cm (compared to those of metoposaurids, which exceeded 50 cm), and appear to have been relatively terrestrial (evidenced by an absence of lateral line grooves found in aquatic temnospondyls). Other than the holotype skull, only a few small, isolated, potentially diplospondylous intercentra were referred to ''R. cosgriffi.''
==Classification== The phylogenetic relationships of ''Rileymillerus'' have historically been unresolved. Bolt & Chatterjee (2000) immediately recognized the similarities with ''Latiscopus,'' which was placed in a monogeneric family, the [[Latiscopidae]], but which remains poorly-resolved (and considered as a ''nomen dubium'' by Bolt & Chatterjee).<ref name="BC00" /> Affinities with the similarly enigmatic ''[[Almasaurus|Almasaurus habbazi]]'' from the Late Triassic of Morocco were considered but ultimately considered to be largely superficial similarities related to their shared small size; various other differences between the taxa exist. Bolt & Chatterjee considered close affinities with [[Brachyopoidea|brachyopoids]] to be the most probable at the time, but they did not conclusively place ''Rileymillerus'' within the clade and did not perform a phylogenetic analysis to test this hypothesis, thus designating it as Temnospondyli [[incertae sedis]]. Subsequent analysis of ''Rileymillerus'' within a phylogenetic analysis recovered it as being close to both ''Almasaurus'' and to [[metoposaurid]]s (see below).<ref name="SRR08">{{Cite journal | last1 = Schoch | first1 = R. R. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00363.x | title = A new stereospondyl from the German Middle Triassic, and the origin of the Metoposauridae | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 152 | pages = 79–113| year = 2008 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This interpretation has been predicated on the interpretation of the small bone at the anteroventral margin of the orbit. Bolt & Chatterjee (2000) identified it as a lateral exposure of the palatine, a feature typically seen in Paleozoic and not Mesozoic temnospondyls, which resulted in the interpretation of an absent lacrimal, a rare condition best seen in rhytidosteids and brachyopoids. Conversely, Schoch (2008) interpreted this bone as a lacrimal in a restricted position similar to that of ''Almasaurus'' and metoposaurids.<ref name="SRR08" /> Most recently, ''Rileymillerus'' has been shown to be closely related to brachyopoids and plagiosauroids and to ''[[Chinlestegophis|Chinlestegophis jenkinsi]]'', a similarly small Late Triassic temnospondyl interpreted as a stem caecilian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pardo|first1=Jason D.|last2=Small|first2=Bryan J.|last3=Huttenlocker|first3=Adam K.|date=2017|title=Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=114|issue=27|pages=E5389–E5395|doi=10.1073/pnas.1706752114|issn=1091-6490|pmid=28630337|pmc=5502650|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Phylogeny== Below is a [[cladogram]] from Schoch (2008):
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=[[Stereospondyli]] |1={{clade |1=[[Rhinesuchidae]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Lydekkerina]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Rhytidosteidae]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Brachyopoidea]] |1={{clade |1=''[[Siderops]]'' |2=''[[Batrachosuchus]]''}} |2={{clade |1=''[[Laidleria]]'' |label2=[[Plagiosauroidea]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Gerrothorax]]'' |2=''[[Plagiosaurus]]''}} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Capitosauroidea]] |label2=[[Trematosauria]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Aphaneramma]]'' |2=''[[Trematolestes]]''}} |2={{clade |1=''[[Lyrocephaliscus]]'' |2='''''Rileymillerus''''' |3={{clade |1=''[[Almasaurus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Callistomordax]]'' |2=[[Metoposauridae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}The results of the phylogenetic analysis of Pardo et al. (2017):
{{Clade|{{clade |1=[[Rhinesuchidae]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Lydekkerina]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Capitosauria]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Trematosauria]] |2=[[Metoposauroidea]]}} |2={{clade |1=''[[Chigutisauridae]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Brachyopoidea]] |2=[[Plagiosauroidea]]}} |2={{clade |1='''''Rileymillerus''''' |2={{clade |1=''[[Chinlestegophis]]'' |2=[[caecilians]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|label1=Stereospondyli}}{{Clade}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
{{Trematosauria|M.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q7334270}}
[[Category:Prehistoric amphibians of North America]] [[Category:Triassic temnospondyls of North America]] [[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2000]]