{{short description|Culture during the Copper Age in Northern Italy}} {{Infobox archaeological culture | name = Remedello culture | map = Remedello culture.jpg | mapalt = Map of the distribution of the Remedello culture | altnames = | horizon = | region = [[North Italy]] | period = [[Prehistoric Italy#Copper Age|Chalcolithic]] | dates = 3400–2400 BCE | typesite = | majorsites = | extra = | precededby = [[Chasséen culture|Lagozza culture]], [[Square-mouthed vases culture]] | followedby = [[Bell Beaker culture#Italian Peninsula|Bell Beaker culture]], [[Polada culture]] | definedby = | antiquatedby= | module = }}

The '''Remedello culture''' (Italian ''Cultura di Remedello'') developed during the [[Prehistoric Italy#Copper Age|Copper Age]] (4th and 3rd millennium BCE) in [[Northern Italy]], particularly in the area of the [[Po Valley]]. The name comes from the town of [[Remedello]] ([[Brescia]]) where several burials were discovered in the late 19th century.<ref name="encarta">{{Cite web|url=http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_981532187/Cultura_di_Remedello.html|title="Cultura di Remedello" su MSN Encarta|access-date=2009-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183505/http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_981532187/Cultura_di_Remedello.html|archive-date=2005-03-13}}</ref>

==First excavations== [[File:Milano - Museo archeologico - Masso di Bornio (2800-2400 a.C.), Valcamonica - Pugnali - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 21-march-2005 - 02.jpg|thumb|Engravings of Remedello-type daggers at [[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica|Valcamonica]]]]

The first burials were discovered in the winter of 1884, the excavations were initiated by Gaetano Chierici, but, as a result of the low temperatures, he fell ill and died. The excavations continued under the direction of [[Giovanni Bandieri]], who moved the relics to the Museum of [[Reggio Emilia]].<ref name="museiromagna">{{Cite web|url=http://www.comune.re.it/Museo/museire.nsf/Musei/79C472E25B7EE7B1C1256ED1004AD89E?OpenDocument|title="Sepolcreto di Remedello Sotto (Bs)" su Musei Civici di Romagna|access-date=2009-10-06|archive-date=2012-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310100906/http://www.comune.re.it/Museo/museire.nsf/Musei/79C472E25B7EE7B1C1256ED1004AD89E?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==The burials==

The Copper Age graves contained a single body in a crouching or supine position with the head facing north-west.<ref name="museiromagna"/>

The male set was represented by arrows, stone daggers and polished stone axes, with a few tombs having axes and daggers or ornaments made of copper.<ref name="museiromagna"/>

The female burials are accompanied by ceramic vessels or (in rare occasions) ornaments. The graves of children contained simple kits of flint stone.<ref name="museiromagna"/>

Among the noteworthy items found noteworthy were extremely accurate works in flint stone such as axes and other weapons, and objects in copper and arsenical silver (arms, pins, pectorals, bracelets), all of them characterized by decorative elements of eastern origin.<ref name="encarta"/>

== Genetics == C. Quiles (2021) gathered three ancient DNA results for the Remedello culture: two I2-L460, and one G2a2a.<ref>carlosquiles, all-ancient-dna-2-07-73.xlsx, latest version of 27.08.2021</ref> There is also some evidence for patrilocality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saupe |first=Tina |last2=Montinaro |first2=Francesco |last3=Scaggion |first3=Cinzia |last4=Carrara |first4=Nicola |last5=Kivisild |first5=Toomas |last6=D’Atanasio |first6=Eugenia |last7=Hui |first7=Ruoyun |last8=Solnik |first8=Anu |last9=Lebrasseur |first9=Ophélie |last10=Larson |first10=Greger |last11=Alessandri |first11=Luca |last12=Arienzo |first12=Ilenia |last13=De Angelis |first13=Flavio |last14=Rolfo |first14=Mario Federico |last15=Skeates |first15=Robin |date=June 2021 |title=Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982221005352 |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2576–2591.e12 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022}}</ref>

==Chronology== Although most of the discovered tombs date to the [[Chalcolithic]], burials from the [[Bronze Age]] and the [[Iron Age]] have also been recovered.

The Remedello culture has been recently periodized by scholars into two distinct historical periods both dating back to the Copper Age.<ref name="museiromagna"/>

Remedello I : 3400 <ref name="iipp">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iipp.it/?p=575|title=Atti della XXXI riunione scientifica IIPP "La Valle d'Aosta nel quadro della preistoria e protostoria dell'arco alpino centro-occidentale" su "Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria"|date=3 September 2007 |access-date=2009-10-06}}</ref> / 3200 BCE – 2800 BCE, or ancient Copper Age stage;

Remedello II: 2900 <ref name="iipp"/> / 2800 BCE – 2400 BCE, or full Copper Age stage.

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Decorated alpine stone - 52050283189.jpg|Engraved stone from the Italian alps, c. 2500 BC File:Stone from the Alps - 52052669113.jpg|Engraved stone from the Italian alps

</gallery>

==Notes== <references />

==See also== {{Chalcolithic}} *[[Bagnolo stele]] *[[Beaker culture]] *[[Chalcolithic]] *[[Prehistoric Italy]]

==External links== {{Commons category|Remedello culture}} *{{Cite web|url=http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_981532187/Cultura_di_Remedello.html|title="Cultura di Remedello" su MSN Encarta|access-date=2009-10-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183505/http://it.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_981532187/Cultura_di_Remedello.html|archive-date=2005-03-13}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.comune.re.it/Museo/museire.nsf/Musei/79C472E25B7EE7B1C1256ED1004AD89E?OpenDocument|title="Sepolcreto di Remedello Sotto (Bs)" su Musei Civici di Romagna|access-date=2009-10-06|archive-date=2012-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310100906/http://www.comune.re.it/Museo/museire.nsf/Musei/79C472E25B7EE7B1C1256ED1004AD89E?OpenDocument|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.iipp.it/?p=575|title=Atti della XXXI riunione scientifica IIPP "La Valle d'Aosta nel quadro della preistoria e protostoria dell'arco alpino centro-occidentale" su "Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria"|date=3 September 2007 |access-date=2009-10-06}}

[[Category:Chalcolithic cultures of Europe]] [[Category:Archaeological cultures of Europe]] [[Category:Archaeological cultures in Italy]]