{{Short description|Type of funding}} '''Revenue-based financing''' (also known as '''royalty financing'''<ref name="inc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/royalty-financing.html|title=Royalty Financing|date=2020-02-06|website=Inc.com|access-date=2024-08-06}}</ref> or '''royalty-based financing'''<ref name="investopedia">{{cite web|title=Revenue-Based Financing: Definition, How It Works, and Example|website=Investopedia|last=Hayes|first=Adam|date=2022-12-22|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/revenuebased-financing.asp|access-date=2024-08-06}}</ref>) is a type of financial capital provided to growing businesses in which investors inject capital (sometimes called an ''advance'') into a business in return for a fixed percentage of ongoing gross revenues (called ''royalties''), with payment increases and decreases based on business revenues, typically measured as monthly revenue.<ref name="inc.com"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tetreault |first1=Tricia |title=Revenue-Based Financing: How a Revenue-Based Loan Works |url=https://fitsmallbusiness.com/revenue-based-financing/ |website=FitSmallBusiness |accessdate=26 April 2019 |date=2019-02-22 |archive-date=2019-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426190136/https://fitsmallbusiness.com/revenue-based-financing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
It is a non-dilutive form of financing, which means that the company's management retains complete independence and control, as there is no equity investment or impact on the company's shareholding. Usually, the returns to the investor continue until the initial capital amount, plus a multiple (also known as a cap) is repaid.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rogers |first1=Kate |title=Revenue-Based Financing: What's at Risk |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/features/revenue-based-financing-whats-at-risk |website=FOXBusiness |accessdate=9 March 2019|date=2016-03-23 }}</ref> Generally, RBF investors expect the loan to be repaid within 1 to 5 years of the initial investment depending on the model and the funded companies.
== Overview == RBF is often described as sitting between a bank loan, typically requiring collateral or significant assets, and venture capital, which involve selling an equity portion of the business in exchange for the investment.<ref name=WPost>{{cite news|title=Between banks and venture capital, some start-ups look to a pay-as-you-go model|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/on-small-business/between-banks-and-venture-capital-some-start-ups-look-to-a-pay-as-you-go-model/2012/04/05/gIQAl44RxS_story.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=Olga|last=Khazan|date=8 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=AVc>{{cite web|title=AVC: Revenue Based Financing|url=http://www.avc.com/a_vc/2011/10/revenue-based-financing.html |website=ACV|date=17 October 2011 |accessdate=9 March 2019}}</ref> In an RBF investment, investors do not take an upfront ownership stake (equity) in the business. RBF investments usually do not require a seat on the company's board of directors, and no valuation exercise is necessary to make the investment. Nor does RBF require the backing of the loan by founder's personal assets.
While revenue-based financing has been used to finance SaaS companies in the world through players it is also used to finance D2C and ECommerce businesses.
== History == RBF has long been used in the energy industries as a type of debt financing. In the late 1980s, Arthur Fox pioneered this funding model for early-stage businesses in New England. Seeing some initial success, he began a small RBF fund in 1992, which was found to perform on-par with expectations for the alternative assets industry, yielding an IRR of over 50%.<ref name=MITArticle>{{dead|date=March 2019}}{{cite web|title=Revenue Capital & Disruptive Models: Venture Funding Tools for Developing Nations|url=http://miter.mit.edu/article/revenue-capital-disruptive-models-venture-funding-tools-developing-nations|access-date=2012-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818153808/http://miter.mit.edu/article/revenue-capital-disruptive-models-venture-funding-tools-developing-nations|archive-date=2012-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, he began licensing his proprietary RBF financing model to enable new RBF funds to form.
Some RBF firms have a geographic-focused model while other firms take a more nationwide approach.<ref name=Inc>{{cite web|title=Overlooked Financing Option for Your Business|url=http://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/overlooked-financing-option-for-your-business.html| work=Inc | first=Jessica|last=Stillman|accessdate=9 March 2019|date=2012-09-26}}</ref>
== Comparison == RBF can provide significant advantages to entrepreneurs and businesses.<ref name="Inc" /> The nature of RBF, however, requires that businesses have two key attributes. First, the business must be generating revenue, as it will be from that revenue that payments are made.<ref name=AttyArticle>{{cite web|title=When NOT to raise Revenue-based Financing|url=http://www.startuplawblog.com/2011/06/14/when-not-to-raise-revenue-based-financing/|first=Lucas|last=Randall|date=2011-06-14|access-date=2012-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904104002/http://www.startuplawblog.com/2011/06/14/when-not-to-raise-revenue-based-financing/|archive-date=2012-09-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Second, the business should have reasonably good gross margins to accommodate the percentage of revenue dedicated to loan payments.<ref name="AttyArticle" />
The interests of an RBF investor align with the interests of the companies in which they invest. Both parties benefit from revenue growth in the business; both parties suffer when revenue declines.<ref name=ASack>{{cite web|title=A Sack of Seattle: Angel Investing|url=http://asack.typepad.com/a_sack_of_seattle/angel_investing/}}</ref> This is in contrast to a typical bank loan, which has a fixed monthly payment over the life of the loan regardless of business revenue. RBF helps manage rough months in the business by having a payment that traces revenue.
Cost of capital is an important consideration for entrepreneurs raising money. Usually the cost of capital in an RBF investment is significantly less than a similar equity investment, for several reasons: First, the actual interest rate on the loan is much lower than the effective interest rate required by an equity investor on their invested capital if the business should be sold. Second, legal fees are lower than with equity financing.<ref name=FoxBiz>{{cite web|title=Revenue-based Financing: What's At Risk|url=http://smallbusiness.foxbusiness.com/finance-accounting/2012/05/07/revenue-based-financing-whats-at-risk/|date=2016-03-23}}</ref> Third, because the investment is a loan, the interest payments can often be a tax deduction for the business.<ref name=TaxTreatment>{{cite web|title=Tax treatment of revenue-based payments|url=http://business.highbeam.com/409711/article-1G1-204482848/tax-treatment-revenuebased-payments|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125110416/http://business.highbeam.com/409711/article-1G1-204482848/tax-treatment-revenuebased-payments|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-25}}</ref>
This cost of capital savings is a result of the RBF model and nature of the risk taken by the investor. Because the loan is making payment each month, the RBF investor does not require the eventual sale of the business in order to earn a return. This means that they can afford to take on lower returns in exchange for knowledge that the loan will begin to repay far sooner than if it depended on the eventual sale of the business.
RBF often is more expensive than bank financing,<ref name="Inc" /> However, few early-stage businesses seeking growth capital will have an asset base to support a commercial loan. Most banks will therefore require a guarantee from the founders of a business that, in the event of default, the bank can pursue their personal assets.<ref name=bankreqs>{{cite web|title=5 Typical Bank Requirements for a Business Loan|url=https://www.capify.co.uk/5-typical-bank-requirements-for-a-business-loan/}}</ref>
== See also == * Income share agreement – an income-based financing arrangement for individuals * Royalty payment
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Category:Financial capital Category:Loans