{{Short description|French philosopher and journalist (born 1940)}} {{More footnotes needed|date=January 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}} {{Infobox writer | image = Regis Debray at the 2026 Cannes Film Festival (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|9|2|df=y}} | birth_place = Paris, Occupied France | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Journalist, writer, academic | language = French | alma_mater = École Normale Supérieure<br>Pantheon-Sorbonne University | period = | genre = Philosophy, current events | influences = | influenced = | awards = Prix Femina<br/>Prix Décembre | signature = | website = }}
'''Jules Régis Debray''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒyl ʁeʒis dəbʁɛ|lang}}; born 2 September 1940) is a French philosopher, journalist, former government official and academic.<ref>{{cite news | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927185429/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/edit-page/28084467_1_religion-public-intellectuals-fervour | archivedate=27 September 2011 | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/edit-page/28084467_1_religion-public-intellectuals-fervour | title=Debray Growls At A World In Chaos | newspaper=The Times of India | date=19 December 2009}}</ref> He is known for his theorization of mediology, a critical theory of the long-term transmission of cultural meaning in human society, and for associating with Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara in Bolivia in 1967 and advancing Salvador Allende's presidency in Chile in the early 1970s.<ref>Horne, Alistair (1972, revised 1990), ''Small Earthquake in Chile'', London: Papermac, pp 347 and 351 [1990 edition].</ref> He returned to France in 1973 and later held various official posts in the French government.
== Life == {{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
=== 1960 to 1973 === Born in Paris, Régis Debray studied at the École Normale Supérieure where he was taught by Louis Althusser. He appeared as himself in the cinema verité movie ''Chronique d'un été'' by Jean Rouch and Edgar Morin in 1960. He became an "agrégé de philosophie" in 1965.
During the late 1960s, he was a professor of philosophy at the University of Havana in Cuba and became an associate of Che Guevara in Bolivia. He wrote the book ''Revolution in the Revolution?'', which analysed the tactical and strategic doctrines then prevailing among militant socialist movements in Latin America, and acted as a handbook for guerrilla warfare that supplemented Guevara's own manual concerning the topic. It was published in Cuba in the "Cuadernos" collection by Casa de las Americas in 1967, by Maspero in Paris, in New York (Monthly Review Press and Grove Press), Montevideo (Sandino), Milan (Feltrinelli), and Munich (Trikont).
thumb|Debray criticising his Bolivia incarceration after release. Guevara was captured in Bolivia in October 1967; on 20 April 1967 Debray had been arrested in the small town of Muyupampa, also in Bolivia. Convicted of having been part of Guevara's guerrilla group, Debray was sentenced on 17 November to 30 years in prison. He was released in 1970 after an international campaign for his release which included appeals by Jean-Paul Sartre, André Malraux, General Charles de Gaulle, and Pope Paul VI. He sought refuge in Chile, where he wrote ''The Chilean Revolution'' (1972) after interviews with Salvador Allende.
[[File:Regis Debray.jpg|thumb|Debray pictured in ''Primera Plana'', 1970]]
Debray returned to France in 1973 following the coup by Augusto Pinochet in Chile.
=== 1981 to 1996 ===
After the election in France of President François Mitterrand in 1981, he became an official adviser to the President on Foreign Affairs. In this capacity, he developed a policy that sought to increase France's freedom of action in the world, decrease dependence on the United States, and promote closeness with the former colonies. He was also involved in the development of the government's official ceremonies and recognition of the bicentennial of the French Revolution. He resigned in 1988.
Until the mid-1990s he held a number of official positions in France, including an honorary counselorship at France's supreme administrative court, Conseil d'État.
In 1996, he published a memoir of his life, translated into English as ''Régis Debray, Praised Be Our Lords'' (Verso, 2007).
=== 2002 onwards === [[File:Régis Debray Forum France Culture Philosophie 2016.JPG|thumb|Debray at a 2016 ''France Culture'' philosophy forum]]
In 2002, Debray travelled to Haiti as the head of a commission appointed by French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin. The Commission's official purpose was to find ways to improve relations between Haiti and France, but as the New York Times reported, another objective was to divert discussions away from Haiti's independence debt extorted by France in 1825.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Méheut |first1=Constant |last2=Porter |first2=Catherine |last3=Gebrekidan |first3=Selam |last4=Apuzzo |first4=Matt |date=2022-05-20 |title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Debray was a member of the 2003 Stasi Commission, named for Bernard Stasi, which examined the origins of the 2003 French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools. Debray endorsed the 2003 law. This was in defence of French ''laïcité'' (separation of church and state) which intends to maintain citizens' equality by the prohibition of religious proselytism in the school system. Debray, however, seems to have encouraged a more subtle treatment of religious issues with regard to school history teaching in France.
Debray is preoccupied with the situation of Christian minorities in the Near East (and with the status of the Holy Places in Jerusalem, Bethlehem and elsewhere), a traditional interest of the French state, and has established an observatory to monitor the situation. His recent work investigates the religious paradigm as a social nexus able to assist collective orientation on a wide, centuries-long scale. This caused him to propose the project of an ''Institut Européen en Sciences des Religions'', a French institute founded in 2005 for monitoring sociological religious dynamics, and informing the public about religious issues through conferences and publications.
== Work: mediology ==
Debray is the initiator and chief exponent of the discipline of ''médiologie'' or "mediology", which attempts to scientifically study the transmission of cultural meaning in society, whether through language or images. Mediology is characterized by its multi-disciplinary approach. It is expounded best in the English-language book ''Transmitting Culture'' (Columbia University Press, 2004). In ''Vie et mort de l'image'' (Life and Death of Image, 1995), an attempted history of the gaze, he distinguished three regimes of the images (icon, idol and vision). He also strove explicitly to prevent misunderstandings by differentiating mediology from a simple sociology of mass media. He also criticized the basic assumptions of the history of art which present art as an atemporal and universal phenomenon. According to Debray, art is a product of the Renaissance with the invention of the artist as producer of images, in contrast with previous acheiropoieta icons or other types of so-called "art," which did not primarily fulfil an artistic function but rather a religious one.{{fact|date=May 2025}}
== Current political views ==
In a February 2007 opinion-editorial in the newspaper ''Le Monde'', Debray criticized the tendency of the entire French political class towards conservatism. He also deplored the influence of the "videosphere" on modern politics, which he claimed has a tendency to individualize everything, forgetting both past and future (although he praised the loss of 1960s "messianism"), and rejecting any common national project. He criticized the new generation in politics as competent but without character, and lacking ideas: "So they [think they] have recruited philosophy with André Glucksmann or Bernard-Henri Lévy and literature with Christine Angot or Jean d'Ormesson". He asked voters to endorse the "left of the left," in an attempt to end a modern "anti-politics" which has become political marketing.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2007/02/22/la-coupe-de-l-elysee-2007-par-regis-debray_875093_3232.html La Coupe de l'Elysée 2007, par Régis Debray], ''Le Monde'', 27 February 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
== Personal life == Debray was married to Venezuelan Elizabeth Burgos; they have a daughter together, Laurence (born 1976).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
== Bibliography ==
===Books=== '''In French:''' * ''Révolution dans la révolution ? : Lutte armée et lutte politique en Amérique latine'' [essai](Paris, Maspero, 1967, series: Cahiers libres)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/title/revolution-dans-la-revolution-lutte-armee-et-lutte-politique-en-amerique-latine /oclc/802842692&referer=brief_results Révolution dans la révolution? : lutte armée et lutte politique en Amérique latine], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''La Frontière, suivi de Un jeune homme à la page'' [littérature] (Paris, Le Seuil, 1967, series: Écrire)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892290082 La Frontière, suivi de Un jeune homme à la page], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Nous les Tupamaros, suivi d'apprendre d'eux'' (Paris, Maspero, 1974, series: Cahiers libres) * ''La guérilla du Che'' (Paris, Le Seuil, 1974, series: Histoire immédiate)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252479471 La guérilla du Che], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''L'Indésirable'' [littérature](Paris, Le Seuil, 1975) * ''Les rendez-vous manqués (pour Pierre Goldman)'' [littérature] (Paris, Le Seuil, 1975, series: Combats)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301742180 Les rendez-vous manqués (pour Pierre Goldman)], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Journal d'un petit bourgeois entre deux feux et quatre murs'' [littérature] (Paris, Le Seuil, 1976)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011226448 Journal d'un petit bourgeois entre deux feux et quatre murs], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''La neige brûle'' [littérature] (Paris, Grasset, 1977)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1067298851 La neige brûle], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> Prix Femina * ''Le pouvoir intellectuel en France'' (Paris, Ramsay, 1979) * ''Critique de la raison politique'' (Paris, Gallimard, 1981, series: Bibliothèque des idées)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8354807 Critique de la raison politique], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''La Puissance et les Rêves'' (Paris, Gallimard, 1984) * ''Comète ma comète'' [littérature] (Paris, Gallimard, 1986)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246849650 Comète ma comète], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Christophe Colomb, le visiteur de l'aube, suivi des Traités de Tordesillas'' [littérature] (Paris, La Différence, 1991, series: Les voies du Sud: histoire)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/742813376 Christophe Colomb, le visiteur de l'aube, suivi des Traités de Tordesillas], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Contretemps : Eloge des idéaux perdus'' (Paris, Gallimard, 1992, series: Folio actuel)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476381924 Contretemps : Eloge des idéaux perdus], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> *'' Trilogie "Le temps d'apprendre à vivre" I: Les Masques, une éducation amoureuse'' [littérature] (1992) * ''Vie et mort de l'image : une histoire du regard en Occident'' (Paris, Gallimard, 1992, series: Folio actuel)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32512278 Vie et mort de l'image : une histoire du regard en Occident], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''L'État séducteur: les révolutions médiologiques du pouvoir'' (Paris, Gallimard, 1993)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902322029 L'État séducteur: les révolutions médiologiques du pouvoir], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''L'œil naïf'' (Paris, Le Seuil, 1994)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925341317 L'œil naïf], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Manifestes medialogiques'' (Editions Gallimard, 1994) * ''Contre Venise'' [littérature](Paris, Gallimard, 1995, series: Folio)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/451351777 Contre Venise], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''A demain de Gaulle'' (Paris, Gallimard, 1996)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611322574 A demain de Gaulle], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''La République expliquée à ma fille'' (Paris, Le 1998)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/799194702 La République expliquée à ma fille], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''L'abus monumental'' (Paris, Fayard, 1999, series: L'abus monumental)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122820024 L'abus monumental], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Shangaï, dernières nouvelles'' [littérature] (Paris, Arléa, 1999) * ''Trilogie "Le temps d'apprendre à vivre" II: Loués soient nos seigneurs, une éducation politique'' [littérature] (2000) * ''Trilogie "Le temps d'apprendre à vivre" III: Par amour de l'art, une éducation intellectuelle'' [littérature] (2000) * ''Dieu, un itinéraire : matériaux pour l'histoire de l'éternel en occident'' (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2001, series: Champ médiologique;<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/186459928 Dieu, un itinéraire : matériaux pour l'histoire de l'éternel en occident], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> Paris, Odile Jacob, 2003, series: Poches Odile Jacob; Prix Combourg 2003) * ''L'Enseignement du fait religieux dans l'école laïque: rapport au ministre de l'Education nationale'' (Paris, Ministère de l'éducation nationale, 2002)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1040356800 L'Enseignement du fait religieux dans l'école laïque: rapport au ministre de l'Education nationale], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''L'édit de Caracalla ou plaidoyer pour des Etats-Unis d'occident'' (Paris, Fayard, 2002). Written by Debray under pseudonym of "Xavier de C...".<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49382621 L'édit de Caracalla ou plaidoyer pour des Etats-Unis d'occident], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Le Feu sacré : Fonction du religieux'' (Paris, Fayard, 2003) * ''L'Ancien et le Nouveau Testament à travers 200 chefs-d'œuvre de la peinture'' (Paris, Presses de la Renaissance, 2003), 2 volumes: Tome I: ''L’Ancien testament à travers 100 chefs-d’œuvre de la peinture'' (2003); Tome II: ''Le Nouveau testament à travers 100 chefs-d’œuvre de la peinture'' (2003)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/694851115 L'Ancien et le Nouveau Testament à travers 200 chefs-d'œuvre de la peinture], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''À l'ombre des lumières : Débat entre un philosophe et un scientifique'' (2003) (Entretien avec Jean Bricmont). * ''Ce que nous voile le voile'' (Paris, Gallimard, 2004)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=%22Ce+que+nous+voile+le+voile%22&fq=&dblist=638&qt=sort&se=yr&sd=asc&qt=sort_yr_asc Ce que nous voile le voile], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Le plan vermeil: modeste proposition'' [littérature](Paris, Gallimard, 2004)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/237900475 Le plan vermeil: modeste proposition], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''Le siècle et la règle. Une correspondance avec le frère Gilles-Dominique o. p.'' (Paris, Fayard, 2004) * ''Julien le Fidèle ou Le banquet des démons'' [théâtre] (Paris, Gallimard, 2005, series: NRF)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/799598978 Julien le fidèle, ou, Le Banquet des démons : théâtre], worldcat.org. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</ref> * ''Sur le pont d'Avignon'' (Paris, Flammarion, 2005, series: Café Voltaire)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/420637906 Sur le pont d'Avignon], worldcat.org. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</ref> * ''Les communions humaines'' (Paris, Fayard, 2005, series: Les dieux dans la Cité - Bibliothèque de culture religieuse)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/186757324 Les communions humaines], worldcat.org. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</ref> * ''Supplique aux nouveaux progressistes du XXIe siècle'' (Paris, Gallimard, 2006)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65405380 Supplique aux nouveaux progressistes du XXIe siècle], worldcat.org. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</ref> * ''Aveuglantes Lumières : journal en clair-obscur'' (Paris, Gallimard, 2006, series: NRF)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/238817356 Aveuglantes Lumières : journal en clair-obscur], worldcat.org. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</ref> * ''Un candide en Terre sainte'' (Paris, Gallimard, 2008)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1250171422 Un candide en Terre sainte], worldcat.org. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</ref> * ''Dégagements'' (Paris, Gallimard, 2010)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/652466607 Dégagements], worldcat.org. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</ref> * ''Que reste-t-il de l'occident ?'' (Paris, Grasset, 2014). Written by Debray and Renaud Girard.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pellistrandi |first=Jérôme |year=2015 |title=Régis Debray et Renaud Girard : ''Que reste-t-il de l'Occident ?''; Éditions Grasset, 2014; 144 pages |journal=Revue Défense nationale |language=fr |issue=777 |page=129 |doi=10.3917/rdna.777.0129 |doi-access= }}</ref> * ''Civilisation. Comment nous sommes devenus américains'' (Paris, Gallimard, 2017).
'''In English:''' * ''Revolution in the Revolution? Armed Struggle and Political Struggle in Latin America'' (London and New York, M.R. Press, 1967)<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499858454 Revolution in the Revolution? Armed Struggle and Political Struggle in Latin America], worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * ''The Border & A Young Man in the Know'' (New York, Grove Press, 1968). * ''Media Manifestos: On the Technological Transmission of Cultural Forms'' (London, Verso, 1996). * ''Against Venice'' (Berkeley, Calif., North Atlantic Books, 1999; New York, Pushkin Press, 2001). * ''God: An Itinerary'' (New York, Verso, 2004). * ''Transmitting Culture'' (New York, Columbia University Press, 2004). * ''Empire 2.0: A Modest Proposal for a United States of the West by Xavier de C***'' (Berkeley, California, North Atlantic Books, 2004). * ''Civilization: How We All Became American'' (London, Verso, 2019).
===Articles=== * ''La Puissance et les Rêves: 3 Intermezzos'', translated into English by Sian Reynolds, in Parker, Geoff (ed.), ''Cencrastus'' No. 19, Winter 1984, pp. 17 – 22, {{issn|0264-0856}} * "This Was an Intellectual". ''TELOS'' 44 (Summer 1980). New York: [https://www.telospress.com Telos Press]
===Reports=== * [http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000056/0000.pdf Rapport au Ministre des affaires étrangères M. Dominique de Villepin du Comité indépendant de réflexion et de propositions sur les relations Franco-Haïtiennes] - Janvier 2004
.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000056/0000.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818102141/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000056/0000.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2006 |title=Rapport au Ministre des affaires étrangères M. Dominique de Villepin du Comité indépendant de réflexion et de propositions sur les relations Franco-Haïtiennes |date=January 2004 }}</ref>
== References == {{reflist}}
==Sources== '''Reviews''' * Maxwell, Stephen (1981), ''Le Pouvoir Intellectuel'', review of ''Teachers, Writers and Celebrities: The Intellectuals of Modern France'', in Murray, Glen (ed.), ''Cencrastus'', No. 7, Winter 1981-82, pp. 41 & 42, {{issn|0264-0856}}
== Further reading == * {{cite web | title = Why Art Can't Kill the Situationist International | author = T. J. Clark and Donald Nicholson-Smith | url = https://www.notbored.org/why-art.html | publisher = October | date = Winter 1997 | access-date = 12 April 2008}} Also published at pp. 467–488 of ''Guy Debord and the Situationist International: Texts and Documents''. The MIT Press (1 April 2004); {{ISBN|0-262-63300-0}} {{ISBN|978-0-262-63300-0}}
==External links== {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050920042154/http://chehasta.narod.ru/bookeng.htm "Che’s Guerrilla War", 1973] * [http://www.iesr.ephe.sorbonne.fr/ Institut Européen en Sciences des Religions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529031242/http://www.iesr.ephe.sorbonne.fr/ |date=29 May 2006 }} * [http://www.tamilnation.org/ideology/debray.htm Regis Debray - Revolution in the Revolution?] * [https://www.regisdebray.com/ Official website] (in French). Accessed 24 January 2023. * Symposium [http://www.cerium.ca/article4224.html Théâtre, religion, politique: Les liaisons dangereuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804165903/http://www.cerium.ca/article4224.html |date=2009-08-04 }}, Centre d’études et de recherches internationales de l'Université de Montréal, 12 April 2007 * {{cite news | url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C01%5C18%5Cstory_18-1-2010_pg3_4 | title=Communication and Transmission: Régis Debray | work=Daily Times | date=18 January 2010}}
;Videos * [http://www.cerium.ca/article4456.html Éloge du spectacle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231123648/http://www.cerium.ca/ |date=2011-12-31 }}, 04/12/2007, [http://www.cerium.ca/ Center for international research University of Montréal] * [http://www.cerium.ca/article4296.html Quelle éthique pour les relations Nord-Sud ? Politique humanitaire politique étrangère, convergences et divergences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155728/http://www.cerium.ca/article4296.html |date=2007-09-30 }} 04/14/2007,[http://www.cerium.ca/ Center for international research University of Montréal] * [http://www.cerium.ca/article4460.html Dramaturgies engagées, un tabou ?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204439/http://www.cerium.ca/article4460.html |date=2007-09-27 }} 13/04/2007,[http://www.cerium.ca/ Center for international research University of Montréal]
{{Prix Femina}} {{Che Guevara}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Debray, Regis}} Category:1940 births Category:Living people Category:Writers from Paris Category:French academics Category:20th-century French journalists Category:21st-century French journalists Category:21st-century French male journalists Category:French agnostics Category:French communists Category:20th-century French philosophers Category:21st-century French philosophers Category:Marxist journalists Category:Guerrilla warfare theorists Category:Revolution theorists Category:École normale supérieure (Paris) alumni Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni Category:French non-fiction writers Category:Prix Femina winners Category:Joseph Kessel Prize recipients Category:Che Guevara Category:Prix Décembre winners Category:French philosophers of technology Category:Mass media theorists Category:French male non-fiction writers Category:Academic staff of University of Havana Category:21st-century French male writers Category:20th-century French male journalists