Recluse spider

{{Short description|Group of venomous spiders}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = | image = Loxosceles simillima 298849571 538358084.jpg | image_caption = female ''L. simillima'' | image2 = | image2_caption = | fossil_range = {{Fossil range| Neogene| Present}} | taxon = Loxosceles | authority = Heineken & Lowe, 1832<ref name=wsc/> | type_species = ''L. rufescens'' | type_species_authority = (Dufour, 1820) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 143, see text | synonyms = *''Calheirosia'' Mello-Leitão, 1917<ref name=Brig1978 /> | synonyms_ref = <ref name=wsc/> }}

The '''recluse spiders''' (''Loxosceles'' ({{IPAc-en|l|ɒ|k|ˈ|s|ɒ|s|ᵻ|l|iː|z}}), also known as '''brown spiders''', '''fiddle-backs''', '''violin spiders''', and '''reapers''', are a genus of spiders that were first described by R. T. Lowe in 1832.<ref name=Lowe1832 /> They are venomous spiders known for their bite, which sometimes produces a characteristic set of symptoms known as loxoscelism.

Recluse spiders are now identified as members of the family Sicariidae, having formerly been placed in their own family, the Loxoscelidae. Although recluse spiders are feared, they are usually not aggressive.<ref name="smithsonian" />

==Relation with other spiders== Sicariidae are of the superfamily Scytodoidea. Other families in the Scytodoidea include Drymusidae, Scytodidae, and Periegopidae.

==Distribution== Spiders in this genus are found from North to South America, Oceania, Africa, Asia, and Europe.<ref name="wsc" />

''Loxosceles'' is distributed nearly worldwide in warmer areas. All have six eyes arranged in three groups of two (dyads) and some are brownish with a darker brown characteristic violin marking on the cephalothorax. However, the "violin marking" cannot be used as a reliable way to identify the spider as many unrelated species of spider have similar markings. Recluses are typically about 7–12 mm long.

The most common and most famous species in the United States is the brown recluse spider (''Loxosceles reclusa''). It is found in a large area of the Midwest, west to Colorado and the New Mexico state line and east to northern Georgia. Sporadic records from other locations only represent incidental introductions, not established populations.<ref name="VetterMyth" /> The brown recluse feeds on whatever small prey is available, and has been observed to prefer scavenging over actively hunting.<ref name="Arachnology2003-Sandidge" /> Other notable members of this genus include the Chilean recluse spider (''L. laeta'') and the Mediterranean recluse spider (''L. rufescens'').

Recently, concerns have been raised regarding recluses spreading faster due to warmer air carrying them farther as a result of changing climate. On the contrary, newly hatched recluses do not travel via ballooning and thus the populations are confined to very tight spaces with dense populations.<ref name="vetter" /> Most ''Loxosceles'' can live for one and a half to two years.{{Contradictory inline|date=November 2025|section=Life style|reason=The other section says spiderlings reach maturity within a year and live at least three years.}} Many species of this genus can live for very long times without food or water. Insecticides often fail to kill the spider, instead intoxicating its nervous system and inducing erratic behavior.<ref name="Hite" />

==Life style== Members of ''Loxosceles'' can be divided into two groups: the savanna or grassland species and the cave dwellers.<ref name="dippenaar2021" />

The savanna species are found under rocks, logs, and bark of trees, in old termite nests or in rubble. They are not retreat bound and spin only a few irregular strands of silk serving as retreats under objects on the ground. In buildings they are found in dark corners. The gestation period is roughly three months and 3-4 egg cocoons are produced containing about 15 eggs each. Spiderlings reach maturity within a year and live at least three years.{{Contradictory inline|date=November 2025|section=Habitat and appearance|reason=The other section says most ''Loxosceles'' can live for one and a half to two years.}}<ref name="dippenaar2021" />

The cave-dwelling species are more commonly found in the total dark zone than in the twilight zone.<ref name="dippenaar2021" />

==Description== === Identification === This genus is very hard to identify, as they have very simple coloration and morphology. Many other spiders have similar dorsal markings, leading to confusion and misidentification. They can be most readily distinguished by having only six eyes, arranged in three pairs. None of the pairs of eyes touch each other, and are arranged in a U shape. The presence of two claws per foot and a rather flat cephalothorax further help distinguish them.<ref name="bugguide" /><ref name="chaim2011" />

===Diagnostic morphology=== Body size ranges from 5-15 mm for females and 3.5-12 mm for males. Color of body is yellowish to reddish brown with contrasting darker markings. Legs and pedipalps are light brown. The carapace is slightly longer than wide with a conspicuous deeply impressed fovea. The clypeus and chelicerae are directed to the front, usually with a "violin-shaped" darker marking on the anterior part of the carapace. Six eyes are arranged in a recurved row in three groups, each with two eyes. Anterior median eyes are absent. The labium is longer than wide, tapering distally and partially fused to the sternum. The chelicerae are fused at the base. The abdomen is oval and light brown, usually with dark patterns. Legs are long and slender with two claws.<ref name="dippenaar2021" />

==Venom components and effects== ''Loxosceles'' spiders, like ''Hexophthalma'' species, have potent tissue-destroying venoms containing the dermonecrotic agent {{nobr|sphingomyelinase D,}} which is otherwise found only in a few pathogenic bacteria.<ref name=binford /> A 2008 research has indicated the venom is composed largely of sulfated nucleosides, though these compounds are relatively new discoveries, so little is known about them.<ref name=schroeder /> The venom of several species is capable of producing necrotic lesions that are slow to heal and may require skin grafts. Rarely, the venom is carried by the bloodstream, causing red blood cell destruction.

The venom is identical in male and female spiders, but females can have almost twice the concentration of toxins. For unknown reasons, the toxicity of the venom to mammalian species varies; recluse bites may cause necrosis in humans, rabbits, and guinea pigs, but not in mice or rats.<ref name=Swanson-Vetter />

The Chilean recluse (''L. laeta'') supposedly has a more potent venom, which results in systemic involvement more often. All ''Loxosceles'' species that have been tested have venoms similar to that of the brown recluse, and all should be avoided. In general, though, they are not aggressive and commonly occupy human dwellings without causing problems.<ref name=JMedEntomol2002-Vetter />

Many types of skin wounds are mistaken for or assumed to be the result of a recluse spider bite. Several diseases can mimic the lesions of the bite, including Lyme disease, various fungal and bacterial infections, and the first sore of syphilis.<ref name=annemergmed2002-Vetter /> It is important to associate the spider directly with the bite to avoid improper treatment, and to successfully treat common infections or other conditions if no spider was seen.

Bites most often occur as a defense when the spider is trapped against the skin, in clothing, for example.<ref name=vetter /> The proteins injected in the venom are minute (only 2 μg injected out of 65–100 μg in the venom glands).<ref name="barceloux2008" />

The bite of a recluse spider can generally be categorized into one of the following groups:<ref name=vetter /> * Unremarkable – self-healing minute damage * Mild reaction – self-healing lesion with itchiness and redness * Dermonecrotic – the uncommon, "classic" recluse bite, producing a necrotic skin lesion. About 66% of necrotic bite lesions heal with no complications.<ref name=pauli /> In extreme cases, the lesion may be up to 40 millimeters wide, last for several months, and heal with a permanent scar.<ref name=vetter /> * Systemic or viscerocutaneous – an extremely rare, systemic reaction to envenomation of the bloodstream. It is observed more often in children.<ref name=vetter />

Most bites are unremarkable or mild.<ref name=wright /><ref name=anderson /><ref name=cacy />

==Taxonomy== The genus ''Loxosceles'' was established by Heinecken & Lowe in 1832, with ''Loxosceles rufescens'' as the type species. The genus has been revised by Lotz (2012, 2017) and Magalhães et al. (2017).<ref name="dippenaar2021" />

===Species=== <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Loxosceles deserta - Ken-ichi Ueda - 345764.jpeg|''L. deserta'' LoxoscelesGaucho.jpg|''L. gaucho'' Loxosceles parramae 307909612 555454269.jpg|''L. parramae'' Loxosceles spinulosa 306178047 552126169.jpg|male ''L. spinulosa'' </gallery>

{{as of|2025|9}}, this genus includes 148 species.

These species have articles on Wikipedia:

{{Div col}} * ''Loxosceles accepta'' Chamberlin, 1920 – Peru * ''Loxosceles adelaida'' Gertsch, 1967 – Brazil * ''Loxosceles apachea'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States, Mexico * ''Loxosceles arizonica'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – United States * ''Loxosceles blanda'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States * ''Loxosceles cederbergensis'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa * ''Loxosceles coheni'' Zamani, Mirshamsi & Marusik, 2021 – Iran * ''Loxosceles dejagerae'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa * ''Loxosceles deserta'' Gertsch, 1973 – United States, Mexico * ''Loxosceles devia'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – United States, Mexico * ''Loxosceles gaucho'' Gertsch, 1967 – Brazil. Introduced to Tunisia * ''Loxosceles guatemala'' Gertsch, 1973 – Guatemala * ''Loxosceles haddadi'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa * ''Loxosceles intermedia'' Mello-Leitão, 1934 – Brazil, Argentina * ''Loxosceles laeta'' (Nicolet, 1849) – South America. Introduced to Canada, United States, Gutemala, Finland, Australia * ''Loxosceles makapanensis'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa * ''Loxosceles palma'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States, Mexico * ''Loxosceles parramae'' Newlands, 1981 – South Africa * ''Loxosceles pilosa'' Purcell, 1908 – Namibia, South Africa * ''Loxosceles reclusa'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – North America * ''Loxosceles rufescens'' (Dufour, 1820) – Southern Europe, northern Africa to Iran, Afghanistan. Introduced to United States, Mexico, Peru, Macaronesia, St. Helena, South Africa, India, China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Thailand, Philippines, Australia, Hawaii (type species) * ''Loxosceles similis'' Moenkhaus, 1898 – Brazil * ''Loxosceles simillima'' Lawrence, 1927 – DR Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa * ''Loxosceles sonora'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''Loxosceles speluncarum'' Simon, 1893 – South Africa * ''Loxosceles spinulosa'' Purcell, 1904 – South Africa {{Div col end}}

{{collapse top|Complete species list {{as of|2025|9}}}} {{Div col}} * ''L. accepta'' Chamberlin, 1920 – Peru * ''L. adelaida'' Gertsch, 1967 – Brazil * ''L. alamosa'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. alicea'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. amazonica'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru, Brazil * ''L. anomala'' (Mello-Leitão, 1917) – Brazil * ''L. apachea'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States, Mexico - '''Apache recluse''' * ''L. aranea'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico * ''L. arizonica'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – United States - '''Arizona recluse''' * ''L. aurea'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico * ''L. baja'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. barbara'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. belli'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico * ''L. bentejui'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Islands * ''L. bergeri'' Strand, 1906 – Namibia * ''L. bettyae'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. binfordae'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2024 – Ecuador * ''L. blancasi'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. blanda'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States * ''L. bodoquena'' Bertani & Gallão, 2024 – Brazil * ''L. boneti'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico, El Salvador * ''L. boqueirao'' Bertani & Gallão, 2024 – Brazil * ''L. candela'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. carabobensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela * ''L. cardosoi'' Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, 2018 – Brazil * ''L. caribbaea'' Gertsch, 1958 – Greater Antilles * ''L. carinhanha'' Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, 2018 – Brazil * ''L. carmena'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. cederbergensis'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa * ''L. chapadensis'' Bertani, Fukushima & Nagahama, 2010 – Brazil * ''L. chinateca'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. coheni'' Zamani, Mirshamsi & Marusik, 2021 – Iran * ''L. colima'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico * ''L. conococha'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. coquimbo'' Gertsch, 1967 – Chile * ''L. corozalensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela * ''L. coyote'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. cubana'' Gertsch, 1958 – Cuba, Bahama Is. HIspaniola * ''L. cubiroensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela * ''L. curimaguensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela * ''L. dejagerae'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa * ''L. deserta'' Gertsch, 1973 – United States, Mexico - '''Desert recluse''' * ''L. devia'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – United States, Mexico * ''L. diaguita'' Brescovit, Taucare-Ríos, Magalhaes & Santos, 2017 – Chile * ''L. ericsoni'' Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, 2018 – Brazil * ''L. fontainei'' Millot, 1941 – Guinea * ''L. foutadjalloni'' Millot, 1941 – Guinea * ''L. francisca'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. frizzelli'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. galianoa'' Magalhaes, 2025 – Argentina * ''L. gaucho'' Gertsch, 1967 – Brazil. Introduced to Tunisia - '''Gaucho spider''' * ''L. gloria'' Gertsch, 1967 – Ecuador, Peru * ''L. griffinae'' Lotz, 2017 – Namibia * ''L. guajira'' Cala-Riquelme, Gutiérrez-Estrada & Flórez, 2015 – Colombia * ''L. guatemala'' Gertsch, 1973 – Guatemala * ''L. guayllabamba'' Dupérré & Tapia, 2024 – Ecuador * ''L. guayota'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Islands * ''L. haddadi'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa * ''L. harrietae'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. herreri'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. hirsuta'' Mello-Leitão, 1931 – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina * ''L. huasteca'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. hupalupa'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Islands * ''L. imazighen'' Ribera & Massa, 2021 – Morocco * ''L. immodesta'' (Mello-Leitão, 1917) – Brazil * ''L. inca'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. insula'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. intermedia'' Mello-Leitão, 1934 – Brazil, Argentina * ''L. irishi'' Lotz, 2017 – Namibia * ''L. jaca'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. jamaica'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Jamaica * ''L. jarmila'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Jamaica * ''L. julia'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. kaiba'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States * ''L. karstica'' Bertani, von Schimonsky & Gallão, 2018 – Brazil * ''L. lacroixi'' Millot, 1941 – Ivory Coast * ''L. laeta'' (Nicolet, 1849) – South America. Introduced to Canada, United States, Gutemala, Finland, Australia - '''Chilean recluse''' * ''L. lawrencei'' Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela, Trinidad, Curaçao * ''L. lutea'' Keyserling, 1877 – Colombia, Ecuador * ''L. luteola'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico * ''L. mahan'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Islands * ''L. maisi'' Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2013 – Cuba * ''L. makapanensis'' Lotz, 2017 – South Africa * ''L. malintzi'' Valdez-Mondragón, Cortez-Roldán, Juárez-Sánchez & Solís-Catalán, 2018 – Mexico * ''L. manuela'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. maraisi'' Lotz, 2017 – Namibia * ''L. martha'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States * ''L. meruensis'' Tullgren, 1910 – Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania * ''L. misteca'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico * ''L. mogote'' Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2013 – Cuba * ''L. mrazig'' Ribera & Planas, 2009 – Algeria, Tunisia * ''L. mulege'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. muriciensis'' Fukushima, de Andrade & Bertani, 2017 – Brazil * ''L. nahuana'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico * ''L. neuvillei'' Simon, 1909 – Ethiopia, Somalia, East Africa * ''L. niedeguidonae'' de Andrade, Bertani, Nagahama & Barbosa, 2012 – Brazil * ''L. olivaresi'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela * ''L. olmea'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. pallalla'' Brescovit, Taucare-Ríos, Magalhaes & Santos, 2017 – Chile * ''L. palma'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States, Mexico * ''L. panama'' Gertsch, 1958 – Panama * ''L. parramae'' Newlands, 1981 – South Africa * ''L. persica'' Ribera & Zamani, 2017 – Iran * ''L. pilosa'' Purcell, 1908 – Namibia, South Africa * ''L. piura'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. planetaria'' Bertani & Gallão, 2024 – Brazil * ''L. pucara'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. puortoi'' Martins, Knysak & Bertani, 2002 – Brazil * ''L. reclusa'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 – North America - '''Brown recluse''' * ''L. rica'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Costa Rica * ''L. rosana'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. rothi'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. rufescens'' (Dufour, 1820) – Southern Europe, northern Africa, Iran, Afghanistan. Introduced to United States, Mexico, Peru, Macaronesia, St. Helena, South Africa, India, China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Thailand, Philippines, Australia, Hawaii (type species) - '''Mediterranean recluse''' * ''L. rufipes'' (Lucas, 1834) – Guatemala, Panama, Colombia. Introduced to West Africa * ''L. russelli'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States * ''L. sabina'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – United States * ''L. sansebastianensis'' González-Sponga, 2010 – Venezuela * ''L. seri'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. similis'' Moenkhaus, 1898 – Brazil * ''L. simillima'' Lawrence, 1927 – DR Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa * ''L. smithi'' Simon, 1897 – Ethiopia, Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania * ''L. sonora'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. spadicea'' Simon, 1907 – Peru, Bolivia, Argentina * ''L. speluncarum'' Simon, 1893 – South Africa * ''L. spinulosa'' Purcell, 1904 – South Africa * ''L. surca'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru, Chile * ''L. taeniopalpus'' Simon, 1907 – Ecuador * ''L. taino'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Bahama Is. Jamaica, Hispaniola * ''L. tazarte'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Islands * ''L. tehuana'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico * ''L. tenango'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico * ''L. tenochtitlan'' Valdez-Mondragón & Navarro-Rodríguez, 2019 – Mexico * ''L. teresa'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. tibicena'' Planas & Ribera, 2015 – Canary Islands * ''L. tlacolula'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Mexico * ''L. tolantongo'' Navarro-Rodríguez & Valdez-Mondragón, 2020 – Mexico * ''L. troglobia'' Souza & Ferreira, 2018 – Brazil * ''L. turanensis'' Zamani, Mirshamsi & Marusik, 2021 – Iran, Turkmenistan * ''L. valdosa'' Gertsch, 1973 – Mexico * ''L. vallenar'' Brescovit, Taucare-Ríos, Magalhaes & Santos, 2017 – Chile * ''L. variegata'' Simon, 1897 – Paraguay, Argentina * ''L. vicentei'' Taucare-Ríos, Brescovit & Villablanca, 2022 – Chile * ''L. virgo'' Gertsch & Ennik, 1983 – Virgin Islands * ''L. vonwredei'' Newlands, 1980 – Namibia * ''L. weyrauchi'' Gertsch, 1967 – Peru * ''L. willianilsoni'' Fukushima, de Andrade & Bertani, 2017 – Brazil * ''L. yucatana'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938 – Mexico, Belize, Guatemala * ''L. zapoteca'' Gertsch, 1958 – Mexico {{Div col end}} {{collapse bottom}}

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3087 | title=Gen. ''Loxosceles'' Heineken & Lowe, 1832 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2025-10-05}}</ref> <ref name=anderson>{{cite journal |author=Anderson, P.C. |year=1998 |title=Missouri brown recluse spider: A review and update |journal=Missouri Medicine |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=318–22 |pmid=9666677}}</ref> <ref name=annemergmed2002-Vetter>{{cite journal |author1=Vetter, R. |author2=Bush, S. |year = 2002 |title = The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology |journal = Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume = 39 |issue = 5 |pages = 544–546 |doi = 10.1067/mem.2002.123594 |pmid = 11973562}}</ref> <ref name=Arachnology2003-Sandidge>{{cite journal | author = Sandidge, J. | title = Arachnology: Scavenging by brown recluse spiders | journal = Nature | volume = 426 | issue = 30 | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1038/426030a | pages = 30 | pmid = 14603305|bibcode = 2003Natur.426...30S | s2cid = 4394140 | doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name=barceloux2008>{{Cite book |last=Barceloux |first=Donald G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_x8ICgAAQBAJ&dq=loxosceles+reclusa+amount+of+venom&pg=PA937 |title=Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals |date=2008-11-12 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-72761-3 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=binford>{{cite journal |author1=Binford, G.J. |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Sphingomyelinase D from venoms of ''Loxosceles'' spiders: evolutionary insights from cDNA sequences and gene structure |journal=Toxicon |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=547–560 |url=http://legacy.lclark.edu/~binford/Binfordetal2005.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.11.011 |pmid=15777950|bibcode=2005Txcn...45..547B }}</ref> <ref name=Brig1978>{{cite journal| last=Brignoli| first=P. M.| year=1978| title=Spinnen aus Brasilien, II. Vier neue Ochyroceratidae aus Amazonas nebst Bemerkungen über andere Amerikanische Arten (Arachnida: Araneae)| journal=Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment| volume=13| issue=1| page=18| doi=10.1080/01650527809360529| bibcode=1978SNFE...13...11B}}</ref> <ref name=bugguide>{{Cite web |title=Genus Loxosceles - Brown Spiders |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/31531 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref> <ref name=cacy>{{cite journal |author1=Cacy, J. |author2=Mold, J.W. |year=1999 |title=The clinical characteristics of brown recluse spider bites treated by family physicians: An OKPRN study |journal=Journal of Family Practice |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=536–542 |pmid=10428252 }}</ref> <ref name=chaim2011>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaim |first1=Olga Meiri |last2=Trevisan-Silva |first2=Dilza |last3=Chaves-Moreira |first3=Daniele |last4=Wille |first4=Ana Carolina M. |last5=Ferrer |first5=Valéria Pereira |last6=Matsubara |first6=Fernando Hitomi |last7=Mangili |first7=Oldemir Carlos |last8=da Silveira |first8=Rafael Bertoni |last9=Gremski |first9=Luiza Helena |last10=Gremski |first10=Waldemiro |last11=Senff-Ribeiro |first11=Andrea |last12=Veiga |first12=Silvio Sanches |date=2011-03-22 |title=Brown Spider (''Loxosceles'' genus) venom toxins: Tools for biological purposes |journal=Toxins |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.3390/toxins3030309 |issn=2072-6651 |pmc=3202818 |pmid=22069711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="dippenaar2021">{{cite book | last1 = Dippenaar-Schoeman | first1 = A.S. | last2 = Haddad | first2 = C.R. | last3 = Foord | first3 = S.H. | last4 = Lotz | first4 = L.N. | year = 2021 | title = The Sicariidae of South Africa. Version 1 | publisher = South African National Survey of Arachnida Photo Identification Guide | pages = 11 | doi = 10.5281/zenodo.7162164 | url = https://zenodo.org/records/7162164/files/F58.%20SICARIIDAE%20IDENTIFICATION%20GUIDE.pdf?download=1 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20240711134228/https://zenodo.org/records/7162164/files/F58.%20SICARIIDAE%20IDENTIFICATION%20GUIDE.pdf?download=1 | archivedate = 2024-07-11 | url-status = live}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref> <ref name=Hite>{{cite book|author=Hite, J. M.|year=1966|title=The biology of the brown recluse spider|location=Kansas State University}}</ref> <ref name=JMedEntomol2002-Vetter>{{cite journal | author1 = Vetter, R. | author2 = Barger, D. | year = 2002 | title = An infestation of 2,055 brown recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) and no envenomations in a Kansas home: implications for bite diagnoses in nonendemic areas | journal = J Med Entomol | volume = 39 | issue = 6 | pages = 948–951 | pmid =12495200 | doi = 10.1603/0022-2585-39.6.948 | doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name=Lowe1832>{{cite journal| last=Lowe| first=R. T.| year=1832| title=Descriptions of two species of Araneidae, natives of Madeira| journal=The Zoological Journal| pages=320–323| volume=5}}</ref> <ref name=pauli>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.05.005 |author1=Pauli, I. |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=The efficacy of antivenom in loxoscelism treatment |journal=Toxicon |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=123–137 |pmid=16808942|bibcode=2006Txcn...48..123P }}</ref> <ref name=schroeder>{{cite journal |author1=Schroeder, F.C. |display-authors=etal |year=2008 |title=NMR-spectroscopic screening of spider venom reveals sulfated nucleosides as major components for the brown recluse and related species |journal=PNAS |volume=105 |issue=38 |pages=14283–14287 |pmid=18794518 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806840105 |doi-access=free |pmc=2567178 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10514283S}}</ref> <ref name=smithsonian>{{Cite news |last=Binkovitz |first=Leah |title=Why We Should All Celebrate Save a Spider Day |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/why-we-should-all-celebrate-save-a-spider-day-2410844/ |access-date=2017-07-17 |work=Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=Swanson-Vetter>{{cite journal |last1=Swanson |first1=D.L. |last2=Vetter |first2=R.S. |year=2006 |title=Loxoscelism |journal=Clinics in Dermatology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=213–221 |pmid=16714202 |doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.006 |url=http://urban.cmsdev.ucr.edu/docs/Spiders/%20Loxoscelism_S&V.pdf |access-date=12 April 2011}}</ref> <ref name=vetter>{{cite journal | author = Vetter, R.S. | year = 2008 | title = Spiders of the genus ''Loxosceles'': A review of biological, medical, and psychological aspects regarding envenomations | journal = Journal of Arachnology | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 150–163 | s2cid = 7746032 | doi = 10.1636/RSt08-06.1 | url = http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v36_n1/arac-36-1-150.pdf | access-date = 2011-03-14 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101120022138/http://americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v36_n1/arac-36-1-150.pdf | archivedate = 2010-11-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name=VetterMyth>{{cite web | author=Vetter, Rick | title=Myth of the Brown Recluse: Fact, Fear, and Loathing | url=https://spiders.ucr.edu/myth-brown-recluse-fact-fear-and-loathing | access-date=October 26, 2022}}</ref> <ref name=wright>{{cite journal |author1=Wright, S.W. |display-authors=etal |year=1997 |title=Clinical presentation and outcome of brown recluse spider bite |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=28–32 |pmid=9209221 |doi=10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70106-9}}</ref> }}

==External links== * {{inaturalist taxon}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031011172239/http://www.arachnology.org/Arachnology/Pages/Reclusa.html Arachnology Home Pages: ''Loxosceles'': Recluse spiders] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031002011715/http://www.museums.org.za/bio/spiderweb/sicariid.htm Biodiversity Explorer: Family Sicariidae.] * [http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog/INTRO1.html World Spider Catalog. 2014.] * [https://spiders.ucr.edu/necrotic.html Vetter, R. 2003. "Causes of Necrotic Wounds other than Brown Recluse Spider Bites".] * [https://spiders.ucr.edu/myth.html Vetter, R. 2003. "Myth of the Brown Recluse: Fact, Fear, and Loathing".] * [https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=3438 Pictures of ''L. reclusa'' and wound] (free for noncommercial use)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Recluse Spider}} Loxosceles Category:Spiders of Africa Category:Spiders of Asia Category:Spiders of North America Category:Spiders of South America

Recluse spider

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