Red locust

{{Short description|Species of grasshopper}} {{For|the American band|The Red Locusts}} {{Speciesbox |name=Red locust |image=Nomadacris_septemfasciata.jpg |image_caption= |genus=Nomadacris |parent_authority=[[Boris Uvarov|Uvarov]], 1923<ref name=uvarov1923>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107006#page/159/mode/1up Uvarov BP (1923) "A revision of the Old World Cyrtacanthacrini (Orthoptera, Acrididae) – I. Introduction and key to genera." ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History'' (9) '''vol. 11''' 143]</ref> |species=septemfasciata |authority=([[Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville|Audinet-Serville]], 1883) |display_parents=3 |range_map = Nomadacris septemfasciata, verspreiding, gewysig van Bahana (1999) et al.png |range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#ed1d24|outbreak areas}}{{leftlegend|#cbad0b|invasion areas}}{{leftlegend|#ff9abb|isolated high concentrations}} }}

The '''red locust''' (''Nomadacris septemfasciata'') is a large [[grasshopper]] species found in [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. Its name refers to the colour of its hind wings. It is sometimes called the ''criquet nomade'' in [[French language|French]], due to its nomadic movements in the dry season. When it forms [[swarm]]s, it is described as a [[locust]].

''Nomadacris septemfasciata'' is in the family [[Acrididae]] and is the [[monotypic taxon|only member]] of the genus ''Nomadacris''.<ref name=osf>{{OSF|name=genus ''Nomadacris'' Uvarov, 1923|id=1112483|accessdate=30 December 2018}}</ref> The genus ''Nomadacris'' was erected in 1923 by [[Boris Uvarov]] and the species was named originally as ''Acridium septemfasciatum'' by [[Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville]] in 1838.<ref name=uvarov1923/><ref name=osf/> It is placed in the subfamily [[Cyrtacanthacridinae]], the bird locusts.<ref name=osf/> Other species previously placed in ''Nomadacris'' are now considered part of the genus ''[[Patanga (grasshopper)|Patanga]]''.<ref name=osf/>

==Description==

===Adults=== The overall colour of adult insects is a mixture of light beige and brown. They have seven brown transverse bands on the [[elytra]], justifying the species name ''septemfasciata''. The [[pronotum]] has two brown lateral bands.

Males are {{convert|60|–|70|mm|in|abbr=on}} long; females are {{convert|60|–|85|mm|in|abbr=on}} long.

===Nymphs=== Unlike adults, the colour of immature insects varies depending on their phase. When solitary, they can be green or brown; when in large numbers (gregarious), they are bright yellow and red-brown with black markings.

<gallery> File:Nomadacris septemfasciata hopper band.jpg|Hopper band in Iku-Katavi, Tanzania File:Nomadacris septemfasciata hoppers.jpg|Hoppers on wild sorghum stalk </gallery>

== Ecology==

Red locusts actively seek out moist environments such as seasonal [[floodplain]]s. [[Grain]]s are their primary food source, so grassy lowlands are prime habitat. They also like spending time in trees and thus prefer some tree cover.

Red locusts are sedentary when ample shelter, perches, and food are available. In dry years, when the amount of suitable habitat is reduced, population densities increase. If the population density increases past a threshold, the locusts transform into their [[Locust#Swarming behavior|gregarious phase]], changing their behaviour and anatomy. When gregarious, red locusts keep together in large swarms and fly with the wind in daylight hours, looking for more food. The higher temperatures during daylight enable gregarious locusts to travel longer distances by flying longer and higher, aided by [[thermal|thermal lift]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Farrow |first=R.A. |title=Biology of Grasshoppers |publisher=John Wiley and Sons|chapter=Flight and Migration in Acridoids}}</ref> A swarm rarely moves more than 20–30 km in a day. In contrast, solitary locusts prefer to fly in the dark and do so alone.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chapman |first=R.F. |year=1959 |title=Observations On the Flight Activity of the Red Locust, Nomadacris Septemfasciata (Serville) |journal=Behaviour |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=300–334 |doi=10.1163/156853959X00126}}</ref>

Compared to their solitary phase, gregarious red locusts also have: * reduced lifespan * more markings * five [[instar|instar stages]] rather than six * longer sexual maturation * larger and heavier young, although they lay fewer eggs

Swarming females often lay eggs at night. Their young immediately behave gregariously and are capable of "hopping" hundreds of metres every day.

==Outbreaks==

Outbreak areas have been identified in [[Zambia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], [[Madagascar]], and [[Réunion]]. In the [[Sahel]], the species is observed on a more incidental basis in [[Cape Verde]], the central [[Niger River]] delta in [[Mali]], and around [[Lake Chad]]. Large swarms attacked the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] region which contributed to creating conditions which favoured the [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|1890s African rinderpest outbreak]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ballard |first=Charles |date=1986 |title=The Repercussions of Rinderpest: Cattle Plague and Peasant Decline in Colonial Natal |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/218974 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=421–450 |doi=10.2307/218974 |jstor=218974 |issn=0361-7882|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The last widespread plague occurred from 1930 to 1944, when almost all of southern Africa was invaded.

[[File:Red locust with Metarhizium.jpg|thumb|250px|Hoppers killed by the fungus ''[[Metarhizium acridum]]'']] After unsuccessful efforts to control the locusts through environmental modifications, chemical agents are currently being used. A biological product based on an [[entomopathogenic fungus]], ''[[Metarhizium acridum]]'', is now available (see [[desert locust]]). It has been successfully tested on both nymphs and adults of the red locust. However, over recent years, a new mechanism to control pests was created. The Integrated pest management (IPM) is a combination of environmentally friendly methods that together can be used effectively as a pest management strategy.<ref>Andiatsirevombola et al., 2016</ref>

==References== * {{cite web|url=http://locust.cirad.fr/principales_especes/nse_en.html|title=Les criquets ravageurs|publisher=CIRAD - French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development|access-date=2008-11-06}} {{Reflist}}

[[Category:Locusts]] [[Category:Cyrtacanthacridinae]] [[Category:Agricultural pest insects]] [[Category:Insects described in 1883]] [[Category:Insect pests of millets]]