{{short description|Paternalistic conservatives in Canada and the United Kingdom}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}} {{More citations needed|date=November 2022}} {{Toryism |expanded=variants}} A '''Red Tory''' is an adherent of a [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] or [[Paternalistic conservatism|paternalistic-conservative]] political philosophy derived from the [[Tory]] tradition. It is most predominant in Canada; however, it is also found in the United Kingdom, where it is more commonly known as [[one nation conservatism]]. This philosophy tends to favour communitarian social policies, while maintaining a degree of fiscal discipline and a respect of social and political order. It is contrasted with "[[Blue Tory]]" or "[[High Tory]]". Some Red Tories view themselves as [[small-c conservative]]s.

In Canada, Red Toryism is found in provincial and federal Conservative political parties. The history of Red Toryism marks differences in the development of the [[political culture of Canada|political cultures of Canada]] and the [[Political culture:United States#Political culture|United States]]. [[Conservatism in Canada|Canadian conservatism]] and [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatism]] have been different from each other in fundamental ways, including their stances on social issues and the role of government in society.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/conservatism |title=Conservatism |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}</ref>

Red Tory governments in Canada, such as those of [[John A. Macdonald]], [[Robert Borden]], and [[John Diefenbaker]], were known for supporting an [[economic interventionism|active role]] for the government in the economy. This included the creation of government-[[State-owned enterprise|owned and operated]] [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown Corporations]] such as the [[Canadian National Railway]], and the development and protection of Canadian industries with programs such as the [[National Policy]].

The adjective "red" refers to the economically left-leaning and overall [[Centrism|centrist]] nature of Red Toryism in comparison with Blue Toryism, since socialist and other leftist parties have traditionally used the [[Political colour#Red|colour red]].{{sfn|Farney|Rayside|2013|p=7}} In Canada today, red is commonly associated with the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]. The term reflects the broad ideological range traditionally found within conservatism in Canada.

== Canada == {{further|Conservatism in Canada}}

=== Philosophy === Historically, Canadian conservatism has been derived from the [[Tory]] tradition, with a distinctive concern for a balance between individual rights and collectivism, as mediated through a traditional pre-industrial standard of morality&nbsp;– which has never been as evident in American conservatism.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-tory |title=Red Tory |first=Ron |last=Dart |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-date=September 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925083230/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/red-tory/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Red Toryism derives largely from a classical conservative tradition that maintained that the unequal division of wealth and political privilege among social classes can be justified if members of the privileged class practiced ''[[noblesse oblige]]'' and contributed to the common good. Red Tories supported traditional institutions such as religion and the monarchy, and maintenance of the social order. This position was later manifested in their support for some aspects of the [[welfare state]]. This belief in a common good, as expanded on in Colin Campbell and [[William Christian (political scientist)|William Christian]]'s ''Political Parties and Ideologies in Canada'', is at the root of Red Toryism.

=== Origins === In distinction to the American experience where [[Social stratification|class divisions]] were seen as undemocratic (although still existing), Canadian Tories adopted a more [[paternalism|paternalistic]] view of government. Monarchy, public order and good government&nbsp;– understood as dedication to the common good&nbsp;– preceded, moderated and balanced a belief in individual rights and liberty. Anthony Hall has argued that Red Toryism in Canada developed specifically in opposition to the American Revolution and its ideology.

[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Richard Hooker (State 1).jpg|thumb|left|Richard Hooker (1554–1600)]] This type of Canadian conservatism is derived largely from the Tory tradition developed by English conservative thinkers and statesmen such as [[Richard Hooker]]; the [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|seventh Earl of Shaftesbury]]; and [[Benjamin Disraeli]], later the first Earl of Beaconsfield. The primary influences on Canadian Toryism in the Victorian age were Disraeli's [[One-nation conservatism|One Nation Conservatism]] and the radical Toryism advocated by [[Lord Randolph Churchill]]. Inherent in these Tory traditions was the ideal of ''[[noblesse oblige]]'' and a conservative [[communitarianism]].

In Victorian times, these ideas were the pre-eminent strains of conservative thought in the British Empire, and were advanced by many in the Tory faction of [[John A. Macdonald]]'s conservative coalition in the Canadas. None of this lineage denies that Tory traditions of communitarianism and [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivism]] had existed in the British North American colonies since the Loyalist exodus from the American colonies between 1776 and 1796. It is this aspect that is one of the primary points of difference between the conservative political cultures of Canada and the United States.<ref name="Christian & Campbell">{{cite book |last1=Christian |first1=William Edward |last2=Campbell |first2=C. |title=Political Parties and Ideologies in Canada |postscript=. (Note: several editions of this textbook have appeared since 1974, reflecting the changes in Canada's politics.)}}</ref>

The explicit notion of a "Red" Toryism was developed by [[Gad Horowitz]] in the 1960s, who argued that there was a significant Tory ideology in Canada.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Horowitz |first=Gad |title=Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Political Science]] |date=1966 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=143–171 |doi=10.2307/139794 |jstor=139794}}</ref> This vision contrasted Canada with the United States, which was seen as lacking this collectivist tradition because it was expunged from the American political culture after the [[American Revolution]] and the exodus of the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s. Horowitz argued that Canada's stronger [[socialism|socialist]] movement grew from [[Tory]]ism, and that this explains why socialism has never had much electoral success in the United States. This also meant that Canadian conceptions of liberty were more collective and communitarian, and could be seen as more directly derivative of the [[Fundamental Laws of England|English tradition]], than that of American practices and theories.

Horowitz identified [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]] and [[Eugene Forsey]] as exemplars of this strain of thought, which saw a central role for Christianity in public affairs and was profoundly critical of capitalism and the dominant business ''élites''. Forsey became a [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) member, while Grant remained a Conservative&nbsp;– although he became disdainful of an overall shift in policy toward liberal economics and [[continentalism]], something Forsey saw happening decades earlier. When the Conservative government of [[John Diefenbaker]] fell in 1963, largely due to [[Canada in the Cold War|the BOMARC controversy]], Grant wrote ''[[Lament for a Nation|Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism]]'', a book about the nature of traditional Canadian nationhood and independence that would become a [[Guiding principle|lodestar]] of Red Toryism. Grant defined an essential difference between the founding of the Canadian and American nations when he wrote "Canada was predicated on the rights of nations as well as on the rights of individuals."<ref>{{cite book |last=Grant |first=George |title=Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism |edition=40th Anniversary |series=Carleton Library Series |pages=22}}</ref> This definition recognized Canada's multi-faceted founding nature as an English-speaking, aboriginal and [[Francophone]] nation.

=== Predominance and decline === [[File:Sir Robert Laird Borden, 1915.png|thumb|Sir Robert Borden (1915)|alt=Sir Robert Laird Borden, 1915.png]]

Many of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]'s leaders have been labelled 'Red Tories', including [[Robert Borden|Sir Robert Borden]], [[John Diefenbaker]], [[Robert Stanfield]] and [[Joe Clark]]. Many others have been influential as cabinet ministers and thinkers, such as [[Davie Fulton]], [[Dalton Camp]], [[Roy McMurtry]] and [[John Farthing]].<ref name="Christian & Campbell"/> The main bastions of Red Toryism were Ontario, the Atlantic provinces and urban Manitoba, areas where the Red Tories dominated provincial politics, and in some federal elections Quebec, where the federal PC party operated largely separately from provincial politics. During 42 years, the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] was led by Red Tories such as [[George A. Drew]], [[Leslie Frost]], [[John Robarts]] and [[Bill Davis]], all of which supported increased funding for infrastructure, health care and education. Throughout the [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic provinces]], traditional Red Tories are the dominant force in the provincial Progressive Conservative parties because of their support of the [[welfare state]]. As premier of Nova Scotia from 1956 to 1967, Red Tory Robert Stanfield introduced reforms for education, health care and civil liberties. The [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta]] included a broad spectrum from Red Tories to social conservatives, but [[Peter Lougheed]] who led the party from 1968 to 1985 and was Premier from 1971 to 1985 was a Red Tory and Lougheed's tenure was characterized by active economic measures and social reforms. In the 50's and 60's, Manitoba saw great prosperity in economic and social reforms thanks to the leadership of Premier [[Dufferin Roblin]], a Red Tory, who governed to the left of the previous government led by [[Douglas Lloyd Campbell|Douglas Campbell]], the leader of the [[Manitoba Liberal Party|Liberal-Progressive]] coalition.

The dominance of Red Toryism can be seen as a part of the international [[post-war consensus]] that saw the welfare state embraced by the major parties of most of the western world. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, the federal Progressive Conservative Party suffered a string of electoral defeats under Red Tory leaders Robert Stanfield and Joe Clark. Pressure began to grow within the party for a new approach. Clark's leadership was successfully challenged, and in the [[1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election|1983 PC leadership convention]], members endorsed [[Brian Mulroney]] who rejected free trade with the United States as proposed by another Blue Tory candidate, [[John Crosbie]]. Despite this early perception, the eagerness in which Mulroney's ministry embraced the [[Macdonald Commission]]'s advocacy of bilateral free trade would come to indicate a sharp drift toward [[Right-libertarianism|libertarian]] or [[economic liberalism|liberal economic]] policies, comparable to such contemporaries as [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]].

Following Mulroney, the Canadian conservative movement suffered a profound schism in the [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993 election]], splitting into the distinct Progressive Conservative and Reform parties. The Red Tory tradition remained loyal to the Progressive Conservatives, while many "blue" Tories aligned with [[social conservatism|social conservatives]] in the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]]. Various [[Unite the Right (Canada)|Unite the Right]] efforts achieved only modest success in the 1990s and early 2000s&nbsp;– most notably, while the creation of the [[Canadian Alliance]] in 2000 attracted a small number of Progressive Conservatives, it failed to attract those in the Red Tory tradition or to replace the Progressive Conservatives.

Following the victory of [[Peter MacKay]] at the [[2003 Progressive Conservative leadership election|2003 PC convention]], and in violation of an informal contract signed with rival candidate [[David Orchard]], MacKay merged the Tories with [[Stephen Harper]]'s Alliance to create the modern federal [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] in 2003. When first created, one of the most important issues facing the Conservative Party was what Red Tories would do. The union resulted in a number of Red Tories leaving the new party, either to retire or to cross the floor to the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]. [[Member of parliament|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) [[André Bachand (Progressive Conservative MP)|André Bachand]], [[John Herron (New Brunswick politician)|John Herron]], Joe Clark and [[Scott Brison]] declined to join the new party&nbsp;– Brison immediately crossed the floor to the Liberals, Bachand and Clark sat out the remainder of the [[37th Canadian Parliament]] as Progressive Conservatives and then retired from office in the [[2004 Canadian federal election|2004 election]], and Herron sat as a Progressive Conservative for the remainder of the term but then ran for re-election in 2004 as a Liberal.

Clark, a former Prime Minister, gave a tepid endorsement to the Liberals in the 2004 election, calling [[Paul Martin]] "the devil we know".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1082910779022_14/?hub=QPeriod |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603171425/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1082910779022_14/?hub=QPeriod |title=Joe Clark says he'd choose Martin over Harper |work=[[CTV News]] |date=April 26, 2004 |archive-date=June 3, 2004}}</ref> [[Rick Borotsik]] joined the new party but openly criticized it from within, did not run for re-election in 2004, and also publicly endorsed the Liberals over the Conservatives during the campaign. Additionally, three of the twenty-six Progressive Conservative [[Senate of Canada|Senators]], [[Lowell Murray]], [[Norman Atkins]] and [[C. William Doody|William Doody]], decided to continue serving as Progressive Conservatives, rejecting membership in the new party. Atkins, who died in 2010, remained allied with the still-existent [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]], and Murray, from Atlantic Canada, opposed the merger of the federal PC party. Most, like prominent Senator [[Marjory LeBreton]], came to endorse the new party and have been vocal and visible supporters of the party both between and during elections. [[Elaine McCoy]] and [[Nancy Ruth]] were later appointed to the Senate by Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin, and chose to designate themselves as Progressive Conservatives. Doody has since died, and Ruth joined the Conservative Party caucus in 2006.

Despite the union, some former Progressive Conservative members still identify themselves as Red Tory, including high-profile political strategist turned Senator [[Hugh Segal]], who in 2013 continued to describe himself as a Red Tory, which has put him at increasing odds with the government on several occasions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tory-against-senate-suspensions-is-no-stranger-to-breaking-ranks/article15101129/ |title=Tory against Senate suspensions is no stranger to breaking ranks |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=October 25, 2013 |access-date=October 6, 2014 |last1=Chase |first1=Steven}}</ref>

A 'grassroots' movement of dissenting Red Tories, who opposed the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's merger with the Canadian Alliance, gathered signatures on [[Elections Canada]] forms from over 200 Progressive Conservative members and applied to re-register as the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. This name was refused by Elections Canada. Having anticipated such a rejection, the coordinators had had the 'SignaTories' also sign a second application to at least continue with the ballot name "PC Party". On March 26, 2004, the [[Progressive Canadian Party]] was registered with Elections Canada. It aimed to be perceived as a continuation of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, but achieved only very minor results. The party achieved its largest vote to date in the [[2006 Canadian federal election|2006 election]], with 14,151 votes in [[Progressive Canadian Party candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election|25 ridings]] (about 0.1% of the nationwide total). The party was deregistered by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on November 30, 2019, for failing to comply with [[Canada Elections Act]] requirements set out in subsection 415(1).<ref name="ElectCan2019">{{cite news |last1=Canada |first1=Elections |title=Deregistration of the Progressive Canadian Party |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&document=oct3019&dir=pre&lang=e |access-date=December 15, 2019 |publisher=[[Elections Canada]] |date=October 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191117222945/https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&document=oct3019&dir=pre&lang=e |archive-date=November 17, 2019 |location=Ottawa, ON}}</ref><ref name="DemLaw01">{{cite web |title=Progressive Canadian Party to be deregistered by Elections Canada |url=http://democracylawblog.com/progressive-canadian-party-to-be-deregistered-by-elections-canada/ |website=Democracy Law Blog |access-date=December 15, 2019 |date=November 4, 2019}}</ref>

=== Revival in provincial politics === With the rise of the conservative [[Wildrose Party]] in Alberta in the 2010s, the term "Red Tory" was revived as a name for the moderate wing of the [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta]], which was seen to gain power under the premiership of [[Ed Stelmach]] and [[Alison Redford]]. As premier, Redford was closely associated with centrist Tories such as [[Joe Clark]] and [[Peter Lougheed]], whereas [[Danielle Smith]]—the then Wildrose leader—was associated with the right-wing Tories [[Ralph Klein]] and [[Tom Flanagan (political scientist)|Tom Flanagan]]. Redford was called a "Red Tory" by [[Chantal Hébert]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hilltimes.com/inside-politics/2012/04/30/redford-now-most-influential-red-tory/30569 |title=Redford now most influential Red Tory |author=[[The Hill Times]] |work=hilltimes.com |date=April 27, 2012 |access-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084020/http://www.hilltimes.com/inside-politics/2012/04/30/redford-now-most-influential-red-tory/30569 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ezra Levant]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theobserver.ca/2012/04/16/deja-vu-for-albertas-progressives |title=Levant: Deja vu for Alberta's PCs |work=[[Sarnia Observer]] |access-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081728/http://www.theobserver.ca/2012/04/16/deja-vu-for-albertas-progressives |url-status=dead}}</ref> and others in the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/alberta-election-2012-results |title=Alberta Election 2012: Alison Redford's PCs win majority |first=Jen |last=Gerson |date=April 24, 2012 |work=[[National Post]] |access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref>

The [[Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia]] under [[Tim Houston]], branding themselves as Red Tories, won a majority government in the [[2021 Nova Scotia general election]].<ref name="Star NS 2021">{{cite web |title=How Nova Scotia's premier-designate Tim Houston made sure no one could mistake him for Erin O'Toole |website=[[The Toronto Star]] |date=August 18, 2021 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2021/08/18/nova-scotia-election-offers-lesson-for-trudeau-but-little-for-otoole-expert-says-after-houston-runs-as-red-tory.html |access-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref> Houston's Progressive Conservatives campaigned on using provincial resources to improve healthcare services.<ref name="Atlantic 2021">{{cite web |title=N.S. Progressive Conservative leader focuses early campaign on health-care shortfalls |website=[[CTV News]] Atlantic |date=July 19, 2021 |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/article/ns-progressive-conservative-leader-focuses-early-campaign-on-health-care-shortfalls/ |access-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref>

== United Kingdom == {{further|Conservatism in the United Kingdom}} In 2009, [[Phillip Blond]] promoted [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] [[traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist conservative]] ideas within the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] with a book titled ''Red Tory: How Left and Right Have Broken Britain and How We Can Fix It'' and by creating the think-tank [[ResPublica]].<ref name=prospect>{{cite web |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/02/riseoftheredtories |title=Rise of the red Tories |first=Phillip |last=Blond |date=February 28, 2009 |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |access-date=March 31, 2010 |archive-date=February 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223210133/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/02/riseoftheredtories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=independent-20100402>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/red-tory-by-phillip-blond-1933475.html |title=Red Tory, By Phillip Blond |last=Gray |first=John |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=April 2, 2010 |access-date=November 24, 2018}}</ref> Leader of the Conservative Party [[David Cameron]] spoke at ResPublica's launch and Red Tory ideas were said to be a major influence on him.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/100018739/is-phillip-blond-now-david-camerons-most-influential-thinker/ |title=Is Phillip Blond now David Cameron's most influential thinker? |first=Alex |last=Singleton |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=December 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208022232/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/100018739/is-phillip-blond-now-david-camerons-most-influential-thinker/ |archive-date=December 8, 2009}}</ref>

In [[Scotland]], the term "Red Tory" has been used to describe the [[Scottish Labour|Scottish Labour Party]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/news/politics/leader-claims-no-deals-done-as-tories-help-labour-beat-snp-for-control-of-the-council-1-4450933 |title=Leader claims no deals done as Tories help Labour beat SNP for control of the council |work=motherwelltimes.co.uk |date=May 19, 2017 |access-date=June 16, 2017}}</ref> who some see as assisting with, or failing to oppose, certain [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] policies.<ref>{{cite web |title=SNP tries to portray left-wing Labour as "red Tories" |url=https://theclarionmag.org/2018/01/30/snp-tries-to-portray-left-wing-labour-as-red-tories/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708024517/https://theclarionmag.org/2018/01/30/snp-tries-to-portray-left-wing-labour-as-red-tories/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 8, 2020 |date=January 30, 2018 |website=[[Clarion (magazine)|The Clarion]]}}</ref> The term was first used in this context by [[Scottish independence]] supporters, following Labour's participation in the [[Better Together (campaign)|Better Together]] campaign in opposition to Scottish independence alongside the Conservatives and [[Scottish Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrats]] during the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/uk-tories-labour-snp-scottish-independence |title=If the UK falls apart, the Tories must take the blame |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=June 16, 2017}}</ref>

Evolving from the Scottish usage of the term, the term, along with the terms [[Blairism|Blairite]], [[Brownism|Brownite]] and "[[centrism|centrist]]", have been used, particularly on social media by members on the political left of the Labour Party to refer to MPs and Labour Party figures who withheld support for [[Jeremy Corbyn]], the former Labour leader from 2015 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |title=Andy Burnham blasts 'Tory' labelling of anyone not backing Jeremy Corbyn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/16/andy-burnham-blasts-tory-labelling-not-backing-jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 16, 2015 |access-date=May 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Demianyk |first1=Graeme |title=Why Karl Marx, Bob Dylan And Jeremy Corbyn Are 'Red Tories' And They Didn't Even Know It |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/08/19/labour-leadership-red-tory-corbyn-kedalll-burnham-cooper_n_8008618.html |website=[[Huffington Post]] |date=August 19, 2015 |access-date=May 10, 2016}}</ref> The term has also been used as a pejorative against current Labour leader [[Keir Starmer]], who has been seen by some to have moved the party too far away from traditional left-wing positions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2022 |title=Keir Starmer's 100% red Tory Labour Party is surely past its use-by date |work=The National |url=https://www.thenational.scot/politics/20589311.keir-starmers-100-red-tory-labour-party-surely-past-use-by-date/ |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hayward |first=Freddie |date=13 January 2023 |title=Why do so many Tories love Keir Starmer? |work=New Statesman |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/labour/2023/01/tories-love-keir-stamer |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>

== Definitional drift == [[File:Phillip Blond, 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Phillip Blond in 2018]] The term ''Red Tory'' is often used today in the [[Media of Canada|Canadian media]] not to refer to those in the tradition of George Grant, Dalton Camp or Robert Stanfield, but simply to moderates in the conservative movement, particularly those who reject or do not sufficiently embrace [[social conservatism]]. For example, in the [[2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election|2004 Conservative Party leadership election]], [[Tony Clement]] was sometimes referred to as a Red Tory even though he advocated privatization, tax cuts and the curtailment of social and economic development spending. Traditional Red Tories would reject most if not all of these stances.

More recently, [[Phillip Blond]], director of British think tank ResPublica, has gained traction with his so-called Red Tory thesis which criticizes what he refers to as the welfare state and the market state. [[Phillip Blond]] promotes a radical [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] [[traditionalist conservatism]]. It inveighs against welfare states as well as market monopolies and instead respects traditional values and institutions, [[Localism (politics)|localism]], devolution of powers from the central governments to local communities, small businesses, and volunteerism. Blond also favours empowering [[social enterprise]]s, charities and other elements of civil society to solve problems such as poverty.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/02/riseoftheredtories/ |title=Rise of the Red Tories |magazine=[[Prospect Magazine]] |date=February 2009 |access-date=April 14, 2011 |archive-date=February 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223210133/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/02/riseoftheredtories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has been mentioned as a major influence on the thinking of [[David Cameron]] and other Tories in the wake of the 2008 credit crisis. He advocates a civic state as the ideal, where the common good of society is valued and solutions emerge from local communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8020960.stm |title=Radio 4 Profile: 'Red Tory' Phillip Blond |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> Blond's ideas also parallel the socioeconomic tradition of [[distributism]], as is evidenced by Blond's appearance at a distributist conference at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] in 2009 sponsored by the [[G. K. Chesterton]] Institute for Faith and Culture.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www13.shu.edu/catholic-mission/upload/07112009ConferenceSchedule.pdf |title=G. K. Chesterton Institute Conference A Distributist View of the Global Economic Crisis |access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref> Blond's Red Toryism has been embraced by [[traditionalist conservatism in the United States|traditionalist conservatives]] in the United States, such as economist John Medaille.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.beliefnet.com/crunchycon/2009/07/red-toryism-and-conservative-r.html |title=Beliefnet Columnists |work=[[Beliefnet]] |access-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-date=August 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801032657/http://blog.beliefnet.com/crunchycon/2009/07/red-toryism-and-conservative-r.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The editors of the web log ''Front Porch Republic'', however, define Red Toryism as a "''left'' or [[Right-wing socialism|''socialist'' conservatism]]" and further go on to say that it is "not a traditionalism that happened to oddly pick up a few egalitarian rhetorical tropes along the way."<ref>{{cite web |title=Defining Red Toryism (Again) |first=Russell Arben |last=Fox |url=http://www.frontporchrepublic.com/2010/06/defining-red-toryism-again/ |work=[[Front Porch Republic]] |date=June 17, 2010 |quote=Both of these perspectives are, I think, wrong for essentially the same reason: they fail to appreciate that the Red Tory idea, properly understood, is a '''''left'' or ''[[Socialism|socialist]]'' conservatism, not a traditionalism that happened to oddly pick up a few egalitarian rhetorical tropes along the way.'''}}</ref> This is more in keeping with the typical dictionary definition of the term as: "(Canadian) a Conservative who holds liberal or mildly socialist views on certain fiscal and social issues."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/red-tory |title=Red Tory definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary |website=www.collinsdictionary.com}}</ref> In this regard, Phillip Blond's views are probably closer to what has been referred to as [[High Tory]].

== See also == {{Portal|Canada|United Kingdom|Politics|Conservatism}} {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * [[Blue Grit]] * [[Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)|Moderates]] * [[Blue Labour]] * [[One-nation conservatism]] * [[Robert Muldoon]] * [[Pink Tory]] * [[Paternalistic conservatism]] * [[Rockefeller Republican]] * [[Tory socialism]] * [[Wets and dries]] * [[Communitarianism]] * [[Christian democracy]] * [[Republican In Name Only]] {{Div col end}}

== References == {{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography == {{cite book|last1=Farney|first1=James|last2=Rayside|first2=David|year=2013|title=Conservatism in Canada|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-1456-7}}

== Further reading == * Farthing, J. ''Freedom Wears a Crown'' * Grant, George Parkin. ''Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism'' (1965) * Horowitz, Gad. "Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (1966). * Taylor, Charles. ''Radical Tories.'' * [[Ron Dart|Dart, Ron]]. ''The Canadian High Tory Tradition: Raids on the Unspeakable'' (2004) * Campbell, Colin [John]. ''CTtheory.net''. [http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=397 ''Gad Horowitz Interviewed by Colin Campbell''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125918/http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=397 |date=January 21, 2018}}. * Blond, Phillip. ''Red Tory: How Left and Right Have Broken Britain and How We Can Fix It''. [[Faber and Faber|Faber]] (2010). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/7521481/Red-Tory-How-Left-and-Right-Have-Broken-Britain-and-How-We-Can-Fix-it-by-Phillip-Blond-review.html Review] in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' March 27, 2010; [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n08/jonathan-raban/camerons-crank Review] in ''[[London Review of Books]]'' April 22, 2010 * Judge, Tony. ''Tory Socialism: Robert Blatchford and Merrie England'' (2013) * Woodfinden, Benjamin L. [https://c2cjournal.ca/2020/01/fbp-future-of-conservatism-series-part-i-thfuture-of-conservatism-series-part-i-the-enduring-appeal-of-red-toryism/ "The Enduring Appeal Of Red Toryism"] January 18, 2020 {{Conservatism footer}}

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