{{Short description|none}} {{redirect|B-rex|the bird Shoebill (B. rex)|Shoebill}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:Specimens of ''Tyrannosaurus''}} {{Incomplete list|date=January 2024}} [[File:Tyrannosaurus specimens.svg|thumb|"Sue", AMNH 5027, "Stan", and "Jane" (now considered ''Nanotyrannus''), to scale with a human]] ''Tyrannosaurus'' is one of the most iconic dinosaurs and is known from numerous specimens, some of which have individually acquired notability due to their scientific significance and media coverage.
==Specimen data== ===Publicly accessioned specimens=== Over 60 specimens of ''Tyrannosaurus'' are accessioned into public museums, which are represented by the table below largely based on the following sources:<ref name="LarsonCarpenter"/><ref name=Carr2025>{{cite journal|last=Carr |first=T. D. |title=''Tyrannosaurus rex'': An endangered species |year=2025 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=28 |issue=1 |at=28.1.a16 |doi=10.26879/1337 |doi-access=free }} Refer Table 1 and 3</ref>{{efn|The table below only includes specimens of which the formation and year collected are confirmed or can be approximated, and there are more specimens accessioned in museums whose discoverer, place of discovery and date of collection are unknown.<ref name=Mortimer>{{Cite web |title=Tyrannosauroidea |url=https://www.theropoddatabase.com/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurus |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.theropoddatabase.com }}</ref> Specimen completeness listed in this table are mostly based on bone count by Larson and Carpenter (2008).<ref name="LarsonCarpenter"/> Some of the specimens listed on Table 1 and 3 by Carr (CMNH 7541, BMRP 2002.4.1, KUVP 156375 and the 'Dueler')<ref name=Carr2025/> based on the proposed synonymy has since been firmly established as specimens of a distinct genus ''Nanotyrannus'' by Zanno and Napoli (2025); the identity of ''Stygivenator'' (LACM 28471) also listed on Table 1 remains dubious.<ref name=ZN2025/>}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Specimen number !Name !Completeness !Year collected !Museum !Museum city !Discoverer !Formation !Location ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |AMNH FARB 3982 |''Manospondylus gigas'' | < 1% |1892 |American Museum of Natural History |New York City |Edward Cope |Hell Creek Formation |Faith, South Dakota |Described as ''Manospondylus gigas'' |- |NHMUK R7994 |''Dynamosaurus imperiosus'' |13% |1900 |Natural History Museum, London |London |Barnum Brown |Lance Formation |Seven Mile Creek, Wyoming |Originally AMNH 5866<br />Described as ''Dynamosaurus imperiosus'', analysis of the specimen suggests a large individual similar to ''Sue'' |- |CM 9380 |Holotype |11% |1902 |Carnegie Museum of Natural History |Pittsburgh |Barnum Brown<br />Richard Lull |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Originally AMNH 973 |- |CM 1400 | |10% |1902 |Carnegie Museum of Natural History |Pittsburgh |Olaf Peterson |Lance Formation |Wyoming | |- |CM 9401 | |10% |1903 |Carnegie Museum of Natural History |Pittsburgh |John Bell Hatcher |Judith River Formation |Montana |Potentially the earliest known specimen of ''Tyrannosaurus''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Urban |first1=Michael A. |last2=Lamanna |first2=Matthew C. |date=December 2006 |title=Evidence of a Giant Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous (?Campanian) of Montana |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2992/0097-4463%282006%2975%5B231%3AEOAGTD%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum |language=en |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=231–235 |doi=10.2992/0097-4463(2006)75[231:EOAGTD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0097-4463|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |- |AMNH FARB 5027 | |48% |1908 |American Museum of Natural History |New York City |Barnum Brown |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |The base skeleton that was used as the iconic symbol for the famous logo of the Jurassic Park film series. |- |AMNH FARB 5029 | | |1908 |American Museum of Natural History |New York City |Barnum Brown |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |AMNH FARB 5117 | | |1908 |American Museum of Natural History |New York City |Charles Hazelius Sternberg |Lance Formation |Wyoming | |- |AMNH FARB 5050 | | |1909 |American Museum of Natural History |New York City | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by incomplete dentary |- |MOR 002 | | |1965 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |LACM 23844 | |25% |1966 |Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County |Los Angeles |Harley Garbani |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |LACM 23845 |''Dinotyrannus megagracilis'' |12% |1967 |Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County |Los Angeles |Harley Garbani |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' |- |MOR 008 | |15% |1967 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |William MacMannis |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Also known as The Nation's Rex. Specimen on loan to the Smithsonian Institution, with a cast on display at the Museum of the Rockies and the Schiele Museum of Natural History. |- |TMM 41436-1 |''Tyrannosaurus'' "vannus" | |1970 |Texas Memorial Museum |Austin | |Javelina Formation |Texas |One of the potential southernmost record of ''Tyrannosaurus'' |- |UCMP 118742 | | |1977 |University of California Museum of Paleontology |Berkeley | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |MMS 51-2004 | | |? (before 1978<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Molnar |first1=R. E. |title=A New Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=January 1978 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=73–82 |jstor=1303791 }}</ref>) |Science Museum of Minnesota |Saint Paul | |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota | |- |SDSM 12047 |"Mud Butte T. rex" | |1981 |South Dakota School of Mines and Technology |Rapid City | |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota | |- |TMP 1981.012.0001 |"Huxley T. rex" |16% |1981 |Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |Drumheller |Charles Mortram Sternberg |Scollard Formation |Huxley | |- |TMP 1981.006.0001 |"Black Beauty" |28% |1981 |Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |Drumheller |Jeff Baker |Willow Creek Formation |Crowsnest Pass |One of the westernmost specimens, found at <math>114^\circ</math> W longitude. Noted for black colouration taken on during fossilisation. |- |MOR 009 |"Hager rex" |19% |1981 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Mick Hager |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |NMMNH P-3698 |''Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis'' |3% |1983 |New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |Albuquerque |Donald Staton Joe LaPoint |Hall Lake Formation |New Mexico |The holotype of ''T. mcraeensis'', dating to around 5–7 million years before ''T. rex''<ref name="T.mcraeensis">{{Cite journal |last1=Dalman |first1=Sebastian G. |last2=Loewen |first2=Mark A. |last3=Pyron |first3=R. Alexander |last4=Jasinski |first4=Steven E. |last5=Malinzak |first5=D. Edward |last6=Lucas |first6=Spencer G. |last7=Fiorillo |first7=Anthony R. |last8=Currie |first8=Philip J. |last9=Longrich |first9=Nicholas R. |date=11 January 2024 |title=A giant tyrannosaur from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of southern North America and the evolution of tyrannosaurid gigantism |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=22124 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-47011-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmid=38212342 |doi-access=free|pmc=10784284 }}</ref> |- |UCMP 131583 | | |1984 |University of California Museum of Paleontology |Berkeley | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |UCMP 140418 | | |1984 |University of California Museum of Paleontology |Berkeley | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |BDM 050 |"Bertha" | |1987 |Badlands Dinosaur Museum |Dickinson, North Dakota |Larry League |Hell Creek Formation |North Dakota |Associated femur, tibia, fibula. One of the largest known specimens. |- |MOR 555 |"Wankel rex", "Devil rex" |49% (by bone count) |1990 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Kathy Wankel |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Also known as The Nation's Rex. Specimen on loan to the Smithsonian Institution, with a cast on display at the Museum of the Rockies and the Schiele Museum of Natural History. |- |FMNH PR2081 |"Sue" |73% (by bone count) |1990 |Field Museum of Natural History |Chicago |Sue Hendrickson |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota |The largest known specimen at the time of discovery as well as one of the most complete. |- |FMNH PR2411 | | |1990 |Field Museum of Natural History |Chicago | |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota | |- |RSM 2347.1 | | |1991 |Royal Saskatchewan Museum |Eastend | |Frenchman Formation |Saskatchewan | |- |DMNH 2827 | |4% |1992 |Denver Museum of Nature and Science |Denver | |Denver Formation |Colorado | |- |NHMAD 2020.00001<ref name=Boeye2026>{{Cite journal |last1=Boeye |first1=A. T. |last2=Atkins-Weltman |first2=K. L. |last3=King |first3=J. L. |last4=Swann |first4=Scott |date=2026 |title=Evidence of bird-like foot function in ''Tyrannosaurus'' |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsos/article/13/2/252139/480521/Evidence-of-bird-like-foot-function-in |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=13 |issue=2 |doi=10.1098/rsos.252139 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |"Stan" |63% |1992 |Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi |Abu Dhabi |Stan Sacrison |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota |One of the best-known specimens, with casts present in numerous institutions. Currently displayed at the Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi which opened in November 22, 2025; whether the specimen is loaned and the ownership of the specimen belongs to a private collector remains uncertain. |- |UWGM 181 | |7% |1993 |UW–Madison Geology Museum |Madison, Wisconsin |Mike Pallett |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |UCMP 140506 | | |1993 |University of California Museum of Paleontology |Berkeley | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |RSM 2523.8 |"Scotty" |65%<ref name="Persons et al 2020"/> |1994 |Royal Saskatchewan Museum |Eastend |Robert Gebhardt |Frenchman Formation |Saskatchewan |Proposed to be largest known specimen, scientific consensus not yet reached. Exceeds "Sue" in 84.6% of the published bone measurements. Has been estimated to be larger than "Sue" in two published studies. |- |LPD 977-2 |"Pete" |10-15% |1995 |Denver Museum of Nature and Science |Denver |Rob Patchus |Denver Formation |Colorado | |- |MOR 980 |"Montana's T. rex", "Peck's rex", "Peckrex", "Rigby's rex" |40% |1997 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Lou Tremblay |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |MOR 1126 |"C-rex", "Celeste" |9% |2000 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Celeste Horner |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |One of the largest specimens, although size estimation is difficult due to its fragmentary nature. |- |MOR 1131 |"J-rex" | |2000 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |MOR 1128 |"G-rex", "Greg" |8% |2001 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Greg Wilson |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |MOR 1125 |"B-rex", "Bob" |37% |2001 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Bob Harmon |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Confirmed as female, due to the presence of medullary bone. |- |MOR 1152 |"F-rex", "Frank" |8%? |2001 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Frank Stewart |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |UMNH 11000 | |9% (by bone count) |2001 |Utah Museum of Natural History |Salt Lake City |Quintin Saharatian Rose L. Difley |North Horn Formation |Utah |The first reported occurrence of ''T. rex'' in Utah<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sampson |first1=Scott D. |last2=Loewon |first2=Mark A. |title=''Tyrannosaurus rex'' from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: Biogeographic and Paleoecologic Implications |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=27 June 2005 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=469–472 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0469:TRFTUC]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4524461 |s2cid=131583311 }}</ref> |- |UCRC PV1 |"Rex Jr." |20% |2001 |University of Chicago Research Collection |Chicago | |Lance Formation |Wyoming | |- |TCM 2001.90.1 |"Bucky" |34% |2001 |The Children's Museum of Indianapolis |Indianapolis |Bucky Derflinger |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota |Specimen is nearly adult-sized, probably at least 16 years old.<ref name=larson13/> |- |BMRP 2001.4.70 | | |2001 |Burpee Museum of Natural History |Rockford | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by incomplete postcranium |- |USNM 720145 | | |2002 |Smithsonian Institution |Washington, D.C. | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |MOR 1189 | | |2002 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Mick Hager |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by hindlimb |- |HMNS 2006.1743.01 |"Wyrex" |38% |2002 |Houston Museum of Natural Science |Houston |Dan Wells Don Wyrick |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |LACM 150167 |"Thomas" |37% (by bone count) |2003 |Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County |Los Angeles |Luis M. Chiappe |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |BMRP 2006.6.4 | | |2006 |Burpee Museum of Natural History |Rockford | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |DDM 35.1 | | |2006 |Dinosaur Discovery Museum |Kenosha | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by incomplete tibia |- |MOR 2822 | | |2006 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |MOR 2925 | | |2007 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |RSM 2990.1 | | |2007 |Royal Saskatchewan Museum |Eastend | |Frenchman Formation |Saskatchewan | |- |MOR 3028 | | |2010 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |MOR 3044 | | |2010 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |MOR 6625 | | |2010 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Lee Hall |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |TATE 2222 | | |2011 |Tate Geological Museum at Casper College |Casper | |Lance Formation |Wyoming | |- |MOR 9738 | | |2012 |Museum of the Rockies |Bozeman |Denver Fowler |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |DDM 344.1 | | |2012 |Dinosaur Discovery Museum |Kenosha | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by frontal bone |- |RGM 792.000 |"Trix" | |2013 |Naturalis Biodiversity Center |Leiden |Naturalis Biodiversity Center/Black Hills Institute |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |One of the largest known specimens that is also well preserved. Has been stated to be the oldest known specimen but this has not been confirmed. |- |UWBM 99000 |"Tufts-Love" | |2015 |Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture |Seattle |Jason Love Luke Tufts |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |KUVP 155809 | | |2015<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-12-06|title=DR DAVID BURNHAM Paleontologist & T. rex specialist|url=https://www.drdavidburnham.com/|website=drdavidburnham.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Schmerge, J.D.|author2=Rothschild, B.M.|year=2016|title=Distribution of the dentary groove of theropod dinosaurs: Implications for theropod phylogeny and the validity of the genus ''Nanotyrannus'' Bakker et al., 1988|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=61|pages=26–33|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.016}}</ref> |University of Kansas Natural History Museum |Lawrence | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana | |- |DDM 1536.8 | | |2018 |Dinosaur Discovery Museum |Kenosha | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by frontal bone |- |DDM 1562.14 | | |2018 |Dinosaur Discovery Museum |Kenosha | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by first maxillary tooth |- |DDM 1863.11 | | |2019 |Dinosaur Discovery Museum |Kenosha | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by first maxillary tooth |- |DDM 2355 | | |2022 |Dinosaur Discovery Museum |Kenosha | |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Juvenile ''T. rex'' represented by partial skull and skeleton |- |} ===Privately owned specimens=== The table below includes specimens that are in private collections and institutions including the Black Hills Institute, or loaned in a public museum but is owned by a private collector.<ref name="LarsonCarpenter"/><ref name=Carr2025/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Name !Completeness !Year collected !Museum !Museum city !Discoverer !Formation !Location ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |"Samson", "Z-rex", "Mr. Z", "Mr. Zed" |40% |1992 | | |Mike Zimmershied |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota | |- |"Bowman" | < 15% |1993 |Pioneer Trails Regional Museum |Bowman |Dean Pearson |Hell Creek Formation |North Dakota |Under the accession number PTRM 4667 |- |"Duffy" |25% |1993 |Black Hills Institute |Hill City |Stan Sacrison |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota |Under the accession number BHI 4100 |- |"Double-O-Seven", "007" |3% |1994 |Black Hills Institute |Hill City |Bill Garstka |Hell Creek Formation |North Dakota |Under the accession number BHI 6219 |- |"Steven" |3% |1995 |Black Hills Institute |Hill City |Steve Sacrison |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota |Under the accession number BHI 6249 |- |"E. D. Cope" |10% |2000 |Black Hills Institute |Hill City |Bucky Derfilinger |Hell Creek Formation |South Dakota |Under the accession number BHI 6248 |- |"Barbara" | |2005 |Auckland War Memorial Museum |Auckland |Bob Harmon |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |Under the accession number AWMM-IL2022.21 |- |"Baby Bob" | |2013 | | |Robert (Bob) Detrich |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |A juvenile or baby specimen. The discoverers have stated its age to be 4 years based on histology. An attempt was made to sell the specimen on eBay. |- |"Titus" | |2014 | | |Craig Pfister |Hell Creek Formation |Montana |The specimen belongs to a private collector, but 3D-printed replicas of the bones are accessioned in the Nottingham Natural History Museum collection under the accession number NCMG 2021-7<ref name="Larkin et al. 2022">Larkin, N.R., Dey, S., Smith, A.S. and Evans, R. 2022. 21st Century Rex: maximising access to a privately owned ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' skeleton in the digital age. Geological Curator, 11(6), 341–354.</ref> |- |"Peter" | |2018 |Auckland War Memorial Museum |Auckland |Dick Wills |Lance Formation |Wyoming |Under the accession number AWMM-IL 2022.9 |- |}
==''Manospondylus'': AMNH FARB 3982== [[File:AMNH 3982 Manospondylus.jpg|thumb|Type specimen (AMNH 3982) of ''Manospondylus gigas'']] The first-named fossil specimen which can be attributed to ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' consists of two partial vertebrae (one of which has been lost) found by Edward Drinker Cope in 1892. Cope believed that they belonged to an "agathaumid" (ceratopsid) dinosaur, and named them ''Manospondylus gigas'', meaning "giant porous vertebra" in reference to the numerous openings for blood vessels he found in the bone.<ref name="quinlanetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Quinlan |first=Elizibeth D. |author2=Derstler, Kraig |author3=Miller, Mercedes M. |year=2007 |title=Anatomy and function of digit III of the ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' manus |journal=Geological Society of America Annual Meeting — Abstracts with Programs |page=77 |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_132345.htm |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=24 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224015023/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_132345.htm }}</ref> The ''M. gigas'' remains were later identified as those of a theropod rather than a ceratopsid, and H.F. Osborn recognized the similarity between ''M. gigas'' and ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' as early as 1917. However, due to the fragmentary nature of the ''Manospondylus'' vertebrae, Osborn did not synonymize the two genera.<ref name="osborn1917">{{Cite journal|last=Osborn |first=H. F. |author-link=Henry Fairfield Osborn |year=1917 |title=Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=35 |issue=43 |pages=733–771 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |location=New York City |hdl=2246/1334}}</ref>
== ''Dynamosaurus'': NHMUK R7994 == [[File:Dynamosaurus holotype.jpg|thumb|left|Type specimen of ''Dynamosaurus imperiosus'', London]] The holotype of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'', a partial skull and skeleton originally called AMNH 973 (AMNH stands for American Museum of Natural History), was discovered in the U.S. state of Montana in 1902 and excavated over the next three years. Another specimen (AMNH 5866), found in Wyoming in 1900, was described in the same paper under the name ''Dynamosaurus imperiosus''. At the time of their initial description and naming, these specimens had not been fully prepared and the type specimen of ''T. rex'' had not even been fully recovered.<ref name="osborn1905">{{cite journal | last1 = Osborn | first1 = H.F. | year = 1905 | title = ''Tyrannosaurus'' and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs | doi = 10.5281/zenodo.1038151 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 21 | issue = 3| pages = 259–265 | hdl = 2246/1464 }}</ref> In 1906, after further preparation and examination, Henry Fairfield Osborn recognized both skeletons as belonging to the same species. Because the name ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' had appeared just one page earlier than ''Dynamosaurus'' in Osborn's 1905 work, it was considered the older name and has been used since. Had it not been for page order, ''Dynamosaurus'' would have become the official name.<ref name="osborn06">{{cite journal |last1=Osborn |first1=Henry Fairfield |last2=Brown |first2=Barnum |title=Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |date=1906 |volume=22 |hdl=2246/1473 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
==Holotype: CM 9380== thumb|Reconstructed mount of ''T. rex'' holotype CM 9380 CM 9380 is the type specimen used to describe ''Tyrannosaurus rex''. Fragments of (then) AMNH 973 were first found in 1902 by Barnum Brown, assistant curator of the American Museum of Natural History and a famous paleontologist in his own right. He forwarded news of it to Osborn; it would be three years before they found the rest of it.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} In 1905 when the type was described by Osborn, previous knowledge of dinosaur predators at the time were based on Jurassic carnosaurs, so the short fore-arms of the ''Tyrannosaurus'' were treated with extreme caution, with suspicion that bones of a smaller theropod had become jumbled with the remains of the bigger fossil.<ref name="osborn1905" /><ref name="brown1915">{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = B. | year = 1915 | title = ''Tyrannosaurus'', a Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur, the largest flesh-eater that ever lived | journal = Scientific American | volume = 63 | issue = 15| pages = 322–323 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican10091915-322 }}</ref> Following the 1941 entry of the United States into World War II, the holotype was sold to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh for protection against possible bombing raids.<ref name="NGD95">{{cite book |last=Norell |first=M. A. |author2=Gaffney, E. S. |author3=Dingus, L. |title=Discovering Dinosaurs in the American Museum of Natural History |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/discoveringdinos00nore_0/page/117 117] |isbn=0-679-43386-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveringdinos00nore_0/page/117 }}</ref> The specimen, now labeled CM 9380, is still mounted in Pittsburgh, at first with the tail acting as a tripod in the old-fashioned kangaroo pose. It has since received a modernization of its posture (mounted by Phil Fraley and crew) and can now be found balancing with tail outstretched. Along with a more lifelike posture, the specimen also now includes a composite reconstruction of the skull by Michael Holland.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} It has been reconstructed in recent years, it measured an estimated 11.9 meters in length and an estimated weight of 7.4–14.6 metric tonnes, 9.1 metric tonnes being the average estimate in that study, although most earlier studies have suggested lower weight figures.<ref name="plosone.org">{{cite journal|title=A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth|first1=Peter J.|last1=Makovicky|first2=Vivian|last2=Allen|first3=Julia|last3=Molnar|first4=Karl T.|last4=Bates|first5=John R.|last5=Hutchinson|date=12 October 2011|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=10|article-number=e26037|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026037|pmid=22022500|pmc=3192160|bibcode=2011PLoSO...626037H|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==AMNH 5027== [[File:AMNH 5027 Trex.jpg|thumb|''Tyrannosaurus'' specimen AMNH 5027 at the American Museum of Natural History]] With a length of 12.1-12.2 meters, AMNH 5027 was discovered and excavated in 1908 by Barnum Brown in Montana, and described by Osborn in 1912 and 1916. At the time of discovery, a complete cervical (neck vertebrae) series for ''Tyrannosaurus'' was not previously known, so it was this specimen that brought the short, stocky tyrannosaur neck to light. Compared to later specimens (BMNH R7994 and FMNH PR2081, for instance) the cervical series of AMNH 5027 is much more gracile, so with later discoveries the distinction between tyrannosaurid necks and the necks of carnosaurs became more obvious.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Carpenter & Philip J. Currie |year=1990|title=Dinosaur Systematics|chapter=Variation in ''Tyrannosaurus rex''|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-43810-1|page=143}}</ref> This specimen also provided the first complete skull of ''Tyrannosaurus rex''. In total, Brown found five partial ''Tyrannosaurus'' skeletons. The skeleton of this specimen was used as the iconic symbol for the Jurassic Park film series. thumb|left|Scale model of the never-completed ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' exhibit Osborn planned for the American Museum of Natural History Osborn planned to mount the similarly sized AMNH 5027 and AMNH 973 together in dynamic poses.<ref name="osborn13">{{cite journal | last1 = Osborn | first1 = H.F. | year = 1913 | title = ''Tyrannosaurus'': restoration and model of the skeleton | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 32 | pages = 91–92 | hdl = 2246/1735 }}</ref> Designed by E.S. Christman, the scene was to depict a rearing ''Tyrannosaurus'' (AMNH 5027) snapping at another cowering one (AMNH 973), as they fought over the remains of a hadrosaur, described at the time as ''Trachodon''. However, technical difficulties prevented the mount from being executed. One obvious problem was that the Cretaceous Dinosaur Hall was too small to accommodate this dramatic display, and AMNH 5027 was already mounted by itself as the central attraction of the hall. The forearms of ''Tyrannosaurus'' were not well documented and the hands were unknown, so for the sake of the display, the forearms of AMNH 5027 were given three fingers, based on the forelimbs of ''Allosaurus'' (the more allosaur-like arms were replaced several years later when better fossils of tyrannosaurid arms were found).
The mount retained a rearing pose similar to the initial proposal. By the 1980s it was generally accepted that such a pose would have been anatomically impossible in life, and the skeleton was re-mounted in a more accurate, horizontal pose during a renovation of the museum's dinosaur halls in the early 1990s. The mount can still be seen on display on the fourth floor of the American Museum.<!-- Barnum Brown's Field notebook, 1907 and annual reports, 1908.--> The American Museum of Natural History features AMNH 5027 in its famed Hall of Saurischian Dinosaurs to this day.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
==LACM 23844== In 1966, a crew working for the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County under the direction of Harley Garbani discovered another ''T. rex'' (LACM 23844) which included most of the skull of a very large, mature animal. When it was put on display in Los Angeles, LACM 23844 was the largest ''T. rex'' skull on exhibit anywhere.<ref name="hornerlessem93">Horner, J.R. & Lessem, D. 1993. ''The Complete T. rex'' New York: Simon & Schuster. 238pp.</ref>
=="Black Beauty": TMP 1981.006.0001== left|thumb|"Black Beauty" "Black Beauty" (specimen number RTMP 81.6.1) is a well-preserved fossil of ''Tyrannosaurus rex''. The nickname stems from the apparent shiny dark color of the fossil bones, which occurred during fossilization by the presence of minerals in the surrounding rock;{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} it was the first ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' specimen to receive a nickname, beginning a trend that continues with most major ''T. rex'' finds.<ref name="Tyrannosaurus rex the Tyrant King">{{cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Peter H. |title=Tyrannosaurus rex the Tyrant King. |chapter=One Hundred Years of Tyrannosaurus Rex: The Skeletons. |editor-last=Larson |editor-first=Neal L. |year=2008 |pages=16–17}}</ref> Black Beauty was found in 1980 by a high school student, Jeff Baker, while on a fishing trip with a friend in the region of the Crowsnest Pass, Alberta. A large bone was found in the riverbank and shown to their teacher. Soon afterward, the Royal Tyrrell Museum was contacted,<ref>{{cite web |last=Edgar |first=Blake |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/dinos/helpers/helpers.html |title=''Discovery Channel's'' homepage |publisher=Dsc.discovery.com |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010135054/http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/dinos/helpers/helpers.html |archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> and excavation of the sandstone matrix surrounding the fossils began in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unearthingtrex.com/pages/paleo_people.html |title=''www.unearthingtrex.com'' |publisher=Unearthingtrex.com |date=26 June 2002 |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717061119/http://www.unearthingtrex.com/pages/paleo_people.html }}</ref> The dig site where the fossil was found is located at approximately <math>114^\circ ~ \textrm{W}</math> near the confluence of the Crowsnest and Willow Rivers, and consisted of rock belonging to the Willow Creek Formation.<ref name="LarsonCarpenter"/> The specimen is housed in the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uleth.ca/vft/crowsnest/blackbeauty.html |title=''www.uleth.ca'' |publisher=Uleth.ca |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223160743/http://www.uleth.ca/vft/crowsnest/blackbeauty.html |archive-date=23 February 2012 }}</ref>
In 2009, a paper by Jack Horner and colleagues illustrated the concept of parasitic infections in dinosaurs by analysing the lesions found on the cranial bones of Black Beauty.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007288 | volume=4|journal=PLOS ONE|article-number=e7288|pmid=19789646|pmc=2748709|year=2009 | last1 = Wolff | first1 = ED | last2 = Salisbury | first2 = SW | last3 = Horner | first3 = JR | last4 = Varricchio | first4 = DJ|issue = 9|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7288W| doi-access=free }}</ref> The specimen has been used to study comparative morphology between tyrannosaurids and ''Tyrannosaurus'' individuals.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
Replicas of Black Beauty have been shown in some exhibitions and museums, including both simple skull montages and complete skeletons. Casts are on display in museums around the world.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
=="Stan": NHMAD 2020.00001== {{Main|Stan (dinosaur)}}
[[File:Stan -T.rex fossill and MOR555 - cast by Volkan Yuksel DSC06441 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|"Stan" at Black Hills Institute]] Stan is the nickname given to a fossil about 11.78 m (38 ft) long found in Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, close to Buffalo in 1987 by Stan Sacrison, who also discovered the ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimen nicknamed "Duffy". The original fossils are now housed at Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc. center. It is a well known specimen, and one of the most complete,<ref>Many sources says that "Stan" is the second most complete specimen, except for "Sue" (FMNH PR 2081). 65% of his total skeleton was found {{cite web |url=http://yesterday.sg/2006/08/sue_stan_friends_were_in_town/ |title=Yesterday.sg: SUE, STAN & Friends were in town… |access-date=1 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001225239/http://yesterday.sg/2006/08/sue_stan_friends_were_in_town/ |archive-date=1 October 2011}}{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/yourvisit/galleries/stan/ |title=Stan (The University of Manchester) |access-date=18 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918104233/http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/yourvisit/galleries/stan/ |archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> with 199 bones recovered.<ref>The Manchester Museum's homepage: [http://www.museum.ac.uk/yourvisit/galleries/stan/ "Stan the Tyrannosaurus rex"]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> About 30 casts of the original fossil have been sold worldwide, each for a price of about $100,000.<ref>''Sign On San Diego''[http://archives.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060227/news_lz1n27read.html "New Mexico museum has funds for half a T. rex"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070937/http://archives.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060227/news_lz1n27read.html |date=16 July 2011 }}, 26 February 2006.</ref><ref>''Get Cynical:'' {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120727233740/http://www.cynical-c.com/?p=11030 "T-Rex Replica Skeletons for Sale"]}}, 21 July 2008.</ref> Stan's skeleton was auctioned for $31.8 million in a 2020 Christie's New York sale, making it a record-breaking dinosaur sale,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Small |first1=Zachary |title=T. Rex Skeleton Brings $31.8 Million at Christie's Auction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/arts/design/t-rex-skeleton-brings-31-8-million-at-christies-auction.html |work=The New York Times |date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007175400/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/arts/design/t-rex-skeleton-brings-31-8-million-at-christies-auction.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with the buyer eventually being revealed as the under construction Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi in the Saadiyat Cultural District.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/stan-the-t-rex-found-worlds-most-expensive-fossil-finds-home-in-a-new-museum |author=Michael Greshko |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323142559/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/stan-the-t-rex-found-worlds-most-expensive-fossil-finds-home-in-a-new-museum |archive-date=23 March 2022 |title=Stan the T. rex found! World's most expensive fossil finds home in a new museum|website=National Geographic|date=23 March 2022}}</ref> The museum opened on November 22, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|author=Martin, N.|date=2025-11-20|title=Exclusive: New Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi features two fighting ''T. rexes''|website=National Geographic Society |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/new-natural-history-museum-abu-dhabi-opening-dinosaurs|access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ansari, S.|date=2025-11-22|title=Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi opens its doors|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2623523/lifestyle|access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref> Stan has been given a new accession number, NHMAD 2020.00001.<ref name=Boeye2026/>
Like many other fossils of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'', the skeleton of Stan shows many broken and healed bones. These include broken ribs and damages in the skull. One of the most prominent injuries are in the neck and the skull. A piece of bone is missing at the rear, and the skull also bears a hole 1 inch wide, probably made by another ''Tyrannosaurus''. Also, two of the cervical vertebrae are fused, and another has additional bone growth. This could have been caused by another ''Tyrannosaurus'' bite. The bite marks are healed, indicating that Stan survived the wounds.<ref>New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science homepage: [http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/trex/stan.html "T. REX ATTACK!"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605055502/http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/trex/stan.html |date=5 June 2010 }}</ref> Stan could also have been infected by ''Trichomonas''-like parasites.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolff |first1=Ewan D. S. |last2=Salisbury |first2=Steven W. |last3=Horner |first3=John R. |last4=Varricchio |first4=David J. |title=Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs |journal=PLOS ONE |date=30 September 2009 |volume=4 |issue=9 |article-number=e7288 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007288 |pmid=19789646 |pmc=2748709 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7288W |doi-access=free }}</ref>
=="Wankel Rex": MOR 555== left|thumb|"The nation's ''T. rex''" mount in the Smithsonian Museum In 1988, local rancher Kathy Wankel discovered another ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' in Hell Creek sediments on an island in the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge of Montana. This specimen was excavated by a team from the Museum of the Rockies led by paleontologist Jack Horner, with assistance from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The specimen, given the number MOR 555 but informally called the "Wankel rex," includes approximately 80-85 percent<ref>{{Cite web |last=Institution |first=Smithsonian |title=Smithsonian Welcomes "The Nation's T. rex" to Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-welcomes-nation-s-t-rex-washington-dc |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330043219/https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-welcomes-nation-s-t-rex-washington-dc |url-status=live }}</ref> of the skeleton, including the skull, as well as what at the time was the first complete ''T. rex'' forelimb. It has an estimated length of around {{Convert|11.6|m|sp=us}} and a weight between {{convert|5.8|MT|ST}} and {{convert|10.8|MT|ST}} in newer figures.<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011">{{cite journal |last1=Hutchinson |first1=J. R. |last2=Bates |first2=K. T. |last3=Molnar |first3=J. |last4=Allen |first4=V. |last5=Makovicky |first5=P. J. | year = 2011 | title = A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 6 | issue = 10| article-number = e26037 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026037 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...626037H |pmc=3192160 | pmid=22022500|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is estimated that the "Wankel rex" was 18 years old when it died, an adult but not completely grown. The "Wankel rex" was also one of the first fossil dinosaur skeletons studied to see if biological molecules still existed within the fossilized bones. Doctoral candidate Mary Schweitzer found heme, a biological form of iron that makes up hemoglobin (the red pigment in blood).<ref name="Schontzler">[http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/montana_state_university/article_b15faf46-df9e-11e2-acf9-001a4bcf887a.html Schontzler, Gail. "Montana ''T. rex'' Heading to Smithsonian." ''Bozeman Daily Chronicle.'' 28 June 2013.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707073409/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/montana_state_university/article_b15faf46-df9e-11e2-acf9-001a4bcf887a.html |date=7 July 2013 }} Accessed 28 June 2013.</ref>
[[File:T Rex King Bone Exhibit.webm|right|thumb|2018 VOA report about "The nation's ''T. rex''"]] It was long on exhibit at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana.<ref name="hornerlessem93"/> In June 2013, the Corps loaned the specimen to the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution museum in Washington, D.C., for 50 years. (The Museum of the Rockies continues to display a cast reconstruction of the skull by Michael Holland). The specimen went on temporary display on National Fossil Day, 16 October 2013, and was exhibited until the museum's dinosaur hall exhibit closed for renovation in the spring of 2014. The skeleton, named "The Nation's ''T. rex''"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wu|first=Katherine, J.|date=17 July 2018|title=Homecoming King: The Nation's T. rex Returns to the Smithsonian|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/homecoming-king-nations-t-rex-returns-smithsonian-180969673/|website=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129045247/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/homecoming-king-nations-t-rex-returns-smithsonian-180969673/|url-status=live}}</ref> became the centerpiece of the dinosaur hall when it reopened in 2019.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/tyrannosaurus-rex-gets-long-term-lease-at-smithsonians-natural-history-museum/2013/06/27/0ac970c8-de76-11e2-b797-cbd4cb13f9c6_story.html du Lac, J. Freedom "''Tyrannosaurus rex'' Gets Long-Term Lease at Smithsonian's Natural History Museum." ''Washington Post.'' 27 June 2013.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720124114/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/tyrannosaurus-rex-gets-long-term-lease-at-smithsonians-natural-history-museum/2013/06/27/0ac970c8-de76-11e2-b797-cbd4cb13f9c6_story.html |date=20 July 2017 }} Accessed 28 June 2013.</ref> Casts of MOR 555 are on display at the National Museum of Scotland,<ref>{{cite web | title=T. rex arrives at National Museum of Scotland. | url=http://www.nms.ac.uk/highlights/objects_in_focus/tyrannosaurus_rex.aspx | access-date=29 July 2011 | archive-date=20 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084741/http://www.nms.ac.uk/highlights/objects_in_focus/tyrannosaurus_rex.aspx }}</ref> the Australian Fossil and Mineral Museum, Houston Museum of Natural Science Sugar Land, and the University of California Museum of Paleontology. A bronze cast of the specimen, known as "Big Mike", stands outside the Museum of the Rockies.<ref name="Schontzler" />
In 2022, Gregory S. Paul and colleagues argued that the Wankel rex was not actually a ''T. rex'', but rather the holotype for a new species: ''Tyrannosaurus regina''.<ref name="paul2022">{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-022-09561-5#Sec12 | title=The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus | last1=Paul | first1=Gregory S. | last2=Persons IV | first2=W. Scott | last3=van Raalte | first3=Jay | journal=Evolutionary Biology | year=2022 | volume=49 | issue=2 | pages=156–179 | doi=10.1007/s11692-022-09561-5 | bibcode=2022EvBio..49..156P | s2cid=247200214 | archive-date=12 June 2022 | access-date=7 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612011450/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-022-09561-5#Sec12 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref> This was heavily criticized by several other leading paleontologists, including Stephen Brusatte, Thomas Carr, Thomas Holtz, David Hone, Jingmai O'Connor, and Lindsay Zanno when they were approached by various media outlets for comment.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/science/tyrannosaurus-rex-species.html? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301014637/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/science/tyrannosaurus-rex-species.html |archive-date=1 March 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=They Want to Break T. Rex Into 3 Species. Other Paleontologists Aren't Pleased. | date=28 February 2022 | journal=The New York Times | access-date=1 March 2022 | last1=Elbein|first1=Asher}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/world/t-rex-three-different-dinosaurs-scn/index.html | title = Tyrannosaurus rex may have been misunderstood | first1 = Katie | last1 = Hunt | date = 1 March 2022 | work = CNN | access-date = 7 June 2023 | archive-date = 4 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220304034107/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/world/t-rex-three-different-dinosaurs-scn/index.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/call-to-split-tyrannosaurus-rex-into-3-species-sparks-fierce-debate | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220301010250/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/call-to-split-tyrannosaurus-rex-into-3-species-sparks-fierce-debate | archive-date = 1 March 2022 | title = Call to split T. rex into 3 species sparks fierce debate | work = National Geographic | first1 = Michael | last1 = Greshko | date = 1 March 2022 }}</ref> Their criticism was subsequently published in a technical paper.<ref name="Carr_et.al.(2022)">{{Cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Thomas D. |last2=Napoli |first2=James G. |last3=Brusatte |first3=Stephen L. |last4=Holtz |first4=Thomas R. |last5=Hone |first5=David W. E. |last6=Williamson |first6=Thomas E. |last7=Zanno |first7=Lindsay E. |date=1 September 2022 |title=Insufficient Evidence for Multiple Species of ''Tyrannosaurus'' in the Latest Cretaceous of North America: A Comment on "The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus ''Tyrannosaurus''" |journal=Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=327–341 |doi=10.1007/s11692-022-09573-1 |issn=1934-2845|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022EvBio..49..327C }}</ref>
=="Sue": FMNH PR2081== {{Main|Sue (dinosaur)}}
[[File:FMNH SUE Trex.jpg|alt=|thumb|"Sue" specimen, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago]] Susan Hendrickson of the Black Hills Institute discovered the best-preserved ''Tyrannosaurus'' currently known, in the Hell Creek Formation near Faith, South Dakota, on 12 August 1990.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} About 90% of the skeleton was recovered,<ref>{{cite web|author1=The Field Museum|title=Unearthing the Secrets of Sue: Educator Guide|edition=Second|url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/jsandy/2014/08/07/sue_educator_guide_2010-3.pdf|access-date=9 July 2016|pages=3, 52|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003205840/https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/jsandy/2014/08/07/sue_educator_guide_2010-3.pdf}}</ref> allowing the first complete description of a ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' skeleton.<ref name="brochu2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Brochu | first1 = C.R. | year = 2003 | title = Osteology of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'': insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull | journal = Memoirs of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 7 | pages = 1–138 | doi = 10.2307/3889334 | jstor = 3889334 | url = http://publication.plazi.org/id/6603FFA80B5D0D64FFF6AB533D39FF9A }}</ref> This specimen, named "Sue" in honor of its discoverer, soon became embroiled in a legal battle over its ownership. The owner of the land where the fossil was found, Maurice Williams, as well as the Sioux Tribe he belonged to, claimed ownership which the Institute had considered itself to have. In 1997, the suit was settled in favor of Williams and the fossil was returned to Williams' ownership. Williams quickly offered up "Sue" for auction by Sotheby's in New York, where it was sold to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago for US$8.4 million—the highest price ever paid for a fossil before being surpassed by Stan.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
Sue has a length of {{convert|12.3|-|12.4|m|1|sp=us}}, stands {{convert|3.66|-|3.96|m|0|abbr=on}} tall at the hips, and according to the most recent studies estimated to have weighed between 8.4 and 14 metric tons when alive.<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011"/><ref name="Holtz2008">{{cite web|last1=Holtz|first1=T. R.|title=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix|url=http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf|access-date=13 January 2012|date=2011|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812011954/http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SueFMNH">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Sue%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |title=Sue Fact Sheet |website=Sue at the Field Museum |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818213556/https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Sue%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Sue>{{cite web |author=<!--none given--> |title=How well do you know SUE? |date=11 August 2016 |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/how-well-do-you-know-sue |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408042134/https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/how-well-do-you-know-sue |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FMNH">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2018 |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/sue-t-rex |title=Sue the T. Rex |website=Field Museum |access-date=20 July 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404170459/http://fieldmuseum.org/sue |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HartmanMassEstimate">{{cite web |last=Hartman |first=Scott |date=7 July 2013 |title=Mass estimates: North vs South redux |publisher=Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com |url=http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/mass-estimates-north-vs-south-redux772013 |access-date=24 August 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012065922/http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/mass-estimates-north-vs-south-redux772013 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=August 2022}} It has been hypothesised that Sue's impressive size may have been achieved due to a prolonged ontogenic development, since it is the third oldest ''Tyrannosaurus'' known. Sue's age at the time of death was estimated by Peter Mackovicky and the University of Florida to be 28 years old, over 6–10 years older than most big ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimens, like MOR 555, AMNH 5027 or BHI 3033.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/educators/resources/sue-educator-guide|title=SUE Educator Guide|last=kcook|date=30 June 2014|website=Field Museum|access-date=23 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The only known specimen of ''T. rex'' that is older than Sue is Trix.<ref name="naturalis.nl">{{cite web |url=http://www.naturalis.nl/media/library/2016/06/Pressfile_T.rex_June_2016.pdf |title=T. rex is coming to Naturalis |access-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215114710/http://www.naturalis.nl/media/library/2016/06/Pressfile_T.rex_June_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name="VUB-Today-Trix-Age">Koen Stein, paleontologist at the Free University of Brussels (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), [http://vubtoday.be/en/content/oldest-t-rex-trix-view-leiden "Oldest T. rex Trix on view in Leiden, VUB researchers established the dinosaur's age", ''VUB Today'', 23 January 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022223658/http://vubtoday.be/en/content/oldest-t-rex-trix-view-leiden |date=22 October 2019 }}</ref>
Preparation of "Sue" (FMNH PR2081) was completed at the Field Museum and the skeleton was placed on exhibit on 17 May 2000.<ref name="larson00">[http://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_sue.htm "The Story of a Dinosaur Named Sue"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227171202/http://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_sue.htm |date=27 December 2014 }} by Neal Larson. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc. 19 May 2000. Retrieved 16 July 2006.</ref><ref name="suesite">[http://www.fieldmuseum.org/sue/ "Sue at the Field Museum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404170459/http://fieldmuseum.org/sue |date=4 April 2014 }} Field Museum of Natural History. 9 September 2005. Retrieved 16 July 2006.</ref>
=="Montana's ''T. rex''": MOR980== [[File:OriginalPecks.jpg|left|thumb|Montana's ''T. rex'' (formerly nicknamed "Peck's Rex) real fossils displayed at the Museum of the Rockies]] Montana's ''T. rex'' (also known as "Peck's rex", "Peckrex", "Rigby's rex" and ''Tyrannosaurus'' "imperator") is the nickname given to a fossil specimen found in Montana in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://article-niche.com/launch/Digging-For-Dinosaurs.htm |title=''article-niche.com'' |publisher=Article-niche.com |date=4 March 2009 |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718052824/http://article-niche.com/launch/Digging-For-Dinosaurs.htm }}</ref> The discovery was made by Louis E. Tremblay on 4 July 1997 working under the supervision of J. Keith Rigby Jr. who led the excavation and bone preparation.
The skeleton of Montana's ''T. rex'' includes a relatively complete skull with jaws, multiple vertebrae of the back and tail, a well preserved gastralium, and hipbone with complete ischium and pubis. The left hindleg is relatively complete with a {{Convert|1.2|m|ft|-long|adj=mid|sp=us}} femur, missing only some toe bones. The forelimbs include the scapula and furcula, both humeri and right hand phalanges, as well as metacarpal III. Montana's ''T. rex'' has been the subject of research regarding parasitic infections in dinosaurs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/47907/title/Parasite_may_have_felled_a_mighty_T._rex |title=Parasite may have felled a mighty T. rex | Paleontology |publisher=Science News |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925002737/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/47907/title/Parasite_may_have_felled_a_mighty_T._rex |url-status=live }}</ref> The forelimbs of ''Montana's T. rex'' have also been studied as they show evidence of use. This evidence includes the construction of metacarpal III, as well as repeated fractures in the furcula—possibly caused by heavy loads or pressure (Carpenter and Lipkin, 2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dml.cmnh.org/2005Jun/msg00149.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113053242/http://dml.cmnh.org/2005Jun/msg00149.html |archive-date=13 November 2007 |title=''dml.cmnh.org'' |publisher=Dml.cmnh.org |date=13 June 2005 |access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>
The fossils of Montana's ''T. rex'' are exhibited at Museum of the Rockies as part of a full skeletal mount completed with cast elements replacing the missing bones.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.montana.edu/news/15478/museum-of-the-rockies-to-open-new-exhibit-featuring-real-fossilized-t-rex | title=New exhibit at Museum of the Rockies features real fossilized T. Rex }}</ref> This mount was installed after the Wankel Rex (now nicknamed The Nation's ''T. rex'') was loaned to the Smithsonian to occupy a central part in the museum's dinosaur hall, featuring a dynamic mount showing the apex predator devouring a ''Triceratops'' carcass.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/146322/whats_the_army_doing_with_dinosaurs_redux|title=What's the Army doing with dinosaurs? Redux|website=www.army.mil|date=13 April 2015|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323071646/https://www.army.mil/article/146322/whats_the_army_doing_with_dinosaurs_redux|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> It has been stated by Pete Makovicky, the Chicago museum's lead curator of dinosaurs, that this specimen is in the same size range as "Sue" and "Scotty".<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-largest-t-rex-scotty-sue-0329-story.html|title = Scotty vs. Sue: Is the Canadian T. Rex really bigger than Chicago's? The Field Museum disputes new study|website = Chicago Tribune|date = 29 March 2019|access-date = 12 April 2019|archive-date = 12 April 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070509/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-largest-t-rex-scotty-sue-0329-story.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
=="Bucky": TCM 2001.90.1== thumb|left|Cast of the "Bucky" specimen Bucky is a fossil of a juvenile specimen on display at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is the first juvenile ''Tyrannosaurus'' ever placed on permanent exhibit in a museum.<ref name="Crosslin"/> The dinosaur remains were found in 1998 in the Hell Creek Formation near the town of Faith, South Dakota. The skeleton, transported by water, ended up in a low shallow valley along with bones from an ''Edmontosaurus'' and ''Triceratops''. It was discovered by rancher and cowboy Bucky Derflinger.<ref name="LarsonCarpenter">{{cite book | last1=Larson | first1=P.L. | last2=Carpenter | first2=K. | title=Tyrannosaurus Rex, the Tyrant King | publisher=Indiana University Press | series=Life of the past | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-253-35087-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WH9RnfKco4C | access-date=22 June 2020 }}</ref> Bucky was well preserved and easily prepared by the Black Hills Institute in South Dakota.<ref name="LarsonCarpenter"/> Part of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis Dinosphere exhibit,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Dinos of Dinosphere {{!}} The Children's Museum of Indianapolis|url=https://www.childrensmuseum.org/blog/meet-dinos-dinosphere|access-date=24 January 2021|website=www.childrensmuseum.org}}</ref> Bucky is displayed along with Stan, an adult ''Tyrannosaurus'', in a hunting scene. Both dinosaurs are attacking a ''Triceratops'' specimen known as "Kelsey".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crosslin|first=Rick |author2=Mary Fortney |author3=Dinosphere Exhibit Development Team|title=Tyrannosaurus rex Attack Scene-What will be the outcome?|journal=Dinosphere: A 3–5 Unit of Study|year=2004|page=88}}</ref>
Bucky is one of the few dinosaur fossils found with a furcula;<ref name=Birds>{{cite web|title=The Origin of Birds|url=http://beta.revealedsingularity.net/article.php?art=bird_evo|work=The Macro Library|publisher=University of California|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615081900/http://beta.revealedsingularity.net/article.php?art=bird_evo|archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Bucky's furcula was the first one found for the genus ''Tyrannosaurus.''<ref>{{cite book|last=Larson|first=Peter|title=The First Recognized Furcula For Tyrannosaurus Rex|publisher=Black Hills Institute of Geological Research}}</ref> Bucky also has a nearly complete set of gastralia, or belly ribs, and an ulna, or lower arm bone. As of now, 101 bones, or about 34% of Bucky's skeleton, has been discovered and verified.<ref name="LarsonCarpenter"/> Bucky is the sixth-most complete ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' out of more than 40 that have been discovered.<ref name="Crosslin">{{cite journal|last=Crosslin|first=Rick|author2=Mary Fortney |author3=Dinosphere Exhibit Development Team |title=Resource Materials: Bucky-Tyrannosaurus rex|journal=Dinosphere: A 3–5 Unit of Study|year=2004}}</ref>
== "E. D. Cope": BHI 6248 == E. D. Cope (named after the paleontologist of the same name) is a ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimen discovered in South Dakota by Bucky Derflinger in 1999 at the same site as AMNH 3982. Excavations of this 10% complete skeleton began in 2000. The known material includes a partial skull, several vertebrae, and ribs.<ref name="Tyrannosaurus rex the Tyrant King" /> A very wide femur with a length of 1300 mm and a circumference of 630 mm is also known.<ref name="paul2022" />
=="B-rex": MOR 1125== thumb|left|Reconstructed skull of B-rex This specimen was found in the lower portion of the Hell Creek Formation near Fort Peck Lake in the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge in Garfield County, Montana. Its discoverer was Bob Harmon, a fossil preparator for the Museum of the Rockies, and was nicknamed the "B-rex" (or "Bob-rex") in honor of Harmon. The specimen was discovered in 2000, and excavated by MOR from 2001 to 2003.<ref name="LarsonCarpenter"/> Although only 37 percent of the skeleton was present, this included almost all of the skull (although the skull was nearly completely disarticulated). The specimen also includes several cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae; several chevrons; some cervical and dorsal ribs; left scapula and coracoid; the furcula; the left ulna; both femora, tibiae, and ulnae; the right calcaneum; right astragalus; and a number of pes phalanges.<ref name="LarsonCarpenter"/> [[File:Tyrannosaurus peptides.jpg|thumb|upright|Femur of MOR 1125 from which demineralized matrix and peptides (insets) were obtained]] In the March 2005 ''Science magazine'', Mary Higby Schweitzer of North Carolina State University and colleagues announced the recovery of soft tissue from the marrow cavity of a fossilized femur belong to B-Rex. Flexible, bifurcating blood vessels and fibrous but elastic bone matrix tissue were recognized. In addition, microstructures resembling blood cells were found inside the matrix and vessels. The structures bear resemblance to ostrich blood cells and vessels. However, since an unknown process distinct from normal fossilization seems to have preserved the material, the researchers are being careful not to claim that it is original material from the dinosaur.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schweitzer | first1 = M.H. | last2 = Wittmeyer | first2 = J.L. | last3 = Horner | first3 = J.R. | last4 = Toporski | first4 = J.B. | year = 2005 | title = Soft Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' | journal = Science | volume = 307 | issue = 5717| pages = 1952–1955 | doi = 10.1126/science.1108397 | pmid=15790853 | bibcode=2005Sci...307.1952S| s2cid = 30456613 }}</ref> Paleontologist Thomas Kaye of the University of Washington in Seattle hypothesized that the soft-tissue is permineralized biofilm created by bacteria while digesting and breaking down the original specimen. He has discovered this to be true in many specimens from the same area.<ref>{{cite news | title= Scientists question dinosaur soft tissue find | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKN2933635420080730 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722184650/http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKN2933635420080730 | archive-date=22 July 2012 | author = Fox, Maggie | publisher = Reuters | access-date= 30 July 2008 | date=30 July 2008}}</ref> In 2016, it was finally confirmed by Mary Higby Schweitzer and Lindsay Zanno ''et al'' that the soft tissue was medullary bone tissue, like that in modern birds when they are readying to lay eggs. This confirmed the identity of the ''Tyrannosaurus'' MOR 1125 as a female.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schweitzer|first1=Mary Higby|last2=Zheng|first2=Wenxia|last3=Zanno|first3=Lindsay|last4=Werning|first4=Sarah|last5=Sugiyama|first5=Toshie|date=15 March 2016|title=Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|article-number=23099|doi=10.1038/srep23099|pmid=26975806|pmc=4791554|bibcode=2016NatSR...623099S|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref>
=="Samson"== thumb|Samson A ''T. rex'' specimen was discovered on private land in Harding County, South Dakota, once in 1981 by Michael and Dee Zimmerschied, and again on 4 October 1992 (Alan and Robert Detrich re-discovered Samson after it was originally found and deemed by paleontologists that several bones had washed in and there was nothing left). It was shortly after that when Fred Nuss and Candace Nuss of Nuss Fossils with the Detrich brothers found the most complete and undistorted ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' skull ever discovered.<ref name=spice04/> Following the sale of "Sue," another ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' skeleton was, the specimen was put up for auction on eBay in 2000 under the name of "Z-rex", with an asking price of over US$8 million. It failed to sell online but was purchased for an undisclosed price in 2001 by British millionaire Graham Ferguson Lacey, who renamed the skeleton "Samson" after the Biblical figure of the same name.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} It was prepared by the Carnegie Museum starting in May 2004.<ref name="spice04">[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04133/314990.stm "Carnegie Museum digs into controversial, but promising T-rex skull"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124934/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04133/314990.stm |date=29 September 2007 }} by Byron Spice. ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. 12 May 2004. Retrieved 16 July 2006.</ref> After preparation was complete in March 2006, the specimen was returned to Lacey.<ref name="lagiovane06">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080116121509/http://www.carnegiemnh.org/news/06-jan-mar/030206bonevoyage.htm "It's "Bone Voyage" for a famous fossil"]}} by Dan Lagiovane. Carnegie Museum of Natural History [via Internet Archive]. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</ref> It, along with some other dinosaur skeletons, was sold again at auction on 3 October 2009.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
Samson measured {{convert|11.9|m|abbr=on}}, only slightly shorter than Sue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17517/lot/23/|title=Bonhams: The T. rex known as Samson - One of the Most Complete Tyrannosaurus rex Specimens in Existence|website=www.bonhams.com|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>
=="Baby Bob"== On 7 July 2013, fossil hunter Robert Detrich of Wichita, Kansas, unearthed the remains of what is believed to be a 4-year-old ''Tyrannosaurus rex''. Detrich unearthed the fossil dubbed "Baby Bob" in a fossil-rich area near the Eastern Montana town of Jordan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fossilera.com/blog/new-arrivals-t-rex-nanotyrannus-teeth-from-south-dakota|title=New Arrivals – T-Rex & Nanotyrannus Teeth From South Dakota|website=FossilEra|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008112300/https://www.fossilera.com/blog/new-arrivals-t-rex-nanotyrannus-teeth-from-south-dakota|url-status=live}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=September 2021}} Its femur measures about 25 inches, and if all the preliminary data pans out, that would make it among the smallest ''T. rex'' specimens ever found. Baby Bob has been fully excavated, although it will take another year to clean. Detrich said the skull, which is about 75 percent complete, and most of the major skeletal elements were found strewn across a flood plain, although very few vertebra and ribs were found.
== "Scotty": RSM P2523.8 == {{main|Scotty (dinosaur)}}
thumb|left|Scotty is currently thought by many to be the largest ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimen ever discovered. "Scotty", cataloged as RSM P2523.8, was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991. Since its discovery and extensive subsequent study, "Scotty" has been referred to as the largest ''T. rex'' ever discovered in the world, the largest of any dinosaur discovered in Canada, and as one of the oldest and most complete fossils of its kind at more than 70% bulk.<ref name="Persons et al 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Persons |first1=W. Scott |last2=Currie |first2=Philip J. |last3=Erickson |first3=Gregory M. |title=An Older and Exceptionally Large Adult Specimen of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' |journal=The Anatomical Record |date=April 2020 |volume=303 |issue=4 |pages=656–672 |doi=10.1002/ar.24118 |pmid=30897281 |s2cid=85448862 |doi-access=free }}</ref> "Scotty" resides at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum's T. rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, SK, Canada. In May 2019, a second mount was erected at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Regina, where the exhibit reflects the recent discoveries about the fossil.<ref name=":0b">{{Cite web|url=https://royalsaskmuseum.ca/trex/visit/exhibits/the-cretaceous|title=The Cretaceous « T.rex Discovery Centre|website=royalsaskmuseum.ca|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411030226/https://royalsaskmuseum.ca/trex/visit/exhibits/the-cretaceous}}</ref>
"Scotty" was discovered by Robert Gebhardt, a high school principal from Eastend, SK who accompanied palaeontologists from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum on a prospective expedition into the Frenchman Formation in southwestern Saskatchewan on 16 August 1991.<ref name="Persons et al 2020"/> It wasn't until June 1994 that the Royal Saskatchewan Museum was able to begin the excavation, which was led and overseen by the Museum's Ron Borden, as well as resident paleontologists Tim Tokaryk and John Storer who were with Gebhardt when he uncovered the first fossils.<ref name=":0b" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2019/03/25/scotty-t-rex/|title=World's Largest T. Rex Skeleton nicknamed "Scotty" Discovered in Canada|date=25 March 2019|website=The Vintage News|language=en|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326192157/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2019/03/25/scotty-t-rex/|url-status=live}}</ref> The bones were deeply packed in dense, iron-laden sandstone, which took more than twenty years for the team to fully remove, excavate, and assemble the majority of the skeleton, with additional trips being made to the site to retrieve smaller bones and teeth.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1b">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/26/world/biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex-discovery-scn-trnd/index.html|title=Meet 'Scotty,' the largest Tyrannosaurus rex ever discovered|author=Ashley Strickland|website=CNN|date=26 March 2019|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411224548/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/26/world/biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex-discovery-scn-trnd/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/science/scotty-t-rex-fossil.html|title='Scotty' the T. Rex Is the Heaviest Ever Found, Scientists Say|last=Holson|first=Laura M.|date=28 March 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 April 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411030034/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/science/scotty-t-rex-fossil.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-largest-t-rex-scotty-sue-0329-story.html|title=Scotty vs. Sue: Is the Canadian T. rex really bigger than Chicago's? The Field Museum disputes new study|last=Johnson|first=Steve|website=Chicago Tribune|date=29 March 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> The entire process of excavating the skeleton was also slowed down by its considerable size.<ref name="Persons et al 2020"/>
"Scotty" is reported to be {{convert|13.1|m|abbr=off}} long and weighed an estimated {{convert|8.8|t|kg}}.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-scotty-trex-biggest-ever-1.5068830|title=Sask. T-rex Scotty is officially biggest ever discovered|last=Francis|first=Jennifer|date=22 March 2019|website=cbc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osel.cz/10883-scotty-ten-nejvetsi-tyranosaurus-ze-vsech.html|title=OSEL.CZ|website=www.osel.cz}}</ref> Despite it not being a complete fossil, paleontologists were able to create the estimation for the weight and length through measurements of important weight bearing bones such as the femur, hip, and shoulder bones that have all been measured to be larger and thicker with "Scotty" than the corresponding bones with "Sue". Going from the latest study "Scotty" exceeds "Sue" in 84.6% of the published measurements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xbuGjf_PaBcJNKJSu4sEixEqZzEc-wyvfrg1iTnCSno/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=ScottySue|website=Google Docs}}</ref>
Like other ''T. rex'' fossils, "Scotty" shows signs of trichomoniasis, a parasitic infection in the jaw that left visible holes in the bone and was unique to this specific species of dinosaur.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/7913-mighty-rex-killed-lowly-parasite-study-suggests.html|title=Mighty T. rex Killed by Lowly Parasite, Study Suggests|last1=Choi|first1=Charles Q.|website=Live Science|access-date=11 April 2019|date=29 September 2009|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411224547/https://www.livescience.com/7913-mighty-rex-killed-lowly-parasite-study-suggests.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, a broken and healed rib on its right side, broken tail vertebra, as well as a hole near the eye socket are possibly the result of another ''T. rex'' attack.<ref name="Persons et al 2020"/><ref name=":3" /> Other abnormalities, such as impacted teeth, suggest that "Scotty" was not only bitten, but also bit other animals.<ref name=":2" />
=="Tristan Otto"== thumb|Tristan Otto in Berlin Commercial paleontologist Craig Pfister discovered the specimen in the lower Hell Creek Formation in Carter County, Montana, in 2010.<ref name=FT2015>{{cite news|last1=Cookson|first1=Clive|title=How to buy a Tyrannosaurus Rex|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7055197a-6168-11e5-a28b-50226830d644 |access-date=1 January 2016|work=Financial Times|date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=MFNBerlin>{{cite web|title=Tristan – Berlin bares teeth|url=https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/museum/ausstellungen/tristan-berlin-bares-teeth|access-date=18 January 2019|publisher=Museum für Naturkunde|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401115308/https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/museum/ausstellungen/tristan-berlin-bares-teeth}}</ref> Its excavation and preservation lasted four years.<ref name=MFNBerlin/> It was later sold to Danish-born investment banker Niels Nielsen, who loaned the specimen to the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany, for research and exhibition.<ref name=tagesspiegel2015_1>{{cite news|last1=Gennies|first1=Sidney|title=T-Rex Tristan: Entzauberung eines Mythos|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/themen/reportage/ausstellungseroeffnung-im-naturkundemuseum-t-rex-tristan-entzauberung-eines-mythos/12727600.html|access-date=1 January 2016|publisher=Der Tagesspiegel|date=17 December 2015}}</ref> It has been on display at Museum für Naturkunde between 2015 and 2020,<ref name=MFNBerlin/> moving to the Natural History Museum of Denmark for one year, and expected back in 2021.<!-- ref says 2019, but museum itself has already confirmed that it has been postponed to ~2020 (pending completion of the new museum) --><ref>{{cite news|title=Nach drei Jahren verlässt T. rex Tristan Otto Berlin|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/bezirke/mitte/article215875635/Zeit-von-T-rex-Tristan-Otto-in-Berliner-Museum-laeuft-ab.html|access-date=18 January 2019|publisher=Berliner Morgenpost|date=26 November 2018|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215441/https://www.morgenpost.de/bezirke/mitte/article215875635/Zeit-von-T-rex-Tristan-Otto-in-Berliner-Museum-laeuft-ab.html}}</ref><ref name=TristanLeave>Back in 2021 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200213201625/https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/back-2021-tristan ''Back in 2021 - Tristan'']}}, accessed 13 February 2020</ref> Nielsen and his friend Jens Jensen named the specimen Tristan-Otto (short: Tristan) for their sons.<ref name=tagesspiegel2015>{{cite news|last1=Karberg|first1=Sascha|title=Schädel eines T. Rex in Berlin eingetroffen|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/tyrann-aus-der-kreidezeit-schaedel-eines-t-rex-in-berlin-eingetroffen/12050418.html|access-date=1 January 2016|publisher=Der Tagesspiegel|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin lists it under specimen number MB.R.91216.<ref>{{cite web|title=tristan-otto|work=Naturkundemuseum Berlin |date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Museum für Naturkunde|url=http://www.naturkundemuseum.berlin/en/museum/exhibitions/tristan-otto|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222221559/http://www.naturkundemuseum.berlin/en/museum/exhibitions/tristan-otto|url-status=live}}</ref> Several European museums have ''Tyrannosaurus'' casts (replicas) or parts, but Tristan is one of only two original skeletons on display in the continent (the other is "Trix" in the Netherlands).<ref name=FT2015/> The matte-black fossilised skeleton is about {{cvt|12|m|ft}} long and {{cvt|3.4|m|ft}} tall at the hips.<ref name=Borsen2015>{{cite news|last1=Okke|first1=Tom|title=Dansk velhaver investerer i ægte Tyrannosaurus rex|url=https://pleasure.borsen.dk/portraet/artikel/1/316452/dansk_velhaver_investerer_i_aegte_tyrannosaurus_rex.html|access-date=18 January 2019|publisher=Børsen|date=17 December 2015|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121305/https://pleasure.borsen.dk/portraet/artikel/1/316452/dansk_velhaver_investerer_i_aegte_tyrannosaurus_rex.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ring|first1=Caroline|title=Der T. rex von Berlin|url=https://www.spektrum.de/news/der-t-rex-von-berlin/1356158|access-date=18 January 2019|publisher=Spektrum.de|date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Tristan is among the most complete known ''Tyrannosaurus'' skeletons: It was re-assembled from about 300 separate parts, 170 of which are original (including 98% of the skull and all the teeth), the rest reproductions.<ref name=MFNBerlin/><ref name=tagesspiegel2015_1/><ref name=Borsen2015/> It is estimated to have died when about 20 years old and it was in poor health, having several bone fractures, bite marks to the skull and signs of disease in the jaw.<ref name=FT2015/><ref name=Borsen2015/> The disease present in Tristan's jaw was suggested to be a case of tumefactive osteomyelitis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/tyrannosaurus-rex-tristan-otto-bone-infection|title = Famous T. Rex had a bone infection, new medical scans reveal|website = Live Science|date = December 2021}}</ref>
=="Thomas": LACM 150167== thumb|Thomas, mounted with two younger specimens From 2003 to 2005, Thomas was excavated by NHMLA paleontologists in southeastern Montana. At 17 years old, {{cvt|34|ft}} long and nearly {{cvt|7000|lb}}, it is estimated to be a 70% complete specimen. Thomas is mounted in a "growth series" with the youngest-known ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' fossil, a two-year-old, {{convert|11|ft|m|-long|adj=mid}} specimen, and a 13-year-old, {{convert|20|ft|m|-long|adj=mid}} juvenile specimen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nhm.org/site/explore-exhibits/permanent-exhibits/dinosaur-hall|title=Dinosaur Hall|date=15 December 2010|website=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County|access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref>
This fossil is one of the geologically youngest ''T. rex'' specimens known, discovered very near the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dinosaurs.nhm.org/collections/highlights.htm|title=Collection Highlights|website=dinosaurs.nhm.org|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230707/https://dinosaurs.nhm.org/collections/highlights.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
== "Victoria"== [[File:Victoria trex full.jpg|alt=Victoria on display at HMNS|thumb|left|Victoria on display at HMNS]] Victoria is a specimen found near Faith, South Dakota in 2013.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=16 October 2020|title=Victoria, the 66-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex, will have her exhibit extended at the Arizona Science Center|url=https://www.abc15.com/entertainment/victoria-the-66-million-year-old-tyrannosaurus-rex-will-have-her-exhibit-extended-at-the-arizona-science-center|access-date=27 June 2021|website=KNXV|language=en}}</ref> Victoria is estimated to be around 12 ft tall and 40 ft long, and she is thought to have died in her subadult stage, between 15 and 25 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Victoria, one of the most complete T. rex fossils in the world |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/12/world/victoria-t-rex-fossil-scn/index.html |website=CNN |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213735/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/12/world/victoria-t-rex-fossil-scn/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Victoria has also been the subject of a traveling exhibition being displayed in places such as the Arizona Science Center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victoria, the 66-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex, will have her exhibit extended at the Arizona Science Center |url=https://www.abc15.com/entertainment/victoria-the-66-million-year-old-tyrannosaurus-rex-will-have-her-exhibit-extended-at-the-arizona-science-center |website=ABC15 |date=16 October 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214603/https://www.abc15.com/entertainment/victoria-the-66-million-year-old-tyrannosaurus-rex-will-have-her-exhibit-extended-at-the-arizona-science-center |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoria: The T. rex {{!}} Houston Museum Of Natural Science|url=https://www.hmns.org/exhibits/special-exhibitions/victoria-the-t-rex|access-date=1 July 2021|website=www.hmns.org|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701122853/http://www.hmns.org/exhibits/special-exhibitions/victoria-the-t-rex/}}</ref> Her cause of death is unknown; however, she was believed to have been bitten in the lower jaw by another ''Tyrannosaurus''. The bite may have become infected, spreading and leading to sepsis.<ref name=":11" />
=="Ivan"== thumb|right|Ivan the ''T. rex'', during installation Ivan is a 65% complete ''T. rex'' displayed at the Museum of World Treasures in Wichita, Kansas. The specimen has the most complete tail of any ''T. rex'', only missing around 3 vertebrae. Ivan is around 40 ft long and 12 feet high.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reidl|first=Matt|date=15 February 2018|title=Wichita gets to keep its T. rex skeleton in Old Town|url=https://www.kansas.com/entertainment/ent-columns-blogs/keeper-of-the-plans/article200384909.html|website=The Wichita Eagle|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106184816/https://www.kansas.com/entertainment/ent-columns-blogs/keeper-of-the-plans/article200384909.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=="Trix": RGM 792.000== {{Main|Trix (dinosaur)}}
left|thumb|Mounted skeleton of Trix In 2013, a team of paleontologists from the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden, Netherlands) traveled to Montana where they discovered and unearthed a large and remarkably complete ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' specimen that lived 67 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unit.nl/news/2016/trix-and-isabella-rozendaal|title=Unit|date=September 2016|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104180219/http://unit.nl/news/2016/trix-and-isabella-rozendaal}}</ref> Black Hills institute collaborated with the team in the excavation. The bones were cleaned and assembled in a mount at Black Hills Institute's installations, with the help of both Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History and the Naturalis Museum in Leiden. Chicago's Field museum sent digital models of their famous specimen, FMNH PR 2081 (Sue) to complete the cast and Naturalis museum replicated the bones using 3D-printing technology.
The specimen was named ''Trix'' after former Netherlands' Queen Beatrix. At arrival in the Netherlands, it started touring on public display in an itinerant exhibition titled ''T. rex in Town''. The first exhibit spanned from 10 September 2016 to 5 June 2017 and was set at the only room of the Naturalis museum open to public at the time (the 17th-century building known as ''Pesthuis''), due to the fact that the museum was undergoing restoration. When the Netherlands exhibition ended, it continued travelling through other European countries in 2017, 2018 and 2019. As of August 2019, Trix was returned to display at the Naturalis museum where it is installed in a special room that was under construction during Trix's European tour.<ref name="dutchnews.nl">{{cite web|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2016/09/trix-the-t-rex-makes-her-mark-on-leiden95266/|title=Trix the T Rex makes her mark on Leiden in new exhibition|date=6 September 2019|website=DutchNews.nl|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530123028/https://www.dutchnews.nl/features/2016/09/trix-the-t-rex-makes-her-mark-on-leiden95266/|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to Peter Larson (director of Black Hills Institute), Trix is among the most complete ''Tyrannosaurus'' found. Between 75% and 80% of its skeletal volume was recovered.<ref name="thefossilforum.com">[http://www.thefossilforum.com/uploads/monthly_2016_09/10.thumb.jpg.592a065fd0a51cd2c23fa6d1a2063c29.jpg Original/reconstruction]{{unreliable source?|date=September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-0824-trex-trix-ohare-dutch-20160823-story.html|title=Don't worry, Sue – Trix is just passing through|first=Steve|last=Johnson|website=Chicago Tribune|date=24 August 2016|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323071649/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-0824-trex-trix-ohare-dutch-20160823-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They are thought to have been at least 30 years old at death.<ref name="naturalis.nl" /><ref name="VUB-Today-Trix-Age" />
== "Titus" == {{Main|Titus (dinosaur)}}
[[File:Titus the Tyrannosaurus rex, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham 07.jpg|thumb|right|Cast of ''T. rex'' skeleton incorporating authentic fossil elements from "Titus", exhibited at Wollaton Hall, Nottingham]] "Titus" is the name given to an obsidian-black skeleton of a ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' discovered in Montana's Hell Creek Formation in 2014 and excavated in 2018. It is 20% complete, and was named after the protagonist in Shakespeare's ''Titus Andronicus''. Exhibited in the Nottingham Natural History Museum for 13 months beginning July 2021, it was during that time only the second specimen of ''Tyrannosaurus'' to be on exhibit in United Kingdom, the other being the type of the junior synonym ''Dynamosaurus imperosus'' which has the jaw on display in the Natural History Museum, London.<ref name=":1a">{{Cite web |last1=Burnham |first1=David A. |last2=Rothschild |first2=Bruce M. |last3=Nudds |first3=John R. |date=2021 |title=A Paleontological Study of a New Specimen of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' Named "Titus" Nottingham Natural History Museum Specimen #NGMG 2022-7 |url=https://wollatonhall.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/TITUS-T.rex-Scientific-Report-Dec-2021.pdf |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=Wollaton Hall |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308195724/https://wollatonhall.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/TITUS-T.rex-Scientific-Report-Dec-2021.pdf }}</ref> External bone inspection has revealed injuries to Titus' right tibia (possibly a claw or bite wound); a deformed toe on the right foot; and a bitten and healed tail. The bite wound near the end of the tail indicates a possible attack by another ''Tyrannosaurus rex''.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2022 |title=Titus T. rex Scientific Report: Discussion |url=https://wollatonhall.org.uk/titus-t-rex-scientific-report-discussion/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Wollaton Hall |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325223353/https://wollatonhall.org.uk/titus-t-rex-scientific-report-discussion/ }}</ref>
The remains of "Titus" were discovered in September 2014 by commercial paleontologist Craig Pfister near Ekalaka, Carter County, Montana.<ref name=":1a" /> Excavation of the specimen began in 2018, and took 18 months.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Pinchess |first=Lynette |date=1 July 2021 |title=Real T. Rex descends on Nottingham in a world exclusive |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/whats-on/family-kids/real-t-rex-descends-nottingham-5595970 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=NottinghamshireLive |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418100146/https://www.nottinghampost.com/whats-on/family-kids/real-t-rex-descends-nottingham-5595970 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bones of "Titus" were shipped to conservationist Nigel Larkin in the UK, who constructed the mount using a cast of the ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimen Stan to supplement the known bones of "Titus", after scanning the bones using photogrammetry to create digital models that were 3D printed for use in the exhibition, alongside the display of the real fossil skeleton, and which remained at the museum after the end of the exhibition.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite news |last=Ingram |first=Simon |date=12 May 2021 |title='Titus' the T. rex is coming to the UK this summer. Here's why it's a big deal |work=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2021/05/titus-the-t-rex-is-coming-to-the-uk-this-summer-heres-why-its-a-big-deal |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095241/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2021/05/titus-the-t-rex-is-coming-to-the-uk-this-summer-heres-why-its-a-big-deal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Natural History Conservation">{{cite web |title=Mounting the skeleton of 'Titus' the ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' |website=Natural-History-Conservation.com |url=http://www.natural-history-conservation.com/TyrannosaurusRex.htm |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702070018/http://www.natural-history-conservation.com/TyrannosaurusRex.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> For the exhibit at the Nottingham Natural History Museum at Wollaton Hall, Titus was reconstructed in a walking pose.<ref name=":1a" />
=="Tufts-Love": UWBM 99000== thumb|Tufts-Love ''T. rex'' In 2016 Greg Wilson, David DeMar, and a paleontology team from the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, the University of Washington, and the Dig Field school excavated the partial remains of a ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' from Montana. The partial skeleton was found by two Burke Museum volunteers, Jason Love and Luke Tufts, and was named the "Tufts-Love" rex.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Paleontologists at the Burke Museum believe that the Tufts-Love rex was around 15 years old when it died. The skull is of average size for an adult ''T. rex''. The specimen was found in Late Cretaceous deposits and it is estimated to be 66.3 million years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|title=Burke Museum team discovers a T. rex|date=17 August 2016|website=Burke Museum|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411110222/http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/burke-museum-team-discovers-t-rex|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tufts-Love rex is undergoing preparation by Michael Holland and his team at the Burke Museum. The skeleton is estimated to be 30% complete, but it includes a complete (all of the bones of the skull and jaws are preserved) and mostly articulated skull. Holland describes the skull as minimally distorted and in an "exquisite" state of preservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/tyrannosaurus-rex-gigantic-beast|title=Tyrannosaurus rex: A gigantic beast|date=28 June 2018|website=Burke Museum|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323054157/http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/tyrannosaurus-rex-gigantic-beast|url-status=live}}</ref>
== "Peter": AWMM-IL 2022.9 == thumb|Peter (L) & Barbara (R) side by side 2022 Peter is the nickname given to a specimen on loan to the Auckland War Memorial Museum by an anonymous owner, currently on display alongside "Barbara" until the end of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basagre |first=Bernadette |date=1 April 2022 |title=Peter the T Rex: Auckland Museum hosts world debut of dinosaur bones found in 2018 |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/128211870/peter-the-t-rex-auckland-museum-hosts-world-debut-of-dinosaur-bones-found-in-2018 |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last1=Burnham |first1=David A. |last2=Rothschild |first2=Bruce M. |last3=Nudds |first3=John R. |title=Peter the T. rex, a Paleontological Study on a New Specimen of Tyrannosaurus Rex Named 'Peter', from the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming specimen number AWMM-IL 2-22.9 |publisher=Auckland War Memorial Museum |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/d8621a44-33fa-456f-976d-638fe7dbe3aa/Peter-Scientific-Report-FINAL.pdf |year=2022 |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210214/https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/d8621a44-33fa-456f-976d-638fe7dbe3aa/Peter-Scientific-Report-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The specimen is estimated to be 66.8 million years old and almost of adult size. He was recovered from Niobrara County, Wyoming.
"Peter" is one of only four incredibly rare and visually stunning obisidian black colored tyrannosaurus rex.
He was likely killed by exocannibalism<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burnham |first1= M. |last2=Mclain |first2= M. |last3= Nelson |first3= D.R. |last4= Snyder |first4=K. |title= Tyrannosaur cannibalism: a case of a tooth-traced tyrannosaurid bone in the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian), Wyoming |journal=PALAIOS |year= 2018 |volume=33 |issue= 4 |pages=164–173 |doi=10.2110/palo.2017.076|bibcode= 2018Palai..33..164M |s2cid= 134871802 }}</ref> as entire sections of bone were damaged, and some were split open by huge crushing bite-forces. The nature of the crushing on the femur and tibia, along with size of the bite marks, indicates that these bones were bitten through by another ''Tyrannosaurus rex''. There is also a set of smaller, parallel tooth marks nearby on the shaft that are not attributable to an adult ''T. rex''. Explanations for this behavior range from response to over-crowded populations, limited food supply, sexual dominance, or even play.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/d8621a44-33fa-456f-976d-638fe7dbe3aa/Peter-Scientific-Report-FINAL.pdf|year=2022|title=Peter Scientific Report|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210214/https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/d8621a44-33fa-456f-976d-638fe7dbe3aa/Peter-Scientific-Report-FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
== "Barbara": AWMM-IL 2022.21 == thumb|Peter (Black, Left) & Barbara (Right, Beige) Pose at Auckland Museum 2022 Barbara is the nickname given to a specimen on loan to the Auckland War Memorial Museum by the same anonymous owner as "Peter", currently on display alongside him until the end of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Ryan |date=24 November 2022 |title=Skeleton of pregnant ''T-Rex'' Barbara joins Auckland Museums growing collection |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/auckland/300746771/skeleton-of-pregnant-t-rex-barbara-joins-auckland-museums-growing-collection |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=Stuff |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204070823/https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/auckland/300746771/skeleton-of-pregnant-t-rex-barbara-joins-auckland-museums-growing-collection |url-status=live }}</ref>{{needs update|date=April 2026}} The pair will be the first adult male and female ''T. rex'' to be displayed together. She is one of a few specimens believed to be pregnant.<ref name=Burnham2022>{{cite report |last1=Burnham |first1=David A. |last2=Rothschild |first2=Bruce M. |last3=Nudds |first3=John R. |title=Barbara the T. rex, a Paleontological Study on a New Specimen of ''Tyrannosaurus Rex'' Named 'Barbara', from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian) of Montana specimen number AWMM-IL2022.21 |publisher=Auckland War Memorial Museum |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/3cb71cfc-08d1-4c5e-9e35-a980aab184c0/Barbara-Scientific-Report-28th-November-2022.pdf |year=2022 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208031123/https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/getmedia/3cb71cfc-08d1-4c5e-9e35-a980aab184c0/Barbara-Scientific-Report-28th-November-2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
"Barbara's" circumstances are particularly rare, more so when taken into account that she suffered and survived long after a debilitating foot injury. While she was no longer able to capture her prey, it is suggested that she got by with the help of a mate or cohort feeding her, as the injury would have rendered her immobile for upwards of 6 months. This is vaguely supported by trackway evidence that has been used to imply tyrannosaur group hunting. It is doubtful that "Barbara" ever successfully hunted again as a predator unless its prey was nearby.<ref name=Burnham2022/>
== "Tyson" == thumb|Tyson at the National Museum of Nature and Science 2023 Tyson (タイソン) is the nickname given to a specimen on loan to the National Museum of Nature and Science. It was first shown to the public at a special exhibition held in 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=真 |first=真鍋 |title=特別展「恐竜博2023」公式図録 (THE DINOSAUR EXPO 2023) |publisher=NHK |year=2023}}</ref>
A total of 177 bones are known from this specimen, representing approximately 59% of the entire skeleton. Tumor-like bulges and bone detachment can be seen in some of the ribs, and a structure that appears to be an exostosis can be seen in the gastralia. There was also a morphological abnormality in the phalanges of the left foot, and a pathological deformity was confirmed in the right humerus. Bite marks are left on the lower jaw, shoulders, and humerus, and it is assumed that these were wounds sustained by other ''Tyrannosaurus'' during its lifetime.<ref name=":0" />
== "Rex Jr.": UCRC PV1 == This specimen was excavated in 2001 at Zerbst Ranch, in the Lance Formation of Wyoming. It was found in a sandstone concretion and is articulated and only slightly distorted. It comprises the trunk including the right forelimb and a fragmentary hind limb, and was the first ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimen to include an undisputed {{Dinogloss|furcula}}.<ref name="sereno2025supp">Supplementary information for: {{cite journal |last1=Sereno |first1=Paul C. |last2=Saitta |first2=Evan T. |last3=Vidal |first3=Daniel |last4=Myhrvold |first4=Nathan |last5=Real |first5=María Ciudad |last6=Baumgart |first6=Stephanie L. |last7=Bop |first7=Lauren L. |last8=Keillor |first8=Tyler M. |last9=Eriksen |first9=Marcus |last10=Derstler |first10=Kraig |title=Duck-billed dinosaur fleshy midline and hooves reveal terrestrial clay-template "mummification" |journal=Science |date=23 October 2025 |volume=391 |issue=6780 |article-number=eadw3536 |doi=10.1126/science.adw3536 |pmid=41129614 }}</ref><ref name="lipkin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Lipkin |first1=Christine |last2=Sereno |first2=Paul C. |last3=Horner |first3=John R. |title=The Furcula in Suchomimus Tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus Rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=2007 |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=1523–1527 |doi=10.1666/06-024.1 |jstor=4541269 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4541269 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> In 2025, Paul Sereno and colleagues noted that the original outline of the belly is partially preserved, making the specimen an example of a dinosaur mummy. These researchers suggest that the carcass was buried intact, so that sediment could only slowly enter the body.<ref name="sereno2025supp" />
==''Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis'': NMMNH P-3698== thumb|Reconstructed skull of ''T. mcraeensis'' indicating the holotype material in white The remains of a tyrannosaur were discovered in 1983 in the Campanian-early Maastrichtian Hall Lake Formation in New Mexico by Donald Staton and Joe LaPoint. Reposited at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, the fossil material (NMMNH P-3698) consists of skull and lower jaw bones, in addition to isolated teeth and chevrons. Some of the bones were briefly mentioned in 1984 as belonging to ''T. rex'',<ref name=Lozinsky1984>{{Cite journal |last1=Lozinsky |first1=Richard P. |last2=Hunt |first2=Adrian P. |last3=Wolberg |first3=Donald L. |last4=Lucas |first4=Spencer G. |year=1984 |title=Late Cretaceous (Lancian) dinosaurs from the McRae Formation, Sierra County, New Mexico |journal=New Mexico Geology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=72–77 |doi=10.58799/NMG-v6n4.72 |doi-broken-date=23 September 2025 |s2cid=237011797 |url=https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/6/n4/nmg_v6_n4_p72.pdf |issn=0196-948X |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118063409/http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/6/n4/nmg_v6_n4_p72.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and were described in 1986.<ref name=Gillette1986>{{Cite journal |last1=Gillette |first1=David D. |last2=Wolberg |first2=Donald L. |last3=Hunt |first3=Adrian P. |year=1986 |title=''Tyrannosaurus rex'' from the McRae Formation (Lancian, Upper Cretaceous), Elephant Butte reservoir, Sierra County, New Mexico |journal=New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook |language=en |volume=37 |pages=235–238 |doi=10.56577/FFC-37.235 |doi-broken-date=23 September 2025 |s2cid=251985284 |url=https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/37/37_p0235_p0238.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112195843/https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/37/37_p0235_p0238.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Sebastian G. Dalman and colleagues described this specimen as the holotype of a new ''Tyrannosaurus'' species, ''T. mcraeensis''. This species differs from ''T. rex'' in having smaller postorbital crests, a proportionately longer and shallower lower jaw with a less prominent chin suggestive of a weaker bite, and more laterally compressed teeth.<ref name=T.mcraeensis />
==Formerly assigned specimens== ===''Nanotyrannus'': CMNH 7541=== thumb|''Nanotyrannus'' holotype A small but nearly complete skull of ''Nanotyrannus lancensis'', frequently considered to be a juvenile ''T. rex'', was recovered from Montana in 1942. This skull, Cleveland Museum of Natural History (CMNH) 7541, measures {{convert|60|cm|ft|sp=us}} in length and was originally classified as a species of ''Gorgosaurus'' (''G. lancensis'') by Charles W. Gilmore in 1946.<ref name="gilmore1946">{{Cite journal|last=Gilmore|first=C. W.|date=1946|title=A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana|journal=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections|volume=106|pages=1–19}}</ref> In 1988, the specimen was re-described by Robert T. Bakker, Phil Currie, and Michael Williams, then the curator of paleontology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, where the original specimen was housed and is now on display. Their initial research indicated that the skull bones were fused, and that it therefore represented an adult specimen. In light of this, Bakker and colleagues assigned the skull to a new genus, named ''Nanotyrannus'' for its apparently small adult size. The specimen is estimated to have been around {{convert|5.2|m|ft|sp=us}} long when it died.<ref name="bakkeretal1988">{{cite journal|last1=Bakker|first1=R.T.|last2=Williams|first2=M.|last3=Currie|first3=P.J.|year=1988|title=''Nanotyrannus'', a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana|journal=Hunteria|volume=1|pages=1–30}}</ref> However, a detailed analysis of the specimen by Thomas Carr in 1999 suggested that the specimen was a juvenile, leading Carr and many other paleontologists to consider it a juvenile specimen of ''T. rex''.<ref name="carr1999">{{cite journal|last1=Carr|first1=T.D.|year=1999|title=Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)|url=https://zenodo.org/record/3371479|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=497–520|doi=10.1080/02724634.1999.10011161|bibcode=1999JVPal..19..497C|s2cid=83744433|archive-date=20 February 2020|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220183407/https://zenodo.org/record/3371479|url-status=live}}</ref> Conversely, in 2025, Christopher T. Griffin and colleagues published the results of a study indicating that histology of {{dinogloss|hyoid|hyoid bones}} could be used to assess the ontogenetic maturity of archosaurs. After sampling the hyoids of the ''N. lancensis'' holotype, the researchers concluded that it belongs to a mature individual, and thus a species distinct from ''Tyrannosaurus rex''. They further suggested that other eutyrannosaurs similar in size and morphology to the ''N. lancensis'' holotype may be taxonomically distinct from it and ''T. rex''.<ref name="Griffin2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Griffin |first1=Christopher T. |last2=Bugos |first2=Jeb |last3=Poust |first3=Ashley W. |last4=Morris |first4=Zachary S. |last5=Sombathy |first5=Riley S. |last6=D'Emic |first6=Michael D. |last7=O'Connor |first7=Patrick M. |last8=Petermann |first8=Holger |last9=Fabbri |first9=Matteo |last10=Colleary |first10=Caitlin |date=December 4, 2025 |title=A diminutive tyrannosaur lived alongside ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' |journal=Science |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.adx8706 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> The current classification of CMNH 7541 is not universal,<ref name="juvenilebataar">{{cite journal|last1=Tsuihiji|first1=T.|last2=Watabe|first2=M.|last3=Tsogtbaatar|first3=K.|last4=Tsubamoto|first4=T.|last5=Barsbold|first5=R.|last6=Suzuki|first6=S.|last7=Lee|first7=A.H.|last8=Ridgely|first8=R.C.|last9=Kawahara|first9=Y.|last10=Witmer|first10=L.M.|year=2011|title=Cranial osteology of a juvenile specimen of ''Tarbosaurus bataar'' from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Bugin Tsav, Mongolia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=497–517|doi=10.1080/02724634.2011.557116|bibcode=2011JVPal..31..497T |s2cid=15369707}}</ref> with more recent research suggesting the specimen belongs to a taxon distinct from ''Tyrannosaurus''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Longrich |first1=Nicholas R. |last2=Saitta |first2=Evan T. |date=1 March 2024 |title=Taxonomic Status of ''Nanotyrannus lancensis'' (Dinosauria: Tyrannosauroidea)—A Distinct Taxon of Small-Bodied Tyrannosaur |journal=Fossil Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–65 |doi=10.3390/fossils2010001 |doi-access=free |eissn=2813-6284}}</ref><ref name=ZN2025/><ref name="Griffin2025"/>
==="Jane": BMRP 2002.4.1=== [[File:Tyrannosaurus Rex Jane.jpg|left|thumb|Juvenile ''Nanotyrannus lethaeus<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zanno | first1=L. E. | last2=Napoli | first2=J. G. | title=Nanotyrannus and Tyrannosaurus coexisted at the close of the Cretaceous | journal=Nature | date=2025 | volume=648 | issue=8093 | pages=357–367 | doi=10.1038/s41586-025-09801-6 | pmid=41167514 }}</ref>'' fossil "Jane" displayed at Burpee Museum of Natural History at Rockford, Illinois]] Jane is a fossil specimen of small tyrannosauroid dinosaur, officially known as BMRP 2002.4.1, discovered in the Hell Creek Formation in southern Montana in 2001.<ref name=NIU>{{cite web |title=NIU teams up with Burpee Museum to bring world's top dinosaur hunters to Rockford |date=7 September 2007 |url=http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2005/sept/dinosympsm.shtml |publisher=Northern Illinois University |access-date=9 September 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805122346/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2005/sept/dinosympsm.shtml |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> Despite having a typically female name, Jane's sex is unknown—the specimen was named after Burpee Museum benefactor Jane Solem. The specimen was found in the summer of 2001 by Carol Tuck and Bill Harrison on an expedition led by Burpee Museum curator Michael Henderson.<ref>News Release: [http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2005/sept/dinosympsm.shtml NIU teams up with Burpee Museum to bring world's top dinosaur hunters to Rockford] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120805122346/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2005/sept/dinosympsm.shtml |date=5 August 2012 }}</ref> After four years of preparation, Jane was put on display at Rockford, Illinois' Burpee Museum of Natural History as the centerpiece of an exhibit called "Jane: Diary of a Dinosaur."{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
The Jane specimen has been central to the debate regarding the validity of the proposed tyrannosauroid genus ''Nanotyrannus''. However, the Jane material has yet to be properly studied and described by scientists. Although Larson (2013) saw Jane as more identical to CMNH 7541 and LACM 28471 than to adult ''T. rex'' in having a higher tooth count, large pneumatic foramen on the center of the quadratojugal, T-shaped postorbital, and fused shoulder blade and pelvis,<ref name=larson13>{{cite book|last=Larson|first=P.L.|year=2013|chapter=The case for ''Nanotyrannus''|editor1=Parrish, J.M. |editor2=Molnar, R.A.|editor3=Currie, P.J.|editor4=Koppelhus, E.B.|title=Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology|publisher=University of Indiana Press|pages=15–53|isbn=978-0253009302}}</ref> Yun (2015) concurred with the opinion of most workers that ''Nanotyrannus'' is a juvenile ''T. rex'', noting that a juvenile specimen of ''Tarbosaurus'' described by Tsuihiji ''et al.'' (2011) also has a T-shaped postorbital.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yun | first1 = C | year = 2015 | title = Evidence points out that "Nanotyrannus" is a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex | journal = PeerJ Preprints| volume = 3 | page = e1052 | doi=10.7287/peerj.preprints.852v1| url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/1313017 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Paleontologists who support the theory that Jane represents a juvenile believe the tyrannosaur was approximately 11 years old at its time of death, and its fully restored skeleton measured {{Convert|6.5|m|sp=us}} long, a bit more than half as long as the largest-known complete ''T. rex'' specimen, nicknamed "Sue," which measures {{Convert|12.4|m|abbr=on}} long. According to Hutchinson ''et al.'' (2011), the weight of the Jane specimen in life was probably between {{convert|639|kg|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1269|kg|abbr=on}}, {{convert|954|kg|abbr=on}} being the average estimate.<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011"/>
Zanno & Napoli (2025), arguing for the classification of ''Tyrannosaurus'' and ''Nanotyrannus'' as distinct genera, additionally assigned the Jane specimen to the distinct species of ''Nanotyrannus'', ''N. lethaeus''.<ref name=ZN2025>{{Cite journal |last1=Zanno |first1=L. E. |last2=Napoli |first2=J. G. |year=2025 |title=''Nanotyrannus'' and ''Tyrannosaurus'' coexisted at the close of the Cretaceous |journal=Nature |volume=648 |issue=8093 |pages=357–367 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-09801-6 |pmid=41167514 }}</ref> In 2026, Woodward, Myhrvold and Horner performed a comprehensive histological analysis of 17 tyrannosaur specimens, and found that the growth trajectories of BMRP 2002.4.1 and BMRP 2006.4.4 do not fit with other ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimens in their growth curve model. While they acknowledged the possibility of these ontogenetically immature specimens representing ''Nanotyrannus'' as suggested by Zanno and Napoli (2025), they noted that the inconsistencies of these specimens observed in the growth curve do not necessarily bear weight on the proposal that ''Nanotyrannus'' is a distinct taxon.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Woodward |first1=H. N. |last2=Myhrvold |first2=N. P. |last3=Horner |first3=J. R. |year=2026 |title=Prolonged growth and extended subadult development in the ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' species complex revealed by expanded histological sampling and statistical modeling |journal=PeerJ |volume=14 |article-number=e20469 |doi=10.7717/peerj.20469 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==See also== {{stack|{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}}} * Timeline of tyrannosaur research
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130929074932/http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Tyrannosauroidea.html#Tyrannosaurusrex Listing of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' specimens]}} at The Theropod Database. *[http://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_stan.htm The Black Hills Institute's article on Stan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012031920/http://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_stan.htm |date=12 October 2007 }} *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070603095351/http://paleo.amnh.org/projects/t-rex/ AMNH Article on the First Tyrannosaur specimens]}} *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071007122107/http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/psgallery/pages/tyrannosaurs.html Comparison of known skeletal material and sizes for five tyrannosaur specimens]}} at Skeletal Drawing.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Specimens Of Tyrannosaurus}} Category:Collection of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History Category:Tyrannosaurus Tyrannosaurus Category:Collection of the Smithsonian Institution Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Cretaceous fossil record