Rethymno

{{Distinguish|Rethymno (constituency)|Rethymno (regional unit)|Rethymno (municipality)}}{{Short description|City on the island of Crete, Greece}} {{More citations needed|date=November 2024}} {{Infobox Greek Dimos |name = Rethymno |name_local = Ρέθυμνο |type = municipal unitf |image_map = 2011 Dimos Rethymnou.png |periph = Crete |periphunit = Rethymno |municipality = Rethymno |pop_municunit = 38759 |area_municunit = 126.5 |pop_community = 35763 |area_community = 26.777 |population_as_of = 2021 |coordinates = {{coord|35|22|08|N|24|28|26|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} |postal_code = 741 00 |area_code = 28310 |licence = ΡΕ |website = [https://www.rethymno.gr www.rethymno.gr] |image_skyline = Rethymno - Venetian fortress.jpg |caption_skyline = View of Rethymno with the Venetian Fortezza fortress |city_flag = |city_seal = |districts = |elevation = 17 }} '''Rethymno''' ({{langx|el|Ρέθυμνο}} {{IPA|el|ˈreθimno|}}, Italian: ''Retimo'', formerly also ''Rettimo'' or ''Retimno'', Latin: ''Civitas Rethymnæ'', Turkish: ''Resmo'') is a city in Greece on the island of Crete. It is the capital of Rethymno regional unit, and has a population of more than 35,000 inhabitants (nearly 40,000 for the municipal unit). It is believed to have been built on the site of the earlier city of Rhithymna.

Rethymno is believed to have been built on the site of the earlier city of Rhithymna.<ref>{{Barrington Atlas|page=60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite DARE|25171}}</ref> Some sources mention a city called Arsinoe which some scholars have proposed stood at the same site.<ref>Getzel M. Cohen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA132 ''The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor''] (Volume 17 of Hellenistic culture and society). University of California Press, 1995 {{ISBN|0520914082}} p132</ref><ref>{{Barrington Atlas|page=60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite DARE|25171}}</ref>

Rethymno began a period of growth when the Venetian conquerors of the island decided to establish an intermediate commercial station between Heraklion and Chania, acquiring its own bishop and nobility in the process. Today's old town (''palia poli'') was almost entirely built by the Republic of Venice. It is one of the best-preserved old towns in Crete.

From circa 1250 the city was the seat of the Latin Diocese of Retimo, which was renamed Retimo–Ario after the absorption in 1551 of the Diocese of Ario.

The town still maintains its old aristocratic appearance, with its buildings dating from the 16th century, arched doorways, stone staircases, Byzantine remains, the small Venetian harbour and narrow streets. The Venetian Loggia houses the information office of the Ministry of Culture and Sports. A Wine Festival is held there annually at the beginning of July. Another festival, in memory of the destruction of the Arkadi Monastery, is held on 7–8 November.

The city's Venetian-era citadel, the Fortezza of Rethymno, is one of the best-preserved castles in Crete. Other monuments include the Neradje Mosque (the Municipal Odeon arts centre), the Great Gate ({{lang|grc|Μεγάλη Πόρτα}} or "Porta Guora"), the Piazza Rimondi and the Loggia.

The town was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1646 during the Cretan War (1645–69) and they ruled it for almost three centuries. The town, called ''Resmo'' in Turkish, was the centre of a ''sanjak'' (administrative part of a province) during Ottoman rule.

During the Battle of Crete (20–30 May 1941), the Battle of Rethymno was fought between German paratroopers and combined forces of the Second Australian Imperial Force and the Hellenic Army. Although initially unsuccessful, eventually the Germans won the battle after receiving reinforcements airlifted to Maleme in the northwestern part of the island.

Today the city's main source of income is tourism, with many new facilities having been built in the past 20 years. Agriculture is also notable, especially olive oil and other Mediterranean products.

== Municipality == 300px|thumb|Dusk airview of the Old Harbour of Rethymno thumb|250px|right|Rethymno Lighthouse thumb|right|Street and the belltower of Megalos Antonios church in the fond thumb|right|Beach of Rethymno The municipality of Rethymno was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:<ref name=Kallikratis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.|title=ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities|language=el|publisher=Government Gazette}}</ref> *Arkadi *Lappa *Nikiforos Fokas *Rethymno

;Population of Rethymno <ref>[http://dlib.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/categoryyears?p_cat=10007862&p_topic=10007862 Hellenic Statistical Authority, Digital Library (ELSTAT), Census (Greek and English)]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- class="hintergrundfarbe5" ! Settlements !! 1940 !! 1951 !! 1961 !!1971 !!1981 !!1991 !!2001 !!2011 |- | Rethymno (city) | style="text-align:right" | 8,648 | style="text-align:right" | 11,057 | style="text-align:right" | 14,999 | style="text-align:right" | 14,969 | style="text-align:right" | 17,136 | style="text-align:right" | 23,355 | style="text-align:right" | 28,987 | style="text-align:right" | 32,468 |- | Agia Eirini | style="text-align:right" | 96 | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 63 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 63 | style="text-align:right" | 49 | style="text-align:right" | 75 |- | Agios Markos | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | 18 | style="text-align:right" | 65 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - |- | Anogeia | style="text-align:right" | 50 | style="text-align:right" | 25 | style="text-align:right" | 25 | style="text-align:right" | 21 | style="text-align:right" | 13 | style="text-align:right" | 15 | style="text-align:right" | 89 | style="text-align:right" | 131 |- | Gallos | style="text-align:right" | 315 | style="text-align:right" | 274 | style="text-align:right" | 252 | style="text-align:right" | 180 | style="text-align:right" | 146 | style="text-align:right" | 205 | style="text-align:right" | 430 | style="text-align:right" | 922 |- | Giannoudi | style="text-align:right" | 92 | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 78 | style="text-align:right" | 30 | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 23 | style="text-align:right" | 96 | style="text-align:right" | 116 |- | Kastellakia | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | 45 | style="text-align:right" | 27 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | style="text-align:right" | 105 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - |- | Koumpes | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | 106 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - |- | Metochi Albani | style="text-align:right" | 67 | style="text-align:right" | 79 | style="text-align:right" | 31 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - |- | Megalo Metochi (Risvan) | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | 33 | style="text-align:right" | 25 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 28 | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 46 |- | Mikro Metochi | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 91 | style="text-align:right" | 188 | style="text-align:right" | 149 |- | Misiria | style="text-align:right" | 294 | style="text-align:right" | 212 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - |- | Xiro Chorio | style="text-align:right" | 214 | style="text-align:right" | 219 | style="text-align:right" | 132 | style="text-align:right" | 90 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | 114 | style="text-align:right" | 131 | style="text-align:right" | 221 |- | Perivolia | style="text-align:right" | 853 | style="text-align:right" | 805 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - |- | Platanes | style="text-align:right" | 343 | style="text-align:right" | 488 | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - |- | Tria Monastiria | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | - | style="text-align:right" | 18 | style="text-align:right" | 105 | style="text-align:right" | 107 | style="text-align:right" | 172 |- class="sortbottom" | '''Total''' | style="text-align:right" | '''10,972''' | style="text-align:right" | '''13,513''' | style="text-align:right" | '''15,632''' | style="text-align:right" | '''15,373''' | style="text-align:right" | '''18,190''' | style="text-align:right" | '''24,064''' | style="text-align:right" | '''31,687''' | style="text-align:right" | '''34,300''' |}

== Culture ==

Rethymno is home to the following museums: *Archaeological Museum of Rethymno *Historical and Folklore Museum of Rethymno *Municipal Gallery "L. Kanakakis" *The Frantzeskaki Collection *Museum of Sea Life at Rethymno

The Treasure Hunt of Rethymno is a game played by local people and takes place two weeks before Carnival.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-treasure-hunt-game | title=Largest treasure hunt game| publisher=guinnessworldrecords.com | accessdate=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

=== Literature === Pandelis Prevelakis wrote ''Το χρονικό μιας πολιτείας'' (1937), ''The Chronicle of a Town'', a nostalgic depiction of Rethymno from the period of the Cretan State (1898) to the expulsion of the Cretan Turks (1924).

===Sports===

Rethymno hosted the international athletics meeting known as Vardinogianneia. The athletics meeting stopped in 2012 due to Greek financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Χωρίς "Βαρδινογιάννεια" και το 2013|date=4 January 2013|url=http://www.rethnea.gr/article.aspx?id=1527|publisher=rethnea.gr|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075524/http://www.rethnea.gr/article.aspx?id=1527|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rethymno has many sport clubs with presence in Panhellenic championships of various sports. Below is alist of the main sport clubs of Rethymno.

{|class="wikitable" |- !colspan="4"|Sport clubs based in Rethymno |- !width="200"|Club !Founded !Sports !Achievements |- |Neos Asteras Rethymno F.C.||1945||Football ||Earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki |- |NO Rethymnou||1963||Water Polo ||Presence in A1 Ethniki women |- |EA Rethymniakou||1983||Football, Track and Field||Earlier presence in Beta Ethniki |- |Rethymno B.C.||1986||Basketball||Presence in A1 Ethniki |- |OPE Rethymnou||1992||Volleyball||Presence in A1 Ethniki women |}

==Education==

In the Rethymno Campus of the University of Crete are located the School of Philosophy, the School of Education, the School of Social, Economics and Political Sciences, and the University Library of the University of Crete. On a yearly basis, there are about 8.000 students studying at "Galos" where the Campus and the Academic Institute of Mediterranean Studies are located. Also in Rethymnon is located the School of Music and Optoacoustic Technologies of the [https://www.hmu.gr/ Hellenic Mediterranean University].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmu.gr/|title=Ελληνικό Μεσογειακό Πανεπιστήμιο|website=Ελληνικό Μεσογειακό Πανεπιστήμιο|language=el|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> Finally, in Rethymno, Tria Monastiria area is located the international research [http://www.ippl.hmu.gr/ Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ippl.hmu.gr/|title=Plasma{{!}}Ρέθυμνο{{!}}www.ippl.hmu.gr{{!}}IPPL HELLENIC MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY|website=cppl-1|language=el|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> of the Hellenic Mediterranean University which is the access point of the National Research Facility [https://hellasch.iesl.forth.gr/?page_id=2&lang=en HELLAS-CH] .

== Geography == ===Climate=== {{Weather box |location = Rethymno, Greece |single line = Y |Jan high F = 55 |Feb high F = 55 |Mar high F = 59 |Apr high F = 64 |May high F = 73 |Jun high F = 82 |Jul high F = 86 |Aug high F = 86 |Sep high F = 81 |Oct high F = 72 |Nov high F = 64 |Dec high F = 57 |year high F= 69.5 |Jan low F = 45 |Feb low F = 45 |Mar low F = 46 |Apr low F = 52 |May low F = 57 |Jun low F = 64 |Jul low F = 70 |Aug low F = 70 |Sep low F = 64 |Oct low F = 59 |Nov low F = 54 |Dec low F = 48 |year low F= 56.166 |source 1 = <Holiday Weather >{{cite web |url=https://www.holiday-weather.com/rethymnon/averages/ | publisher=Holiday Weather |year=2016 |work=Rethymnon: Annual Weather Averages |access-date=12 September 2016| title=Rethymnon, Greece - Average Annual Weather - Holiday Weather }} |date= }}

== Notable locals == ; Royalty and politics * Georgios Chortatzis (1545–1610), dramatist in Cretan verse * Ahmed Resmî Efendi (1700–1783), Ottoman statesman, author and ambassador * Nikolaos Sifounakis (born 1949), Greek politician * Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan (1642–1715), valide sultan * Emmanouil Tsouderos (1882-1956), former Prime Minister of Greece

; Other *Stylianos Harkianakis (1935 - 2019), Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Australia * Athanasius III of Constantinople, Patriarch * Pandelis Prevelakis (1909–1986), writer * Manolis Xexakis (born 1949), poet and writer * Nick Dandolos (1883–1966), professional poker player

== International relations == {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece}}

Rethymno is twinned with : *{{flagicon|CYP}} Ayia Napa, Cyprus *{{flagicon|ITA}} Castenaso, Italy *{{flagicon|RUS}} Pushkin, Russia

== Gallery ==

<gallery> File:Rethymno venetian port and fort.jpg|Panorama of the city File:Fontaine Rimondi (Réthymnon).JPG|Rimondi Fountain File:Loggia Rethymnou.JPG|Venetian loggia File:Porte Guora à Réthymnon.JPG|Guora Gate (Megali Pyli), old city gate File:Οδός Βερνάδου 3080.JPG|View of the old town File:Rethymno Sultan Ibrahim 19.JPG|Sultan Ibrahim mosque File:L'église catholique de Réthymnon.JPG|The catholic church of Agios Antonios File:Eleftherios Venizelos in Rethymno.JPG|Eleftherios Venizelos statue </gallery>

== References == ;Notes {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links == {{commons category|Municipality of Rethymno}} *{{wikivoyage-inline|Rethymno}} * https://www.explorerrethymno.gr *[http://www.rethymnon.gr Prefecture of Rethymno - Official website] *[http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/main_cities/rethymno Rethymno] The Official website of the Greek National Tourism Organisation

Category:Populated places in Rethymno (regional unit) Category:Rethymno (municipality) Category:Rethymno Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece Category:Port cities and towns of the Aegean Sea