{{short description|Highest tier of sub-national division in England}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}} {{Use British English|date=February 2014}} {{Infobox subdivision type | name = Regions of England | map = [[File:Regions in England.svg|250px]] | category = {{plainlist| *Statistical regions *Administrative region (1)}} | territory = [[England]] | upper_unit = | current_number = {{Collapsible list | title= 9 regions | [[North East England|North East]] | [[North West England|North West]] | [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] | [[East Midlands]] | [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] | [[East of England]] | [[Greater London|London]] | [[South East England|South East]] | [[South West England|South West]] }} | number_date = | type1 = | status = | status1 = | exofficio = [[ITL 1 statistical regions of England|ITL 1 region]] | exofficio1 = [[European Parliament constituency|European constituency]] (1999&ndash;2020) | population_range = 2,669,941–9,180,135 | area_range = 1,572–23,836 km<sup>2</sup> | government = [[Local authority leaders' board]] (5) | government1 = Elected assembly ([[Greater London Authority|1]]) | government2 = None (3)<!--Y&H, NE and WM--> | subdivision = {{nowrap|Two-tier [[non-metropolitan county]] (21)}} | subdivision1 = [[Metropolitan county]] (6) | subdivision2 = [[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority area]] (62) | subdivision3 = [[London boroughs#List of boroughs|London borough]] (32 Greater London, 1 City of London)<!--32 GL and CoL--> }} {{Politics of England}} The '''regions of England''', formerly known as the '''government office regions''', are the highest tier of sub-national division in [[England]]. They were established in 1994<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/7448/1622442.pdf Local government geography and history], Department for Communities and Local Government. Retrieved 23 November 2016.</ref> and follow the 1974–96 county borders. They are a continuation of the former 1940s [[Historical and alternative regions of England#Standard statistical regions|standard regions]] which followed the 1889–1974 [[administrative county]] borders. Between 1994 and 2011, all nine regions had partly [[devolved]] functions; they no longer fulfil this role, continuing to be used for limited statistical purposes.<ref name="ONS Geography Guide">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about |title=A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 August 2023 |website=Open Geography Portal |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

While the [[UK]] was a member of the [[European Union]], they defined areas ([[European Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom|constituencies]]) for the purposes of elections to the [[European Parliament]]. [[Eurostat]] also used them to demarcate [[First level NUTS of the European Union|first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) regions]] ("NUTS 1 regions") within the [[European Union]], which in 2021 were superseded by [[International Territorial Level]] (ITL) regions ("ITL 1 regions").

The [[London Region]] has a directly elected [[Mayor of London|Mayor]] and [[London Assembly|Assembly]]. Six regions have [[local authority leaders' board]]s to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities. The remaining two regions {{which|date=December 2025}} no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders' boards.

In 1998, [[regional chamber]]s were established in the eight regions outside London, which produced strategic plans and recommendations to local authorities. Each of the regions also had an associated (central) [[Government Offices for the English Regions|Government Office]] with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time [[regional minister]] within the Government. [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] [[List of committees of the United Kingdom Parliament#Regional|regional Select Committees]] were established in 2009. However, the chambers and select committees were abolished in May 2010, restoring these functions to the main tier of local government,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100527/debtext/100527-0001.htm#10052726000005 |title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 27 May 2010 (pt 0001) |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref> with limited functions transferred to the regional local authority leaders' boards created in 2009. Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Coalition Government]], and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011.

From 2011, [[combined authorities]] have been introduced in some [[City region (United Kingdom)|city regions]], with similar responsibilities to the former regional chambers (and in some cases, replacing a regional local authority leaders' board on a smaller scale), but which also receive additional delegated functions from central government relating to transport and economic policy.

[[Regional development agencies]] were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development. They had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding from the central government as well. These were abolished in 2012, with statutory functions returning to local authorities and central government; however, smaller scale [[local enterprise partnership]]s were voluntarily established to take on some functions relating to coordinating economic priorities and development.

==History== ===Background=== {{see also|Historical and alternative regions of England}} After about 500 AD, England comprised seven [[Anglo-Saxon]] territories—[[Northumbria]], [[Mercia]], [[Kingdom of the East Angles|East Anglia]], [[Kingdom of Essex|Essex]], [[Kingdom of Kent|Kent]], [[Kingdom of Sussex|Sussex]] and [[Wessex]]—often referred to as the [[heptarchy]]. The boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the [[Kingdom of England]], roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s Protectorate in the 1650s, the [[rule of the Major-Generals]] created 10 regions in England and Wales of similar size to the modern regions.<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Little |first=Patrick |year=2012 |title=Major-generals (act. 1655–1657) |id=95468}}</ref>

Proposals for administrative regions within [[England]] were mooted by the British government prior to the [[First World War]]. In 1912, the [[Home Rule Act 1914|Third Home Rule Bill]] was passing through parliament. The Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or "Home Rule All Round". On 12 September the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]], gave a speech in which he proposed 10 or 12 regional parliaments for the United Kingdom. Within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make [[natural region]]s.<ref>''Local Parliaments For England. Mr. Churchill's Outline of a Federal System, Ten Or Twelve Legislatures'', The Times, 13 September 1912, p.4</ref><ref>G. K. Peatling, "Home Rule for England, English Nationalism, and Edwardian Debates about Constitutional Reform" in "Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies", Vol. 35, No. 1. (Spring, 2003), pp.71–90. {{JSTOR|4054518}}</ref> While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a while widely anticipated and various schemes for dividing England devised.<ref>In 1917 the [[Royal Geographical Society]] debated a paper by C.B. Fawcett that detailed 12 provinces he considered to be the "natural divisions of England". Detailed boundaries were proposed with regional capitals designated on the basis of the possession of universities or university colleges. C. B. Fawcett, ''Natural Divisions of England'' in ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 49, No. 2. (February 1917), pp. 124–135 {{JSTOR|1779341}}</ref><ref>In 1919 Fawcett expanded his paper into a book entitled the ''Provinces of England'', and a similar system of regions was proposed by G.D.H. Cole in ''The Future of Local Government'' in 1921. In 1920 the [[Ministry of Health (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Health]] published its own proposals for 15 provinces, subdivided into 59 regions [[E. W. Gilbert]], ''Practical Regionalism in England and Wales'' in ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 94, No. 1. (July 1939), pp. 29–44. {{JSTOR|1788587}}</ref> By the 1930s, several competing systems of regions were adopted by central government for such purposes as census of population, agriculture, electricity supply, civil defence and the regulation of road traffic.<ref>E. W. Gilbert, "Practical Regionalism in England and Wales" in "The Geographical Journal", Vol. 94, No. 1. (July 1939), pp. 29–44. {{JSTOR|1788587}}</ref> Nine "standard regions" were set up in 1946, in which central government bodies, statutory undertakings and regional bodies were expected to cooperate.<ref name=balchin>[https://books.google.com/books?id=j14KIB-3wxYC&q=regional+planning+wannop Paul N. Balchin and Luděk Sýkora, ''Regional Policy and Planning in Europe'', Routledge, 1999], pp.89–100</ref> However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s.<ref name=wannop>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tc-e1Hjn4XsC&q=regional+planning+england+1973 Urlan Wannop, ''Regional Imperative: Regional Planning and Governance in Britain, Europe and the United States'', Routledge, 2002], pp.8–30</ref>

Creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-[[Second World War]] British governments. The [[Redcliffe-Maud Report]] proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, which would see power devolved from central government. [[Edward Heath]]'s administration in the 1970s did not create a regional structure in the [[Local Government Act 1972]], waiting for the [[Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)|Royal Commission on the Constitution]], after which government efforts were concentrated on a constitutional settlement in [[Scotland]] and [[Wales]] for the rest of the decade. In England, the majority of the Commission "suggested regional coordinating and advisory councils for England, consisting largely of indirectly elected representatives of local authorities and operating along the lines of the Welsh advisory council". One-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the "eight now [in 1973] existing for economic planning purposes, modified to make boundaries to conform with the [[Local Government Act 1972|new county structure]]".<ref>Whitehall powers would go to Scotland, Wales and regions, but no full self-government. The Times. 1 November 1973.</ref><ref>More freedom for Scots, Welsh in proposals to region regions. The Times. 1 November 1973.</ref> A minority report by [[Lord Crowther-Hunt]] and [[Alan T. Peacock]] suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain (five within England), which would take over substantial amounts of the central government.<ref>Dissenters urge plan for seven assemblies. The Times. 1 November 1973.</ref>

Some elements of [[regional planning in England|regional development and economic planning]] began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards. In most of the standard regions, Economic Planning Councils and Boards were set up, comprising appointed members from local authorities, business, trade unions and universities, and in the early 1970s, these produced a number of regional and sub-regional planning studies.<ref name=balchin/> These institutions continued to operate until they were abolished by the incoming [[Conservative Government 1979-1983|Conservative government]] in 1979. However, by the mid-1980s local authorities in most regions had jointly established standing conferences to consider regional planning issues. Regional initiatives were bolstered by the 1986 Government [[Green Paper]] and 1989 [[White Paper]] on ''The Future of Development Plans'', which proposed the introduction of strong regional guidance within the planning system,<ref name=balchin/> and by the Government's issuing of Strategic Guidance at a regional level, from 1986 onwards.<ref name=wannop/>

===Regions as areas of administration=== In April 1994, the [[John Major]] ministry created a set of ten Government Office Regions for England. Prior to 1994, although various central government departments had different regional offices, the regions they used tended to be different and ''ad hoc''. The stated purpose was as a way of co-ordinating the various regional offices more effectively: they initially involved the [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Department of Trade and Industry]], [[Department of Employment]], [[Department for Transport|Department of Transport]] and the [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Department for the Environment]].<ref>''Devolution and British Politics. Chapter 10. English regional government'': Christopher Stevens</ref> Following the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]'s victory in the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]], the government created [[regional development agency|regional development agencies]]. Around a decade later the Labour administration also founded the [[Regional Improvement and Efficiency Partnership]]s (RIEPs) with £185m of devolved funding to enhance councils' capacity to improve and take the lead in their own improvement.

The [[Maastricht Treaty]] encouraged the creation of regional boundaries for selection of members for the [[Committee of the Regions]] of the [[European Union]]: [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and [[Northern Ireland]] had each constituted a region, but England represents such a large proportion of the population of the United Kingdom that further division was thought necessary. The English regions, which initially numbered ten, also replaced the [[Historical and alternative regions of England|Standard Statistical Regions]]. [[Merseyside]] originally constituted a region in itself, but in 1998 it was merged into the [[North West England]] region, creating the nine present-day regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/gor.asp|title=National Statistics - geography - government office regions (GOR)|date=10 May 2002|access-date=27 June 2022|work=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020607114720/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/gor.asp|archive-date=7 June 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref> The nine regions were used as England's [[European Parliament]] constituencies from 1999 until Britain's [[Brexit|departure from the European Union]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/ |title=United Kingdom Election Results |publisher=Election.demon.co.uk |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> and as statistical [[NUTS:UK|NUTS]] level 1 regions.

From 2006 to 2013, there were ten [[strategic health authority|strategic health authorities]] (SHAs), which were part of the structure of the [[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]] in England. Each SHA corresponded to a region, except for [[South East England]], which was divided into western and eastern parts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/aboutnhs/howtheNHSworks/authoritiesandtrusts/Pages/Authoritiesandtrusts.aspx#q07|title=Authorities and trusts – The NHS in England – NHS Choices|first=NHS|last=Choices|website=www.nhs.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhsconfed.org/strategic-ha/strategic-ha-2050.cfm|title=NHS Confederation – About Strategic Health Authorities|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925151719/http://www.nhsconfed.org/strategic-ha/strategic-ha-2050.cfm|archive-date=2008-09-25}}</ref> Each SHA was responsible for managing performance, enacting directives and implementing health policy as required by the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]] at a regional level. Initially twenty-eight in number, they were reduced to ten in 2006. Along with [[NHS primary care trust|primary care trusts]], they were replaced by [[clinical commissioning group]]s and [[Public Health England]] in 2013 under the [[Health and Social Care Act 2012]].<ref name="ONS Geography Guide">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about |title=A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 August 2023 |website=Open Geography Portal |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> {{England Labelled Map|400px|float=right|Londonprefix = Greater|WMsuffix = (region)}} In 1998, [[regional assembly (England)|regional chambers]] were created in the eight English regions outside London under the provisions of the [[Regional Development Agencies Act 1998]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980045.htm |title=Regional Development Agencies Act 1998 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=2013-02-07}}</ref> The powers of the assemblies were limited, and members were appointed, largely by local authorities, rather than being directly elected. The functions of the English regions were essentially devolved to them from Government departments or were taken over from pre-existing regional bodies, such as regional planning conferences and regional employers' organisations. Each assembly also made proposals for the UK members of the [[Committee of the Regions]], with members drawn from the elected councillors of the local authorities in the region. The final nominations were made by central government.<ref>[http://www.cor.europa.eu/en/presentation/national_delegations.htm# Committee of the Regions] – Appointing the UK delegation {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821200926/http://www.cor.europa.eu/en/presentation/national_delegations.htm%23 |date=21 August 2006}}</ref> Although they were publicly funded, one of the Regional Assemblies claimed not to be a public authority and therefore not subject to the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southeast-ra.gov.uk/about_info_access.html#policy |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100528142817/http://www.southeast-ra.gov.uk/about_info_access.html#policy |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-05-28 |title=South East Regional Assembly: Policy on access to information |publisher=Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2013-02-07}}</ref>

As power was to be devolved to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales without corresponding devolution in England, a series of [[referendum]]s were planned to establish elected regional assemblies in some of the regions. The first was held in [[1998 London referendum|London in 1998]] and was passed. The [[London Assembly]] and [[Mayor of London]] of the [[Greater London Authority]] were created in 2000. A [[2004 Northern England referendums|referendum]] was held in North East England on 4 November 2004, but the proposal for an elected assembly was rejected.

===Abolition of regional institutions=== In 2007, a Treasury Review for new Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] recommended that greater powers should be given to local authorities and that the Regional Chambers should be phased out of existence by 2010.<ref>[http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/newsroom_and_speeches/press/2007/press_79_07.cfm HM Treasury Press Release 79/07] – 17 July 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808115208/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/newsroom_and_speeches/press/2007/press_79_07.cfm |date=8 August 2007}}</ref> The same year, nine [[Regional Minister]]s were appointed by the incoming [[Brown ministry]]. Their primary goal was stated as being to improve communication between central government and the regions of England.<ref name="gos">[http://www.gos.gov.uk/ournetwork/675481/ Regional Ministers at Government Offices webpage]. Retrieved 27 February 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218005902/http://www.gos.gov.uk/ournetwork/675481/ |date=18 February 2009}}</ref> The assemblies were effectively replaced by smaller [[local authority leaders' board]]s between 2008 and 2010, and formally abolished on 31 March 2010, as part of a "Sub-National Review of Economic Development and Regeneration". Most of their functions transferred to the relevant [[regional development agency]] and to [[local authority leaders' board]]s.<ref>eGov monitor – ''[http://www.egovmonitor.com/node/16178 Planning transfer undermines democracy]''. 29 November 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219014022/http://www.egovmonitor.com/node/16178 |date=19 February 2008}}</ref>

In June 2010, the incoming [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Coalition Government]] announced its intentions to abolish regional strategies and return spatial planning powers to local government. These plans include the withdrawal of funding to the existing eight Local Authority Leaders' Boards, with their statutory functions also being assumed by local councils. The boards in most cases continue to exist as voluntary associations of council leaders, funded by the local authorities themselves.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10341863 |title=In Full: The projects axed or suspended by government |work=BBC News |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/newsstories/newsroom/1618027 |title=Scrapping regional bureaucracy will save millions – Newsroom – Department for Communities and Local Government |publisher=Communities.gov.uk |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/press_13_10.pdf |title=1 Horse Guards Road |access-date=2010-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124215735/http://hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/press_13_10.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> No appointments as Regional Ministers were made by the incoming UK government in 2010.

These changes did not affect the directly elected [[London Assembly]], which was established by separate legislation as part of the [[Greater London Authority]]. In 2011, [[Greater London]] remains administered by the Greater London Authority, which consists of an elected [[London Assembly]] and a separately elected [[Mayor of London]].

Following the abolition of the Government Offices in 2011, it was announced that the former Government Office Regions (GOR) would henceforth be known, for the purposes of statistical analysis, simply as Regions.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/england/government-office-regions/index.html ONS: Regions (Former GORs)]. Accessed 8 August 2012</ref>

==List of regions== {{table alignment}}{{static row numbers}} {| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-numbers-center defaultright col1left col2left col3left" |+ Population of England by region ({{UK subdivision statistics year}})<ref name="ONS mid-year pop est">{{UK subdivision statistics citation}}</ref> |- ! Rowspan=2 | Region ! Rowspan=2 | GSS code ! Rowspan=2 | ITL code ! Colspan=3 | Land area ! Colspan=2 | Population ! Colspan=2 | Density |- ! (km<sup>2</sup>) ! (mi<sup>2</sup>) ! (%) ! People ! (%) ! (/km<sup>2</sup>) ! (/mi<sup>2</sup>) |- | [[North East England|North East]] | E12000001 | TLC | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000001}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000001|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000001}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000001}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000001}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[North West England|North West]] | E12000002 | TLD | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000002}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000002|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000002}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000002}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000002}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] | E12000003 | TLE | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000003}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000003|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000003}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000003}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000003}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[East Midlands]] | E12000004 | TLF | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000004}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000004|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000004}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000004}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000004}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] | E12000005 | TLG | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000005}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000005|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000005}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000005}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000005}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[East of England]] | E12000006 | TLH | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000006}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000006|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000006}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000006}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000006}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Greater London|London]] | E12000007 | TLI | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000007}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000007|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000007}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000007}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000007}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[South East England|South East]] | E12000008 | TLJ | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000008}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000008|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000008}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000008}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000008}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[South West England|South West]] | E12000009 | TLK | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000009}}|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E12000009|RND=2}}|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001|RND=2}}}} | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000009}}}} | {{Percentage|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E12000009}}|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E12000009}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" | England ! style="text-align:left;" | E92000001 ! style="text-align:left;" | ! style="text-align:right;" | {{nts|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001}}}} ! style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001}}|km2|disp=number|sortable=on}} ! style="text-align:right;" | 100% ! style="text-align:right;" | {{nts|{{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}}} ! style="text-align:right;" | 100% ! style="text-align:right;" | {{nts|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E92000001}}}} ! style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|{{UK subdivision density|GSS=E92000001}}|PD/km2|disp=number|sortable=on}} |}

{{table alignment}}{{static row numbers}} {| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-numbers-center defaultright col1left col2left col3left" |+ GVA and GDP of England by region (2021)<ref name="ONS GVA">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents |title=Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components |last=Fenton |first=Trevor |date=25 April 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="ONS GDP">{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions |title=Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions |last=Fenton |first=Trevor |date=25 April 2023 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date=15 August 2023 }}</ref> |- ! Rowspan=2 | Region ! Rowspan=2 | GSS code ! Rowspan=2 | ITL code ! Rowspan=2 | Population ! Colspan=2 | [[Gross value added|GVA]] ! Colspan=2 | [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] |- ! Total<br />(£ billions) ! Per capita (£) ! Total<br />(£ billions) ! Per capita (£) |- | [[North East England|North East]] | E12000001 | TLC | 2,646,772 | £56.5 | £21,340 | £65.0 | £24,575 |- | [[North West England|North West]] | E12000002 | TLD | 7,422,295 | £196.0 | £26,411 | £220.3 | £29,681 |- | [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] | E12000003 | TLE | 5,481,431 | £133.4 | £24,330 | £151.8 | £27,692 |- | [[East Midlands]] | E12000004 | TLF | 4,880,094 | £118.4 | £24,261 | £134.2 | £27,505 |- | [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] | E12000005 | TLG | 5,954,240 | £146.1 | £24,530 | £164.6 | £27,649 |- | [[East of England]] | E12000006 | TLH | 6,348,096 | £171.4 | £26,995 | £193.3 | £30,442 |- | [[Greater London|London]] | E12000007 | TLI | 8,796,628 | £487.4 | £55,412 | £526.5 | £59,855 |- | [[South East England|South East]] | E12000008 | TLJ | 9,294,023 | £301.5 | £32,443 | £336.2 | £36,174 |- | [[South West England|South West]] | E12000009 | TLK | 5,712,840 | £149.8 | £26,219 | £169.3 | £29,628 |- ! style="text-align:left;" | England ! style="text-align:left;" | E92000001 ! style="text-align:left;" | ! style="text-align:right;" | 56,536,419 ! style="text-align:right;" | £1,760.4 ! style="text-align:right;" | £31,138 ! style="text-align:right;" | £1,961.2 ! style="text-align:right;" | £34,690 |}

==ITL 1 statistical regions== {{main|ITL 1 statistical regions of England|International Territorial Level}} International Territorial Level (ITL) is a [[geocode]] standard for referencing the subdivisions of the [[United Kingdom]] for statistical purposes, used by the [[Office for National Statistics]] (ONS). Between 2003 and 2021, as part of the [[European Union]] and [[European Statistical System]], the geocode [[Standardization|standard]] used for the United Kingdom were ''[[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]]'' or ''NUTS''. The NUTS code for the UK was ''UK'' and the NUTS standard had hierarchy of three levels, with 12 [[First level NUTS of the European Union|first level]] regions, which are currently mirrored by the ITL classification, of which 9 regions are in [[England]]. The sub-structure corresponds to [[administrative division]]s within the country. Formerly, the further NUTS divisions IV and V existed; these have now been replaced by '''Local Administrative Units''' (LAU-1 and LAU-2 respectively). Between 1994 and 2011, the nine regions had an administrative role in the implementation of [[Government of the UK|UK Government]] policy, and as the areas covered by (mostly indirectly) elected bodies.

==Subdivisions== {{main|Subdivisions of England}} Local government in England does not follow a uniform structure. Therefore, each region is divided into a range of [[Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|further subdivisions]]. London is divided into [[London borough]]s and the [[City of London]], while the other regions are divided into [[metropolitan county|metropolitan counties]], [[shire county|shire counties]] and [[unitary authority|unitary authorities]]. Counties are further divided into [[Districts of England|districts]] and some areas are also yet further divided into [[civil parish]]es. Regions are also divided into sub-regions, which usually group socio-economically linked local authorities together. However, the sub-regions have no official status and are little used other than for strategic planning purposes.

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== *[http://www.lgbce.org.uk/ Local Government Boundary Commission for England] *[http://www.communities.gov.uk/ Dept of Communities and Local Government] {{United Kingdom regions}} {{Administrative geography of the United Kingdom}} {{Subdivisions of England}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Regions Of England}} [[Category:Regions of England| ]] [[Category:Regionalism (politics) in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Types of subdivision in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:1994 establishments in England]] [[Category:2011 disestablishments in England]] [[Category:Former subdivisions of England]]