This article is about the Avakian party. For the Trotskyist party, see Revolutionary Communists of America. For the Marxist-Leninist party, see Communist Party USA. For similarly named groups, see Communist Party USA (disambiguation).
Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
ChairmanBob Avakian
ColorcodeRed
Foundation1975
Ideology
HeadquartersChicago, Illinois
International
Websiterevcom.us
Countrythe United States
PredecessorRevolutionary Youth Movement
Membership (2010)300
PositionFar-left

The Revolutionary Communist Party, USA (also known as the RCP, The Revcoms, or Revcom) is a revolutionary communist party in the United States. The RCP was founded in 1975. The RCP has its origins in the New Communist movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

Bob Avakian has led the RCP since its founding. RCP is often described as a cult of personality around Avakian.[1] Since the 2000s, the RCP has upheld Avakian's "New Synthesis of Communism" or "New Communism" as its ideology.

Membership

RCP has never published membership numbers.[2] In 1968, BARU started with about 20 members.[3] In 1969 and 1970, the Hoover Institution estimated BARU membership at "less than 100",[4][5] which then grew "from some 100 to about 300" over 1970 until the split.[6] In early 1971, RU lost about 150-200 members to the Venceremos Organization, representing about 1/3 of RU members, suggesting 450-600 before the split and 300-400 after.[7] In 1972, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover said RU was "not large, perhaps several hundred" people.[2] In 1976, the FBI estimated that RCP had 650 members and its youth wing 500, with some overlap.[2] In 2022, historians Aaron J. Leonard and Conor Gallagher estimated that RCP's peak, in 1976, was between 900-1100 people.[2] In 1977, RCP lost about 1/3 of members to Revolutionary Workers Headquarters, leaving about 600-750 members.[8] In 1980, The Nation writer George Vickers estimated RCP had 500 members.[9] In 1997, historian Maurice Isserman estimated RCP membership at 300.[10] In 2010, Democratic Socialists of America member William Schulman estimated RCP membership at 300.[11]

Ideology

The RCP originated as a Maoist political organization with roots in the New Left of the 1970s.[12] In the 1980s and 1990s, RCP upheld Marxism–Leninism–Maoism.[13] Since the 2000s, the RCP's ideological framework has been Avakian's "New Synthesis" (or "New Communism"), which RCP sees as a scientific advancement of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism.[14]

Cult of personality

RCP has often been called a "cult" or "cult-like", with a cult of personality around Avakian. Accusers include New Communist movement veteran Paul Saba (1979),[15] The Indypendent (2014),[16] Harper's (2016),[17] The Intercept (2022),[18] and CounterPunch (2024),[19] among others.[20][21][22][23] In June 2022, a coalition of 23 abortion rights, feminist, and mutual-aid groups released a statement denouncing RCP and the affiliated organization Rise Up 4 Abortion Rights, describing RCP as a cult.[22][18][24]

Leonard and Gallagher argue that RCP began developing into a cult of personality around Avakian after his trial for a 1979 Deng Xiaoping protest. RCP pivoted, in hopes of both increasing support for Avakian in the legal arena and making RCP a more revolutionary organization. Avakian was put forward as a larger-than-life figure to revitalize the group, inspired by Joseph Stalin's cult of personality, Mao Zedong's cult of personality, and the more recent Free Huey! campaign, in which Avakian had participated. Avakian framed the development of a cult as a scientific socialist organizational strategy.[25]

LGBT issues

In the 1970s and 1980s, the RCP called homosexuality "petty bourgeois" and banned gay people from joining the party.[26][27][28] RCP's gay ban coexisted with its opposition to gay-bashing and attacks on homosexuals by religious bigots.[citation needed]

In that period, many New Communist movement and Marxist–Leninist organizations were similarly slow to support gay rights.[29] As the 1970s progressed, other NCM and ML organizations considered RCP unusually "backward" on homosexuality.[30]

RCP ended its gay ban in 2001 and called for a ban on anti-gay discrimination.[31]

History

Creation of BARU and battle for SDS

In early 1968, Bob Avakian, Leibel Bergman, H. Bruce Franklin, Stephen Charles Hamilton, and about 20 other people formed the Bay Area Revolutionary Union (BARU).[3] BARU's creators came from both former members of the Communist Party USA and Bay Area radicals based in Palo Alto, Berkeley, and San Francisco.[32]

BARU supported an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist and Maoist party line, with emphasis on the Black liberation struggle and the liberation of all colonized peoples in and outside the U.S. BARU elaborated its political philosophy in the 1969 pamphlet The Red Papers (later known as Red Papers I).[33][34]

BARU strongly supported the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), which struggled for control of SDS against the Worker Student Alliance (WSA), backed by the Progressive Labor Party (PLP). BARU and PLP disagreed on the Black Panther Party, the Chinese Cultural Revolution, and the direction of Maoism. At the 1969 SDS convention, the RYM-WSA fight led SDS to splinter and collapse. Most SDS members left radical politics. PLP kept the SDS name. RYM splintered into two groups, RYM I and RYM II. RYM I became the Weather Underground Organization. RYM II merged into BARU.[35]

Creation of RU and VVAW entryism

By 1971, BARU had expanded well beyond the Bay Area, with collectives nationwide. BARU renamed itself the Revolutionary Union (RU). Avakian was elected to the RU central committee shortly thereafter. The RCP claims that of the various groups coming out of SDS, it was the first to seriously attempt to develop itself at the theoretical level, with the publication of Red Papers 1.[36][citation needed]

In 1971, H. Bruce Franklin led a split of roughly 1/3 of RU members, around 150 to 200 people, to join the more militant Venceremos Organization.[37][7]

In 1972, the Revolutionary Union created the Attica Brigade as an anti-imperialist student organization, named after the 1971 Attica prison uprising. On March 31–April 1, 1973, the Attica Brigade held an Eastern regional conference that drew 250 attendees from 31 campus chapters.[citation needed] On June 15–17, 1974, the Attica Brigade renamed itself the Revolutionary Student Brigade (RSB) at a conference that drew about 450 attendees from 80 campuses.[citation needed]

In 1973, after the end of the Vietnam War, the antiwar group Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) began to reform itself. The RU entered into the VVAW, seeking to make it an explicitly anti-imperialist organization and to open its membership to civilians. RU members won influential VVAW positions, including its national council.[38] This peaked in 1975, when the RU-controlled national office voted to remove members, expel chapters, and force members to observe programmatic uniformity. The vast majority of members left, leaving only RU members and RU supporters.[39] In 1980, non-Marxist members of the former VVAW won a lawsuit prohibiting the RU-dominated group from using the VVAW name, logos, or materials. The RU organization renamed itself "Vietnam Veterans Against the War - Anti-Imperialist" (VVAW-AI).[40] Deep animosity persists between the two organizations.[38] VVAW-AI later voted to dissolve itself into the Revolutionary Union.[citation needed]

Creation of RCP and 1976 split

In September 1975, after the integration of the Revolutionary Union's faction of the VVAW, RU reconstituted itself as the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP).[41]

In 1976, after Mao Zedong died, the RCP split over which position to take in relation to the new Chinese leadership. About 40% of members, who considered China a socialist country even as Hua Guofeng began to reform it, left and created the Revolutionary Workers Headquarters (RWH). Avakian and the RCP majority considered this a counterrevolutionary coup against Mao's allies.[42][43] The RCP-RWH split also split the RCP's youth organization. In 1977, RCP youth members created the Revolutionary Communist Youth Brigade (RCYB).[44] RWH youth members kept the Revolutionary Student Brigade (RSB) name. In 1980, the RSB merged with the Student Coalition Against Nukes Nationwide (SCANN) and Midwest Coalition Against Registration and the Draft (MidCARD) to create the Progressive Student Network. RSB members had been active in both of the other organizations.

In January 1979, Avakian and 78 other party members and supporters were arrested and charged with various crimes in connection to a militant protest against Deng Xiaoping's visit to the White House. Avakian called Deng a "posturing, boot-licking, and sawed-off pimp".[45]: 396 Seventeen demonstrators, including Avakian, were charged with multiple felonies that carried a combined sentence of up to 241 years. RCP focused on political and legal support for the defendants.[45]: 396 In 1982, the charges were dropped, but most of the RCP leadership had already fled into exile, with Avakian applying for political asylum in France. He remained in self-imposed exile in France until at least 2010.[11]

1980s

In 1980, RCP organized May Day rallies in 16 cities.[46] In April 1980, RCP member Damian Garcia and two others climbed the Alamo to tear down the American flag, raised the Red Flag in its place, and were arrested. On April 22, 1980, Garcia was stabbed to death while organizing in a Los Angeles housing project, Aliso Village.[47] Police said that Garcia's murderer was gang-affiliated, but Avakian insisted that the state had assassinated Garcia in retribution for his Alamo action.[48]

In 1984, Avakian and other RCP members created the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM), an international for Maoist parties. RIM was united by a founding declaration upholding Marxism–Leninism-Maoism. Other RIM member parties included the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path, the Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran), and the Revolutionary Communist Group of Colombia.[citation needed]

In 1984, RCP and RCYB member Gregory Lee Johnson burned a U.S. flag during the 1984 Republican National Convention. His arrest led to the 1989 Texas v. Johnson decision, which established burning the U.S. flag as a constitutionally protected right.[49][50] In 1995, Johnson decried the Flag Desecration Amendment as "fascist".[51]

1990s

In the 1980s and 1990s, RCP strongly supported Shining Path's insurgency against the Peruvian state.[52]

In 1991, RCYB members protesting the Gulf War were arrested.[53] In 1992, RCYB members participated in agitation and organization efforts during the Rodney King protests and riots in Los Angeles.

After the Los Angeles riots, RCP attempted to organize in Latino areas of L.A., such as Pico-Union.[52]

2010s

In 2011, Cornel West and RCP spokesperson Carl Dix started the campaigns to Stop "Stop and Frisk" and Stop Mass Incarceration.[54][55] Dix and West appeared on Democracy Now! to discuss the state of Black America in the age of Obama.[56] RCP organized Rise Up October against racism and police brutality; attendees included Quentin Tarantino.[57]

In July 2016, mass protest and police arrests erupted over a flag-burning by the RCP outside the Republican National Convention before a crowd of thousands.[58][59] The next week, the RCP staged another flag burning outside the Democratic National Convention after denouncing the United States.[60] Later that year, in response to Donald Trump's tweet calling for the criminalization of flag burning, RCP supporters burned another U.S. flag outside the Trump International Hotel in New York City.[61]

In August 2016, the RCP led protesters in a two-day march on a barricaded police station after the Milwaukee police fatally shot a black man.[62] The police chief blamed the RCP for "violence toward police".[63]

In September 2016, RCP members handed out fliers outside the San Diego Levi's Stadium in support of Colin Kaepernick and NFL protests of the U.S. national anthem.[64]

In December 2016, after Donald Trump was elected president, RCP members helped create Refuse Fascism, a coalition group aiming to "drive out" the Trump administration through sustained street protests.[65][20] InfoWars and other far-right conspiracy theory websites claimed the RCP and Refuse Fascism were organizing a military overthrow of the government on November 4, 2017.[66] Several nationwide anti-Trump protest marches were organized for that day, numbering in the thousands.[65][20]

In September 2017, Refuse Fascism protesters were arrested after blocking four lanes of the 101 Freeway in Los Angeles during rush hour to "sound the alarm about fascism."[67][68]

In July 2018, Refuse Fascism and RCP organized 100 "handmaids" to protest U.S. Vice President Mike Pence in New York City, calling him "a Christian fascist theocrat for whom The Handmaid's Tale is a model".[69][70]

In October 2018, the RCP organized a demonstration in Chicago's Daley Plaza on the 23rd Annual "National Day of Protest to STOP Police Brutality", in response to the police murder of Laquan McDonald and other black youth.[71][72]

In March 2019, police detained a Revolution Newspaper correspondent on the anniversary of the police shooting of Stephon Clark after the correspondent got into an argument with Al Sharpton while urging attendees to organize for revolution rather than political reforms.[73]

On Independence Day 2019, the RCP staged flag burnings at the U.S.–Mexico border and the White House, the latter being a demonstration against the "Salute to America" military parade. Two RCP supporters were attacked by the Proud Boys and arrested by Secret Service officers.[74][75]

2020s

In 2023, RCP members set U.S. flags on fire while protesting a Jason Aldean concert in Chicago.[76][better source needed]

Newspaper

RCP publishes a newspaper in English and Spanish at revcom.us (https://revcom.us). In 1974, the RU created its newspaper, Revolution. In 1979, it was renamed Revolutionary Worker.[77] In 2005, it was renamed Revolution again. In the 2010s, RCP branches in major cities began opening Revolution Books stores to sell radical books.[78] RCP runs the Prisoners Revolutionary Literature Fund (PRLF), which sends Revolution to prisoners.[79]

National conventions

RCP has not publicly announced a national congress since 1978.

NameDateLocationNotesReports
1stFounding CongressSeptember 1975RCP founded. Bob Avakian elected Chair of the Central Committee.
2ndSecond CongressMay 1978

References

  1. ^ Leupp, Gary (2022-08-12). "On Choice, Revolution, and a "Rare, Special, Unique" Cult". CounterPunch.org. Retrieved 2026-04-15.
  2. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 262
  3. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 40
  4. ^ Staar, Richard F. (ed.) (1969). Yearbook on International Communist Affairs: 1969. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University.
  5. ^ Staar, Richard F. (ed.) (1970). Yearbook on International Communist Affairs: 1970. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University.
  6. ^ Staar, Richard F. (ed.) (1971). Yearbook on International Communist Affairs: 1971. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University.
  7. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 98
  8. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 211
  9. ^ Vickers, George (1980-05-17). "A Guide to the Sectarian Left". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2025-11-15.
  10. ^ Isserman, Maurice (1997). "A Brief History of the American Left". Democratic Socialists of America. Archived from the original on 1997-07-06.
  11. ^ Schulman, William (2010). "An Incomplete Guide to the Radical Left in the United States". Democratic Socialists of America. Archived from the original on 2024-05-06.
  12. ^ "Important Struggles in Building the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA". Marxists.org. Archived April 29, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  13. ^ "Our Ideology is Marxism-Leninism-Maoism". Revcom.us. Archived June 12, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  14. ^ "The New Synthesis of Communism: Six Resolutions of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA". Indymedia UK. Archived October 7, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  15. ^ Saba, Paul (September 10, 1979). "Bob Avakian: Dangerous, yes, but not to capitalism". The Call. Marxists Internet Archive. Archived June 7, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022. The Revolutionary Worker, RCP’s newspaper, now has as its central task the creation of a cult around Avakian. A recent issue featured five pages devoted to him. Headlines promoted him as “dangerous,” “powerful” and the target of the “greatest government frame-up conspiracy in a decade.” Surely this is the height of megalomaniacal self-flattery, especially since Avakian was released after his arrest on a mere $10,000 bond, and most other RCPers were released on their own recognizance.
  16. ^ Dock, Sam (Nov 21, 2014). "My Afternoon with Chairman Bob Avakian". The Indypendent. Archived December 16, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  17. ^ Keizer, Garret (February 2016). "Left of Bernie: On stupidity and transcendence". Harper's Magazine. Archived May 30, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022. What the R.C.P. has come to be best known for, however, is its unqualified veneration of Bob Avakian. He contends that the creation of a personality cult around his leadership was both deliberate and strategically desirable.
  18. ^ "Abortion Rights Activists Call New Group Leading Protests A Front For A Far-Left Cult". The Intercept. July 14, 2022. Archived May 30, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  19. ^ "On Choice, Revolution, and a "Rare, Special, Unique" Cult". Counterpunch. August 12, 2022. Archived January 22, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  20. ^ Smith IV, Jack (November 2, 2017). "The far-right thinks a violent antifa overthrow is coming Nov. 4, but the truth is far stranger". Mic. Archived May 26, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022. The RCP is often referred to as a communist doomsday cult that is obsessed with Avakian, its mysterious leader, and hastens unto a final emancipation of humanity through a populist revolution.
  21. ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (January 28, 2008). "How Maoists Are Like Scientologists". Archived December 8, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 16, 2022. But, more important, both [Scientology and RCPUSA] are terrific latter-day examples of cults of personality. [....] And Avakian's supporters have been increasingly frank that they actually want a cult of personality around Bob Avakian (although they call it a 'cult of appreciation').
  22. ^ Merlan, Anna (August 4, 2022). "The Abortion Rights Group Other Activists Want Nothing to Do With". Vice. Archived April 8, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  23. ^ Villers, June (April 16, 2019). "What's Really Going On: the RevCom Party Outlook". Chicago Maroon. Archived April 24, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  24. ^ "Statement Against RiseUp4AbortionRights". Archived May 15, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  25. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 228–230
  26. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 186–187
  27. ^ Saba, Paul (November 1974). "Toward A Scientific Analysis of the Gay Question, RU Position Paper". Young Spartacus. Vol. 26. Archived April 25, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2018-11-25. – via Marxists.org.
  28. ^ Revolutionary Communist Party (Spring 1988). "On the Question of Homosexuality and the Emancipation of Women". Revolution. Revolutionary Communist Party.
  29. ^ Elbaum 2002, pp. 138–139
  30. ^ Saba, Paul (June 16, 1976). "RCP: Hit for antigay-rights line". The Guardian. Archived May 19, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2018-11-25. – via Marxists.org.
  31. ^ "On the Position on Homosexuality". Revolutionary Communists USA. 2001. Archived August 4, 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 33
  33. ^ Leonard, Aaron J. & Gallagher, Conor A. (2014). Heavy Radicals: The FBI's War on America's Maoists. Winchester: Zero Books. pp. 10–34.
  34. ^ Elbaum 2002, pp. 95–99.
  35. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. Chapters 1–2
  36. ^ "Red Papers 1". Originally published by the Bay Area Revolutionary Union, now available online thanks to Marxists.org's Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line project. Spring 1969. Archived December 9, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  37. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 98
  38. ^ Andrew E. Hunt. The Turning: A History of Vietnam Veterans Against the War, New York University Press, 1999, p. 188
  39. ^ Elbaum 2002, pp. 192–193
  40. ^ "VVAW Official Website – Court Order". Archived 8 Dec 2003 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  41. ^ Elbaum 2002, pp. 191–193: "It [the RU] convened a congress in September 1975 that formally disbanded RU and founded the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP)..."
  42. ^ "Red Papers 8". www.marxists.org. Archived November 15, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  43. ^ Leonard & Gallagher 2015, pp. 211
  44. ^ "Revolutionary Communist Youth Brigade Founded!". Revolution. Dec 1977. p. 1. Archived August 3, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
  45. ^ Staar, Richard F. (ed.) (1980). Yearbook on International Communist Affairs: 1980. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. OCLC 1680890
  46. ^ "MAY 1st 1980: REVOLUTIONARY WORKERS STORM HISTORY's STAGE". Revolutionary Worker. May 5, 1980. Archived August 20, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
  47. ^ "Los Angeles detective briefs reporters on Damian Garcia homicide". UCLA Film and Television Archive. Archived August 20, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  48. ^ Avakian, Bob (2005). From Ike to Mao and Beyond: My Journey from Mainstream America to Revolutionary Communist. Insight Press. p. 408. ISBN 978-0976023623. "[Garcia's murder was] very clearly tied in with police agents ... it was an attack on our Party."
  49. ^ Grogan, David; Demaret, Kent; Stewart, Bob (July 10, 1989). "Unimpressed by the Freedom to Burn Old Glory, Joey Johnson Still Wants a Revolution". People. Vol. 32, no. 2. p. 98. Archived March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
  50. ^ "Los Angeles Review of Books". Los Angeles Review of Books. 2018-08-15. Archived September 16, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  51. ^ "Notorious Flagburner Joey Johnson Denounces Fascist Flag Amendment". The Flag Burning Page. Warren S. Apel. 4 July 1995. Archived December 21, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  52. ^ Freedland, Jonathan. MAOISTS HOPE TO SHOW L.A. LATINOS THE 'SHINING PATH' TO REVOLUTION Archived August 24, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Washington Post. November 12, 1992.
  53. ^ Galil, Leor (2018-02-23). "What caused the melee outside a Public Enemy and Sonic Youth show at the Aragon in 1990?". Chicago Reader. Archived January 22, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  54. ^ "Activists Cornel West And Carl Dix Hold Mass Incarceration Dialogue In N.Y.C.". May 21, 2013. Archived August 21, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  55. ^ "Carl Dix Talks Ending Police Brutality, Marching With Cornel West & Shutting 'Em Down". AllHipHop.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  56. ^ "Cornel West and Carl Dix on Race and Politics in the Age of Obama". Democracy Now!. Archived April 17, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  57. ^ Elerick, George (November 18, 2015). "An Interview With Carl Dix On: Racism, Police Brutality, Ferguson & Rise Up October". HuffPost. Archived April 17, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  58. ^ "Cleveland police arrest protesters after flag burning outside RNC". PBS. July 20, 2016. Archived August 22, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  59. ^ "Watch Protest Erupt Over Flag-Burning Outside GOP Convention". Time. Archived August 21, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  60. ^ Redford, Patrick (July 28, 2016). "Communists' DNC Flag-Burning Interrupted By DeSean Jackson Fanboy". Deadspin. Archived August 23, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  61. ^ Stapleton, Shannon (November 30, 2016). "Trump flag-burning tweet leads activists to burn some flags in New York". Reuters. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
  62. ^ Briscoe, Tony (August 16, 2016). "Chicago-based RevCom downplays Milwaukee role, calls protest 'righteous'". Chicago Tribune. Archived January 8, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  63. ^ "Milwaukee police chief blames Chicago-based activists for violence toward police". Chicago Tribune. Archived April 15, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  64. ^ "Kaepernick And Reid Again Take Knee For Anthem". CBS Bay Area. September 12, 2016. Archived March 2, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  65. ^ Strickland, Patrick (4 November 2017). "Far-right conspiracies fizzle amid anti-Trump rallies". Al Jazeera. Archived January 12, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 13, 2018. Although RefuseFascism.Org considers itself an anti-fascist group, the organisation is linked to the relatively small Revolutionary Communist Party and is not tied to Antifa chapters and groups that have been clashing with far-right protesters.
  66. ^ Hayden, Michael Edison (11 October 2017). "'Antifa' waging civil war on November 4, according to right wing conspiracy". Newsweek. Archived November 6, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  67. ^ McGahan, Jason (September 29, 2017). "Why Did Protesters Block Traffic on the 101 This Week?". L.A. Weekly. Archived April 2, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  68. ^ "Anti-Trump protest shuts down 101 Freeway in downtown LA". November 21, 2017. Archived March 20, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  69. ^ "'Handmaids' protest Mike Pence, Kirstjen Nielsen in Manhattan". ABC News. July 31, 2018. Archived April 12, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  70. ^ Goodman, Alan (31 July 2018). "NYC Metro: 100 handmaids to meet Mike Pence in New York City - Refuse Fascism". Archived October 7, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  71. ^ "Rally to Stop Police Brutality". WGN Radio. October 22, 2018. Archived August 24, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  72. ^ "October 22 Coalition to Stop Police Brutality still going after 23 years". Amsterdamnews.com. October 25, 2018. Archived April 17, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  73. ^ Hector Amezcua (March 18, 2019). "New York activist detained after incident at Sharpton press conference". The Sacramento Bee. Archived March 19, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  74. ^ "Trump supporters and communists in violent clashes after Fourth of July flag burning". The Independent. 2019-07-05. Archived July 6, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  75. ^ Hermann, Peter & Demkovich, Laurel (5 July 2019). "Activist at center of landmark case allowing flag burning faces charges after melee in front of White House". Washington Post. Archived July 8, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  76. ^ Pollina, Richard (September 11, 2023). "Communist revolutionaries set fire to American flags in protest outside Jason Aldean show: 'We will try it right in front of your concert'". New York Post
  77. ^ "Announcing the Revolutionary Worker". The Worker. Marxists Internet Archive. February 3, 1979. Archived November 16, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
  78. ^ Eliot, Krissy (December 19, 2016). "The Struggle Continues: Checking in With Revolution Books". Cal Alumni Association. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  79. ^ Ninh, Amie (October 11, 2009). "Local cafe hosts benefit for nationwide prisoners literature fund". Archived July 3, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 7, 2019.

Bibliography

Books