{{Short description|For transferring employees or businesses to a new area}} {{pp-pc1|small=yes}} '''Relocation services''', '''employee relocation, military [[permanent change of station]] (PCS)''' or '''workforce mobility''' include a range of internal [[business process]]es to transfer employees, their families, and/or entire departments of a business to a new location. Like other types of [[employee benefit]]s, these processes are usually administered by [[human resources]] specialists within a [[corporation]]. In the military, these processes are administered by the Transportation Management Office (TMO) and Personal Property Shipping Office (PPSO).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-08|title=Preparing Financially for PCS Season|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/native/navy-federal/2016/06/05/preparing-financially-for-pcs-season/|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Military Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bachelor |first=Blane |date=2024-03-05 |title=These US cities will pay you up to $15,000 to move there |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/us-cities-relocation-packages/index.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>
Such business processes can include domestic residential services where an employee moves within a country or state as well as international relocation services which include planning for [[diplomat]]s, managers, etc. working abroad. An agency providing relocation services directs and manages the process of relocation including arranging necessary documents ([[visa (document)|visa]], long-term stay permissions), finding a new house ([[lodging|accommodation]]), finding a [[school]] for children ([[education]]), finding a job for the partner or "trailing spouse", arranging a teacher for the family ([[language]] training) and introduce expatriates to the local culture. Some companies are similarly offering financial incentives for their workers to return to specific city offices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Cameo giving all Chicago employees $10,000 raises to return to the office |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/02/14/cameo-giving-all-chicago-employees-10000-raise-to-return-to-the-office/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>
==International relocations== Dating back to the [[Dutch East India Company]], sending an employee to work in another country (sometimes called a "global assignment" in current [[Human resources|HR]] jargon) has carried considerable costs while theoretically opening the potential for financial returns for the employer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rei|first=Claudia|date=2014-01-01|title=Careers and wages in the Dutch East India Company|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-013-0093-3|journal=Cliometrica|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=27–48|doi=10.1007/s11698-013-0093-3|s2cid=255345445 |issn=1863-2513|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Reasons why a company might give an employee a global assignment include filling functional needs, developing the employee for upper management, and developing the company itself. Anne-Wil Harzing of the [[University of Melbourne]] further categorizes these employees as "bears, bumblebees and spiders".<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-12-01|title=Of bears, bumble-bees, and spiders: the role of expatriates in controlling foreign subsidiaries|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S109095160100061X|journal=Journal of World Business|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=366–379|doi=10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00061-X|issn=1090-9516|last1=Harzing |first1=Anne-Wil |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Those playing the role of bears are the long arm of headquarters control. The bumblebees [[Organizational learning|transfer (cross-pollinate)]] their [[Organizational culture|corporate culture.]] Harzing's spiders weave the informal communication networks so important in connecting far-flung branches, [[Subsidiary|subsidiaries]] and all [[strategic partnership|strategic partners]].
Responding to a 2005 survey of global assignment management practices commissioned by a US-based third-party relocation management company, 31 percent of surveyed employers indicated that they track exceptions on a per-assignment basis for budgetary purposes, 23 percent track exception on an overall basis in order to identify policy components that need review, and 39 percent do not track the cost or type of exceptions granted. (Seven percent were not able to answer the question.)<ref>{{Cite web|title=US managers' willingness to accept a global assignment: Do expatriate benefits and assignment length make a difference?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247522130|access-date=2021-04-12|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> Of the companies participating in the 2005 Survey of Global Assignment Management Practices, 43 percent indicated that they either outsource or co-source some assignment management services (staffing 1:58 assignees, 7 percent declined to answer).
== Government programs == {{globalize|date=October 2025}}Around 2011, local philanthropists in Tulsa, Oklahoma noticed people who participated in [[Teach For America]] continued to live in Tulsa.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Goldberg |first=Emma |date=2024-10-16 |title=Can Remote Workers Reverse Brain Drain? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/16/business/tulsa-remote-workers.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> These philanthropists were then curious about how to replicate this retention of young knowledge workers to the state. The managing director of Tulsa program, Tulsa Remote, previously worked at Teach for America.
Below is a list of participating cities and associated benefits.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Bachelor |first=Blane |date=2024-03-05 |title=These US cities will pay you up to $15,000 to move there |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/us-cities-relocation-packages/index.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of cities and their incentives !Year established !Year ended !City !State !Name !Financial incentive !Notes !References |- |2018 | |[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] |[[Oklahoma]] |Tulsa Remote |$10,000 | |<ref name=":02" /> |- |2018 |2023 | |[[Vermont]] |Think Vermont |$7,500 |Initial cash incentive was $10,000 |<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Austyn |title=Incentive programs have lured thousands of remote workers from major metro areas to small cities |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/cities-worker-incentive-relocation-programs-tulsa-remote-choose-topeka/628537/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Smart Cities Dive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vermont Worker Relocation Incentive Program Now Open for Applications for Relocating and Remote Workers – Vermont Technology Alliance |url=https://vtta.org/vermont-worker-relocation-incentive-program-now-open-for-applications-for-relocating-and-remote-workers/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=vtta.org}}</ref> |- | | |Multiple |[[Indiana]] | |$5,000 |Cities include [[Noblesville, Indiana|Noblesville]] and [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] |<ref name=":02" /> |- | | |Multiple |[[Kentucky]] | |$5,000 |Total of $8,800 package, with an additional $2,500 bonus who bring a spouse working in healthcare or education |<ref name=":02" /> |- |2019 | |[[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] |[[Kansas]] |Choose Topeka |$5,000 |Up to $15,000 worth of incentives |<ref name=":02" /> |- |2019 | |[[The Shoals]] |[[Alabama]] |Remote Shoals |$10,000 |Eligibility includes self-employment or full-time remote employees outside Colbert and Lauderdale counties, make over $52,000 annually |<ref name=":02" /> |- |2020 |2023 | |[[Arkansas]] |Life Works Here |$10,000 |Includes a free bike |<ref name=":02" /> |- |2020 | |[[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] |[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | |$2,000 |Incentive is intended to only reimburse moving costs |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musulin |first=Kristin |date=2020-06-12 |title=Savannah, GA offers $2K to attract remote tech workers |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/savannah-ga-offers-2k-to-attract-remote-tech-workers/579657/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Smart Cities Dive |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2021 | |Multiple |[[West Virginia]] |Ascend West Virginia |$12,000 |$10,000 the first year, an additional $2,000 the second, outdoorsy perks include free passes for rock climbing, ziplining and golf, access to free co-working spaces |<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=WVU Today {{!}} Ascend West Virginia expands into fourth community |url=https://wvutoday.wvu.edu/stories/2022/11/30/ascend-west-virginia-expands-into-fourth-community |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=wvutoday.wvu.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> |} West Virginia's program launched in April 2021 and has had 20,000 applications.<ref name=":1" /> The program spans across four regions of the state and welcomed new residents in the following order: [[Morgantown, West Virginia|Morgantown]], [[Greenbrier County, West Virginia|Greenbrier County]], [[Eastern panhandle of West Virginia|Eastern panhandle]], Greater Elkins, and New River Gorge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=WVU Today {{!}} Ascend West Virginia opens applications for New River Gorge area |url=https://wvutoday.wvu.edu/stories/2023/06/20/ascend-announcement |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=wvutoday.wvu.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> The program is funded by a $25 million gift from [[Brad D. Smith]] and his wife, Alys Smith, to West Virginia University's Brad and Alys Smith Outdoor Economic Development Collaborative. The program aims to welcome 1,000 remote workers over the next five years since launching in 2021. Topeka's program, Choose Topeka, has had a yearly budget of $300,000, which is funded from an economic development sales tax.<ref name=":2" /> In the first six months of the program, Choose Topeka received over 6,000 applications. Kentucky's program incentivizes individuals to move to [[Mayfield, Kentucky|Mayfield]] or [[Graves County, Kentucky|Graves County]].<ref name=":02" /> Tulsa's program, Tulsa Remote, is funded by the [[George Kaiser Family Foundation]] and intends to continue funding the program "so long as it demonstrates to be a community-enhancing opportunity".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Goldberg |first=Emma |date=2024-10-16 |title=Can Remote Workers Reverse Brain Drain? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/16/business/tulsa-remote-workers.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Some motivations for applicants to apply for these relocation programs include lower cost of living, history of the city itself, volunteering opportunities, and access to sports leagues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandy |first=Jordan |title=I got paid $10,000 to move to Tulsa. My mortgage for a whole house is about what I used to pay to rent one room. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/millennial-paid-to-move-from-la-to-tulsa-pros-cons-2024-7 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> The cities themselves also have an incentive to offer these programs, including addressing [[brain drain]] of losing educated talent and boost a region's technology industry.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Settembre |first=Jeanette |date=2020-06-09 |title=Post-coronavirus, Georgia city paying tech workers to move there |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/savannah-fund-paying-tech-workers-to-move-there |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=FOXBusiness |language=en-US}}</ref> Midsize, non-coastal cities like Tulsa have been struggling to retain younger professionals, and those who do move to Oklahoma were nearly all over the age of 45 and mostly had incomes below the state average.<ref name=":3" />
In December 2022, Tulsa, Oklahoma claims to have had 2,900 people be accepted into the relocation program and generating an established new sales tax revenue of $2.5 million for Tulsa County and $3.1 million for the state of Oklahoma.<ref name=":02" /> Then in 2024, survey results show remote workers who moved to Tulsa saved $25,000 or more on average on annual housing costs than those who did not choose to relocate to Tulsa.<ref name=":3" /> With more years to estimate from, researchers in 2024 estimate those who relocated brought in $14.9 million in annual income tax revenue and $5.8 million in sales tax. In 2022, West Virginia claims that they have welcomed 150 new people into the state with a 98% retention rate.<ref name=":1" /> It is estimated that the city of Topeka has had a $3.8 million impact to its economy.<ref name=":2" />
These relocation incentive programs are not universally popular.<ref name=":02" /> Some have reported that residents local to the regions with these programs feel overlooked for employment in favor of those who receive these incentives. It is also noted that this could "foster community divisions and potentially increase the cost of living, making it harder for long-term residents".<ref name=":02" /> For example, the median price of a home in Tulsa increased 9 percent compared with the national average increase of 3.2 percent.<ref name=":3" />
==See also== {{wikibooks|Packing & Moving Household Goods}} * [[Moving company]] * [[Remote work]]
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Real estate}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Relocation Service}} [[Category:Moving companies]] [[Category:Moving and relocation]]