{{short description|Species of plant}} {{Speciesbox |image = Cotinus coggygria5.jpg |image_caption = Foliage and seed heads |genus = Cotinus |species = coggygria |authority = Scop. |synonyms = ''Rhus cotinus'' }}
'''''Cotinus coggygria''''', syn. ''Rhus cotinus'', the '''European smoketree''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=COCO10|taxon=European smoketree|accessdate=17 January 2016}}</ref> '''Eurasian smoketree''', '''smoke tree''', '''smoke bush''', '''Venetian sumach''', or '''dyer's sumach''', is a Eurasian species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae.
==Description== It is a multiple-branching deciduous shrub growing to {{convert|5|-|7|m|0|abbr=off}} tall with an open, spreading, irregular habit, only rarely forming a small tree. The leaves are {{convert|3–8|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long rounded ovals, green with a waxy glaucous sheen. The autumn colour can be strikingly varied, from peach and yellow to scarlet. The flowers are numerous, produced in large inflorescences {{convert|15|-|30|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} long; each flower {{convert|5–10|mm|frac=8}} in diameter, with five pale yellow petals. Most of the flowers in each inflorescence abort, elongating into yellowish-pink to pinkish-purple feathery plumes (when viewed en masse these have a wispy 'smoke-like' appearance, hence the common name "smoke tree") which surround the small ({{convert|2–3|mm|frac=16|abbr=on|disp=or}}) drupaceous fruit that develop.
==Fossil record== Macrofossils of ''C. coggygria'' from the early Pliocene epoch have been found in Western Georgia in the Caucasus region.<ref>The History of the Flora and Vegetation of Georgia by Irina Shatilova, Nino Mchedlishvili, Luara Rukhadze, Eliso Kvavadze, Georgian National Museum Institute of Paleobiology, Tbilisi 2011, {{ISBN|978-9941-9105-3-1}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat== The species is native to a large area from southern Europe, east across central Asia and the Himalayas to northern China.
== Uses ==
=== Ornamental plant ===
It is commonly grown as an ornamental plant, with several cultivars available. Many of these have been selected for purple foliage and flowers.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- *'Flame'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97510/Cotinus-Flame/Details |title="Cotinus" 'Flame' |publisher=RHS |accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref> *{{tdes|'''Golden Spirit'''}}='Ancot'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/137770/Cotinus-coggygria-Golden-Spirit-Ancot-(PBR)/Details |title="Cotinus coggygria" Golden Spirit='Ancot' |publisher=RHS |accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref> *'Royal Purple'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97746/Cotinus-coggygria-Royal-Purple/Details |title="Cotinus coggygria" 'Royal Purple' |publisher=RHS |accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref> *'Young Lady'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/147186/Cotinus-coggygria-Young-Lady-(PBR)/Details |title="Cotinus coggygria" 'Young Lady' |publisher=RHS |accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref>
=== Dyestuff ===
The wood was formerly used to make the yellow dye called '''young fustic''' (fisetin),<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Fustic |volume=11 |page=375}}</ref> now replaced by synthetic dyes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/young-fustic |title=Young fustic |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |website=Britannica.com |accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref>
The species, along with other members of the sumac family, has been used to make red dyes for textiles including weft-wrapped soumak rugs and bags in the Middle East. The names ''sumac'' and ''soumak'' likely derive from the Arabic and Syriac word {{lang|syc|ܣܘܡܩܐ 'summāq'}}, meaning "red".<ref>Etymology of Sumac at [https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sumac Etymonline.com] and also at {{cite web |title=Dictionary English Etymology – Origins – A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English Routledge 1958, Parridge) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14047074/Dictionary-English-Etymology-Origins-A-Short-Etymological-Dictionary-of-Modern-English-Rouledge-1958-Parridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012185830/http://www.scribd.com/doc/14047074/Dictionary-English-Etymology-Origins-A-Short-Etymological-Dictionary-of-Modern-English-Rouledge-1958-Parridge |archive-date=2014-10-12 |access-date=2017-09-15}} and [https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/]. Etymology of Rhus at {{cite book |last=Quattrocchi |first=Umberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIOvJSJs-IkC |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |volume=IV R-Z |page=2306}}</ref>
==Gallery== {{gallery|mode=packed |Purple Smoke Bush2.jpg|Green leaves |Purple Smoke Bush1.jpg|Red leaves |Cotinus coggygria 2 RF.jpg|Buds and flowers |Cotinus coggygria in Plitvice Lakes National Park.jpg|Flowers |Cotinus coggyria.jpg|Foliage and flowers |Cotinus coggygria0.jpg|Flowers covered by water droplets |Cotinus coggygria Скумпия кожевенная European smoketree.jpg|Plant in autumn |Cotinus coggygria autumn leaf.jpg|Autumn leaf |DaydreamSmokeTree.jpg|Cv. 'Daydream' }}
== References == {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons}} *[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Cotinus&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: European distribution]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q161406}}
Category:Anacardiaceae Category:Flora of Azerbaijan Category:Plant dyes Category:Flora of Pakistan Category:Flora of Ukraine
{{Anacardiaceae-stub}}