Ratanakiri province

{{Short description|Province of Cambodia}} {{distinguish|Ratnagiri}} {{featured article}} {{Update|date=February 2025|reason=Most sources are over 10 years old}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Ratanakiri | native_name = {{lang|km|រតនគិរី}} | official_name = Ratanakiri Province<br />{{lang|km|ខេត្តរតនគិរី}} | native_name_lang = km | settlement_type = Province | image_skyline = RattanakiriVillage.jpg | image_caption = Ratanakiri countryside | image_alt = Primitive thatched houses on stilts lining a dusty red dirt road. Surrounding vegetation includes a variety of trees and some banana plants. | image_seal = Ratanakiri.png | image_map = Cambodia Ratanakiri locator map.svg | map_caption = Location of Ratanakiri in Cambodia | map_alt = Map showing location of Ratanakiri in northeast Cambodia | coordinates = {{coord|13|44|N|107|0|E|type:adm1st_region:KH|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Cambodia}} | established_title = Established | established_date = 1959<ref name=adbhistory/> | seat_type = Capital | seat = Banlung | parts_type = Subdivisions | parts_style =  | parts = 1 municipality; 8 districts | leader_party = CPP | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Nhem Samoeurn | leader_title2 = National Assembly | leader_name2 = {{composition bar|1|125}} | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 10782 | area_rank = 9th | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2019}}</ref> | population_total = {{decrease}} 235,852 | population_rank = 19th | population_density_rank = 21st | population_as_of = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 19 | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone = ICT | utc_offset = +07:00 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | iso_code =  | website = {{URL|www.ratanakiri.gov.kh}} | footnotes = }} {{Contains special characters|Khmer}} '''Ratanakiri''' ({{langx|km|រតនគិរី}}, {{transliteration|km|Rôtânôkĭri}} {{IPA|km|rɔətanakiriː|}}; {{literal translation|gemstone mountains}}) is a province of northeast Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Mondulkiri to the south and Stung Treng to the west and the countries of Laos (Attapeu in Khmer Language is Ach Krapeu) and Vietnam (Gia Lai and Kon Tum) to the north and east, respectively. The province extends from the mountains of the Annamite Range in the north, across a hilly plateau between the Tonlé San and Tonlé Srepok rivers, to tropical deciduous forests in the south. In recent years, logging and mining have scarred Ratanakiri's environment, long known for its beauty.

For over a millennium, Ratanakiri has been occupied by the highland Khmer Loeu people, who are a minority elsewhere in Cambodia. During the region's early history, its Khmer Loeu inhabitants were exploited as slaves by neighboring empires. The slave trade economy ended during the French colonial era, but a harsh Khmerization campaign after Cambodia's independence again threatened Khmer Loeu ways of life. The Khmer Rouge built its headquarters in the province in the 1960s, and bombing during the Vietnam War devastated the region. Today, rapid development in the province is altering traditional ways of life.

Ratanakiri is sparsely populated; its 184,000 residents make up just over 1% of the country's total population. Residents generally live in villages of 20 to 60 families and engage in subsistence shifting agriculture. Ratanakiri is among the least developed provinces of Cambodia, though development indicators have been improving rapidly. Its infrastructure is poor, and the local government is weak.

==History== Ratanakiri has been occupied since at least the Stone or Bronze Age, and trade between the region's highlanders and towns along the Gulf of Thailand dates to at least the 4th century A.D.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Stark|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PT120 96]}}.</ref> The region was invaded by Annamites, the Cham, the Khmer, and the Thai during its early history, but no empire ever brought the area under centralized control.<ref name=adbhistory/> From the 13th century or earlier until the 19th century, highland villages were often raided by Khmer, Lao, and Thai slave traders.<ref>{{harvnb|ADB|2002|pp=6–7}}; {{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}.</ref> The region was conquered by local Laotian rulers in the 18th century and then by the Thai in the 19th century.<ref name=boundary>{{harvnb|Office of the Geographer|1964|p=4}}.</ref> The area was incorporated into French Indochina in 1893, and colonial rule replaced slave trading.<ref name=vnp>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}</ref> The French built huge rubber plantations, especially in Labansiek (present-day Banlung); indigenous workers were used for construction and rubber harvesting.<ref name=adbhistory/> While under French control, the land comprising present-day Ratanakiri was transferred from Siam (Thailand) to Laos and then to Cambodia.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Geographer|1964|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Stuart-Fox|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8VvvevRkX-EC&pg=PA27 27]}}.</ref> Although highland groups initially resisted their colonial rulers, by the end of the colonial era in 1953 they had been subdued.<ref name=vnp/>

Ratanakiri Province was created in 1959 from land that had been the eastern area of Stung Treng Province.<ref name=adbhistory>{{harvnb|ADB|2002|pp=6–7}}.</ref> The name ''Ratanakiri'' (រតនគិរី) is formed from the Khmer words រតនៈ (''rôtânô'' "gem" from Sanskrit ''ratna'') and គិរី (''kĭri'' "mountain" from Sanskrit ''giri''), describing two features for which the province is known.<ref>{{harvnb|Fox|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FgkLncvMsC&pg=PA115 115]}}; {{harvnb|Headley|1997|pp=181, 1003}}; {{harvnb|Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri")}}.</ref> During the 1950s and 1960s, Norodom Sihanouk instituted a development and Khmerization campaign in northeast Cambodia that was designed to bring villages under government control, limit the influence of insurgents in the area, and "modernize" indigenous communities.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}; {{harvnb|Vajpeyi|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWf4X2apWMYC&pg=PA134 126–27]}}.</ref> Some Khmer Loeu were forcibly moved to the lowlands to be educated in Khmer language and culture, ethnic Khmer from elsewhere in Cambodia were moved into the province, and roads and large rubber plantations were built.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}; {{harvnb|Vajpeyi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWf4X2apWMYC&pg=PA134 126]}}.</ref> After facing harsh working conditions and sometimes involuntary labor on the plantations, many Khmer Loeu left their traditional homes and moved farther from provincial towns.<ref name=samath353>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}.</ref> In 1968, tensions led to an uprising by the Brao people in which several Khmer were killed.<ref name=cdm>{{harvnb|Chandler|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vgw2rUEACRkC&pg=PA174 174]}}; {{harvnb|Dommen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MauWlUjuWNsC&pg=PA618 618]}}; {{harvnb|Martin|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BN-6Z3WWee4C&pg=PA114 114]}}.</ref> The government responded harshly, torching settlements and killing hundreds of villagers.<ref name=cdm/>

[[File:NixononCambodia.jpg|U.S. president Richard Nixon (shown here discussing Cambodia at a 1970 press conference) authorized the covert 1969–1970 bombing of Vietnamese targets in Ratanakiri.<ref name=troubled>{{harvnb|Clymer|2004|p=10}}.</ref>|alt=A room with a curtain and an American flag in the background. A man in a suit points to Cambodia on a large standing map of Southeast Asia.|thumb|left]] In the 1960s, the ascendant Khmer Rouge forged an alliance with ethnic minorities in Ratanakiri, exploiting Khmer Loeu resentment of the central government.<ref>{{harvnb|Becker|1998|pp=107–108}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6s1OZI1kTPgC&pg=PA76 176]}}; {{harvnb|Locard|1996}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BN-6Z3WWee4C&pg=PA114 114]}}.</ref> The Communist Party of Kampuchea headquarters was moved to Ratanakiri in 1966, and hundreds of Khmer Loeu joined CPK units.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6s1OZI1kTPgC&pg=PA75 75]}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vgw2rUEACRkC&pg=PA158 158]}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vgw2rUEACRkC&pg=PA175 175].</ref> During this period, there was also extensive Vietnamese activity in Ratanakiri.<ref name=p171>{{harvnb|Short|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW24koscGMkC&pg=PA171 171]}}.</ref> Vietnamese communists had operated in Ratanakiri since the 1940s; at a June 1969 press conference, Sihanouk said that Ratanakiri was "practically North Vietnamese territory".<ref>{{harvnb|Kissinger|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O9qFpvGmiMcC&pg=PA128 128]}}; {{harvnb|Short|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW24koscGMkC&pg=PA171 171]}}.</ref> Between March 1969 and May 1970, the United States undertook a massive covert bombing campaign in the region, aiming to disrupt sanctuaries for communist Vietnamese troops. Villagers were forced outside of main towns to escape the bombings, foraging for food and living on the run with the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{harvnb|Clymer|2004|p=11}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}; {{harvnb|Vajpeyi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWf4X2apWMYC&pg=PA127 127]}}.</ref> In June 1970, the central government withdrew its troops from Ratanakiri, abandoning the area to Khmer Rouge control.<ref>{{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}</ref> The Khmer Rouge regime, which had not initially been harsh in Ratanakiri, became increasingly oppressive.<ref>{{harvnb|Becker|1998|pp=108, 251}}; {{harvnb|Ministry of Environment|2006|p=5}}.</ref> The Khmer Loeu were forbidden from speaking their native languages or practicing their traditional customs and religion, which were seen as incompatible with communism.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353]}}; {{harvnb|Thomas|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L6aMrw5_FawC&pg=PA239 239]}}.</ref> Communal living became compulsory, and the province's few schools were closed.<ref>{{harvnb|Thomas|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L6aMrw5_FawC&pg=PA239 239]}}.</ref> Purges of ethnic minorities increased in frequency, and thousands of refugees fled to Vietnam and Laos.<ref>{{harvnb|Becker|1998|p=251}}; {{harvnb|Vajpeyi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JWf4X2apWMYC&pg=PA127 127]}}.</ref> Preliminary studies indicate that bodies accounting for approximately 5% of Ratanakiri's residents were deposited in mass graves, a significantly lower rate than elsewhere in Cambodia.<ref>{{harvnb|Etcheson|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ip3kQNZgkt4C&pg=PA115 116]}}.</ref>

After the Vietnamese defeated the Khmer Rouge in 1979, government policy toward Ratanakiri became one of benign neglect.<ref name=samath353/> The Khmer Loeu were permitted to return to their traditional livelihoods, but the government provided little infrastructure in the province.<ref name=samath353/> Under the Vietnamese, there was little contact between the provincial government and many local communities.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&q=ratanakiri&pg=PA353 353–54]}}.</ref> Long after the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime, however, Khmer Rouge rebels remained in the forests of Ratanakiri.<ref name=sw>{{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=11}}; {{harvnb|Waldick|2001}}.</ref> Rebels largely surrendered their arms in the 1990s, though attacks along provincial roads continued until 2002.<ref name=sw/>

Ratanakiri's recent history has been characterized by development and attendant challenges to traditional ways of life.<ref name=uv>{{harvnb|ADB|2008}}; {{harvnb|Vinding|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&pg=PA256 256]}}.</ref> The national government has built roads, encouraged tourism and agriculture, and facilitated rapid immigration of lowland Khmers into Ratanakiri.<ref>{{harvnb|Stidsen|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdbwzF4k-msC&pg=PA324 324]}}; {{harvnb|Tyler|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv6QsvDyQvgC&pg=PA33 33]}}; {{harvnb|Vinding|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&pg=PA256 256]}}.</ref> Road improvements and political stability have increased land prices, and land alienation in Ratanakiri has been a major problem.<ref name=iw2004>{{harvnb|Vinding|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&pg=PA256 256]}}.</ref> Despite a 2001 law allowing indigenous communities to obtain collective title to traditional lands, some villages have been left nearly landless.<ref name=uv/> The national government has granted concessions over land traditionally possessed by Ratanakiri's indigenous peoples,<ref>{{harvnb|Hall|2011|p=76}}; {{harvnb|Stidsen|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdbwzF4k-msC&pg=PA324 324]}}; {{harvnb|Tyler|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pv6QsvDyQvgC&pg=PA33 33]}}; {{harvnb|Vinding|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0t_CU9gmi8cC&pg=PA256 256]}}.</ref> and even land "sales" have often involved bribes to officials, coercion, threats, or misinformation.<ref name=iw2004/> Following the involvement of several international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), land alienation had decreased in frequency as of 2006.<ref name=p53>{{harvnb|John|Phalla|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA53 53]}}.</ref> In the 2000s, Ratanakiri also received hundreds of Degar (Montagnard) refugees fleeing unrest in neighboring Vietnam; the Cambodian government was criticized for its forcible repatriation of many refugees.<ref>{{harvnb|HRW|2002}}; {{harvnb|Christie|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SwwY5WR5fvkC&pg=PA162 162-63]}}.</ref>

==Geography and climate== thumb|250px|right|Map of Ratanakiri, with major roads indicated in red|alt=Physical map of Ratanakiri, depicting highest elevation at the province's northern border. The city of Banlung is at the center of the province. Ta Vaeang and Veun Sai are in the north, and Lumphat is in the south. The geography of Ratanakiri Province is diverse, encompassing rolling hills, mountains, plateaus, lowland watersheds, and crater lakes.<ref>{{harvnb|Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri")}}.</ref> Two major rivers, Tonle San and Tonle Srepok, flow from east to west across the province. The province is known for its lush forests; as of 2015, 78% of the province was forested.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bann|1997}}. {{Cite web |last=United Nations Development Programme |date=2019 |title=Human Development Report: Cambodia 2019 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/nhdrcambodia.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2015 |page=148}}</ref> In the far north of the province are mountains of the Annamite Range; the area is characterized by dense broadleaf evergreen forests, relatively poor soil, and abundant wildlife.<ref name="bfr" /> In the highlands between Tonle San and Tonle Srepok, the home of the vast majority of Ratanakiri's population, a hilly basalt plateau provides fertile red soils.<ref name="bfr">{{harvnb|Bann|1997}}; {{harvnb|Fox|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FgkLncvMsC&pg=PA115 115]}}.</ref> Secondary forests (regrown after shifting cultivation) dominate this region.<ref name="geography115" /> South of the Srepok River is a flat area of tropical deciduous forests.<ref name=bfr/>

Like other areas of Cambodia, Ratanakiri has a monsoonal climate with a rainy season from June to October, a cool season from November to January, and a hot season from March to May.<ref name=climate2>{{harvnb|Tourism of Cambodia ("Climate")}}.</ref> Ratanakiri tends to be cooler than elsewhere in Cambodia.<ref name=climate2/> The average daily high temperature in the province is {{convert|34.0|°C|°F|1}}, and the average daily low temperature is {{convert|22.1|°C|°F|1}}.<ref name=climate>{{harvnb|Sothy|Sokunth|2007|p=3}}.</ref> Annual precipitation is approximately {{convert|2200|mm|in}}.<ref name=climate/> Flooding often occurs during the rainy season and has been exacerbated by the recently built Yali Falls Dam.<ref>{{harvnb|Japan Environmental Council|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4Mc_UXCTNQcC&pg=PA139 139–142]}}; {{harvnb|Xinhua|2007}}; {{harvnb|AMRC|2003}}.</ref>

[[File:Yak Loum.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of Yak Loum, a crater lake near Banlung|alt=A deep blue, round lake surrounded with forest. Nearby, the forest has been replaced with fields.]] Ratanakiri has some of the most biologically diverse lowland tropical rainforest and montane forest ecosystems in mainland Southeast Asia.<ref name=cfi-iv>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=iv}}.</ref> One 1996 survey of two sites in Ratanakiri and one site in neighboring Mondulkiri recorded 44 mammal species, 76 bird species, and 9 reptile species.<ref>{{harvnb|Desai|Vuthy|1996}}.</ref> A 2007 survey of Ratanakiri's Virachey National Park recorded 30 ant species, 19 katydid species, 37 fish species, 35 reptile species, 26 amphibian species, and 15 mammal species, including several species never before observed.<ref>{{harvnb|Conservation International|2007|pp=5–6}}.</ref> Wildlife in Ratanakiri includes Asian elephants, gaur, and monkeys.<ref name=bann>{{harvnb|Bann|1997}}.</ref> Ratanakiri is an important site for the conservation of endangered birds, including the giant ibis and the greater adjutant.<ref name=bann/> The province's forests contain a wide variety of flora; one half-hectare forest inventory identified 189 species of trees and 320 species of ground flora and saplings.<ref name=bann/>

[[File:Global Forest Change tree-cover loss year in Ratanakiri, 2001-2024.png|thumb|right|upright=1.1|alt=Map of Ratanakiri showing tree-cover loss years, with forest remaining since 2000 in green and loss years shaded yellow through purple.|Tree-cover loss year in Ratanakiri, 2001-2024, from the Global Forest Change dataset.]] Nearly half of Ratanakiri has been set aside in protected areas,<ref>{{harvnb|Fox|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FgkLncvMsC&pg=PA124 124]}}; {{harvnb|Poffenberger|1999|loc=ch. 4–5}}.</ref> which include Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary, Virachey National Park, and Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park.<ref name="ODMSubdecree77">{{cite web |title=Sub-decree No.77 on Establishment of Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park |website=OD Mekong Datahub |publisher=Open Development Cambodia |date=9 May 2016 |url=https://data.opendevelopmentmekong.net/laws_record/subdecree_no77_on_establishment_of_veun_saisiem_pang_national_park}}</ref> Even these protected areas, however, are subject to illegal logging, poaching, and mineral extraction.<ref name=kurc>{{harvnb|Kurczy|2009}}.</ref> Though the province has been known for its relatively pristine environment, recent development has spawned environmental problems.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA350 350–51]}}.</ref> The unspoiled image of the province often conflicts with the reality on the ground: visitors "expecting to find pristine forests teeming with wildlife are increasingly disappointed to find lifeless patches of freshly cut tree stumps".<ref name=kurc/> Land use patterns are changing as population growth has accelerated and agriculture and logging have intensified.<ref name=samath350>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA350 350]}}.</ref> Soil erosion is increasing, and microclimates are being altered.<ref name=samath350/> Habitat loss and unsustainable hunting have contributed to the province's decreasing biodiversity.<ref>{{harvnb|Poffenberger|1999|loc=ch. 4–5}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA351 351]}}.</ref>

==Government and administrative divisions== Government in Ratanakiri is weak, largely due to the province's remoteness, ethnic diversity, and recent history of Khmer Rouge dominance.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA349 349]}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA356 356]; {{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|pp=12–13}}.</ref> The provincial legal framework is poor, and the rule of law is even weaker in Ratanakiri than elsewhere in Cambodia.<ref name=samath356>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA349 349]}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA356 356].</ref> Furthermore, government services are ineffective and insufficient to meet the needs of the province.<ref name=samath351>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA351 351]}}.</ref> The Cambodian government has traditionally accepted substantial support from NGOs in the region.<ref name=suzuki13>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA351 351]}}; {{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=13}}.</ref>

Nhem Samoeurn is the provincial governor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 11, 2024 |title=Ratanakiri Governor meets Japanese Ambassador to boost cooperation, investment |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501572701/ratanakiri-governor-meets-japanese-ambassador-to-boost-cooperation-investment/ |work=Khmer Times}}</ref> As of the 2022 communal elections, commune councils in Ratanakiri are composed of 236 members representing the CPP, 22 members representing the Candlelight Party, one member representing the Grassroots Democracy Party, and one member representing the Khmer National United Party.<ref>{{harvnb|National Election Committee|2022}}.</ref> Four commune council members in Ratanakiri (1.5%) were women as of the 2022 communal elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title= |script-title=km:លទ្ធផលផ្លូវការនៃការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសក្រុមប្រឹក្សាឃុំ សង្កាត់ អាណត្តិទី៥ ឆ្នាំ២០២២ (តារាងស្រី្ដជាមេឃុំ ចៅសង្កាត់ និងយុវជនជាមេឃុំ ចៅសង្កាត់អាយុ៣៥ឆ្នាំចុះ) |url=https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/5871 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |publisher=National Election Committee of Cambodia |language=km}}</ref> Kith Try (គិត ទ្រី) represents Ratanakiri in the National Assembly of Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title= |script-title=km:បញ្ជីរាយនាមបេក្ខជនជាប់ឆ្នោតជាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ នីតិកាលទី៧ |url=https://www.nec.gov.kh/khmer/content/7265 |publisher=National Election Committee of Cambodia |language=km}}</ref>

Village government in Ratanakiri has both traditional and administrative components. Traditional forms of government, namely village elders and other indigenous institutions, are dominant.<ref name=brown11>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=11}}.</ref> Members of each village designate one or more community elders to manage village affairs, mediate conflicts, and ensure that villagers follow customary laws, particularly about land and resource use.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|pp=9–11}}.</ref> Elders do not play an autocratic role, and are instead primarily respected advisors and consensus builders.<ref name=brown10>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=10}}.</ref> Village elders are generally male, but women also play a role in the management of the community and its resources.<ref name="brown12">{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=12}}.</ref> A village may also have a village chief—i.e., a local government person who is appointed by a higher governmental official.<ref name=brown11/> The village chief serves as a liaison between the village and outside government officials, but lacks traditional authority.<ref name=brown11/> The role of the village chief in village governance may be poorly defined; in one Kreung village, residents told a researcher that they were "very unclear exactly what the work of the village chief entailed."<ref name=brown11/> alt=|thumb|345x345px|Map of Ratanakiri Province The province is divided into eight districts and one municipality, further divided into 50 communes, as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|CNPRDB|2003}}; {{harvnb|National Institute of Statistics ("Annex 1")|p=85}}.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- !ISO Code ! District ! Communes ! Population (2019)<ref name=census2019>{{Cite web|url=http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf|title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results|publisher=Ministry of Planning|work=National Institute of Statistics|date=2019|access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> |- |1601 |Andoung Meas |Malik, Nhang, Ta Lav || 17,617 |- |1602 |Banlung Municipality |Kachanh, Labansiek, Yeak Laom, Boeng Kansaeng || 30,399 |- |1603 |Bar Kaev |Kak, Keh Chong, La Minh, Lung Khung, Saeng, Ting Chak || 28,279 |- |1604 |Koun Mom |Serei Mongkol, Srae Angkrorng, Ta Ang, Teun, Trapeang Chres, Trapeang Kraham || 30,810 |- |1605 |Lumphat |Chey Otdam, Ka Laeng, Lbang Muoy, Lbang Pir, Ba Tang, Seda || 27,839 |- |1606 |Ou Chum |Cha Ung, Chan, Aekakpheap, Kalai, Ou Chum, Sameakki, L'ak || 25,301 |- |1607 |Ou Ya Dav |Bar Kham, Lum Choar, Pak Nhai, Pate, Sesant, Saom Thum, Ya Tung || 23,932 |- |1608 |Ta Veaeng |Ta Veaeng Leu, Ta Veaeng Kraom || 7,503 |- |1609 |Veun Sai |Ban Pong, Hat Pak, Ka Choun, Kaoh Pang, Kaoh Peak, Kok Lak, Pa Kalan, Phnum Kok, Veun Sai || 27,210 |}

==Economy and transportation== A local market in Banlung|thumb|alt=Outdoor market stalls on red earth, with makeshift cloth roofs

The vast majority of workers in Ratanakiri are employed in agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia |date=October 2020 |title=General Population Census of Cambodia 2019: National Report on Final Census Results |url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2025 |pages=222–223}}</ref> Most of the indigenous residents of Ratanakiri are subsistence farmers, practicing slash and burn shifting cultivation. (See Culture below for more information on traditional subsistence practices.) Many families are beginning to shift production to cash crops such as cashews, mangoes, and tobacco, a trend that has accelerated in recent years.<ref>{{harvnb|Levett|2007}}; {{harvnb|Suzuki|2005|p=10}}; {{harvnb|ADB|2008}}.</ref> Ratanakiri villagers have traditionally had little contact with the cash economy.<ref name=bann/> As of 1997, barter exchange remained widespread, and Khmer Loeu villagers tended to visit markets only once per year until quite recently.<ref name=bann/> In 2015, GDP per capita was US$2,794, up from $1,441 in 2005.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Development Programme |date=2019 |title=Human Development Report: Cambodia 2019 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/nhdrcambodia.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2015 |page=147}}</ref>

Larger-scale agriculture occurs on rubber and cashew plantations.<ref>{{harvnb|NGO Forum|2005|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110609083924/http://www.ngoforum.org.kh/Land/Docs/Indigenous/Rethinking/Part%20I.htm Part I]}}; {{harvnb|Ratanakiri Department of Planning|p=170}}.</ref> Other economic activities in the province include gem mining and commercial logging. The most abundant gem in Ratanakiri is blue zircon.<ref>{{harvnb|Zeug|Nasdala|Wanthanachaisaeng|Balmer|2018}}.</ref> Small quantities of amethyst, blue sapphire and Peridot are also produced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Zircon Mines And Blue Zircon |url=https://exploreratanakiri.com/others/zircon-gemstone-mines/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Explore Ratanakiri |language=de-DE}}</ref> Gems are generally mined using traditional methods, with individuals digging holes and tunnels and manually removing the gems; recently, however, commercial mining operations have been moving into the province.<ref>{{harvnb|AFP|2004}}; {{harvnb|Saroeun|Kyne|2001}}; {{harvnb|Calvet|2009b}}; {{harvnb|Dobbs|1994}}.</ref> Logging, particularly illegal logging, has been a problem both for environmental reasons and because of land alienation.<ref>{{harvnb|Dauvergne|2001|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oiTHZMVwc-0C&pg=PA119 119], [https://books.google.com/books?id=oiTHZMVwc-0C&pg=PA133 133]}}; {{harvnb|Kurczy|2009}}; {{harvnb|Ratha|Yun|Finney|2016}}.</ref> In 1997, an estimated 300,000 cubic meters of logs were exported illegally from Ratanakiri to Vietnam, compared to a legal limit of 36,000 cubic meters.<ref name=dennis>{{harvnb|Dennis|1999}}.</ref> John Dennis, a researcher for the Asian Development Bank, described the logging in Ratanakiri as a "human rights emergency".<ref name=dennis/>

A road in rural Ratanakiri|thumb|left|alt=An unpaved red dirt road passing through a forest in a mountainous landscape, with a house standing apart from the road to the left

Ratanakiri's tourist industry has rapidly expanded in recent years: visits to the province increased from 6,000 in 2002 to 105,000 in 2008 and 118,000 in 2011.<ref>{{harvnb|Kurczy|2009}}; {{harvnb|Council for the Development of Cambodia|2013|p=119}}.</ref> The region's tourism development strategy focuses on encouraging ecotourism.<ref name=tourism2>{{harvnb|Summers|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e5Az1lGCJwQC&pg=PA251 251]}}.</ref> Increasing tourism in Ratanakiri has been problematic because local communities receive very little income from tourism and because guides sometimes bring tourists to villages without residents' consent, disrupting traditional ways of life.<ref>{{harvnb|Baird|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FOEYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14]}}; {{harvnb|UNESCAP|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NYSDBtGasgoC&pg=PA29 29–30]}}.</ref> A few initiatives have sought to address these issues: a provincial tourism steering committee aims to ensure that tourism is non-destructive, and some programs provide English and tourism skills to indigenous people.<ref name=i2002-268>{{harvnb|Vinding|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RomJxg75MZMC&pg=RA1-PA268 268]}}.</ref>

Ox-cart and motorcycle are common means of transportation in Ratanakiri.<ref>{{harvnb|Thomas|2004}}.</ref> The provincial road system is better than in some parts of the country, but remains in somewhat bad condition.<ref>{{harvnb|Spooner|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-PpBn9xFJ5YC&pg=PA19 19]}}.</ref> National Road 78 between Banlung and the Vietnam border was built between 2007 and 2010; the road was expected to increase trade between Cambodia and Vietnam.<ref>{{harvnb|Communist Party of Vietnam|2010}}; {{harvnb|Sen|2007}}; {{harvnb|UNESCAP ("Project Profile...")|pp=1–4}}; {{harvnb|Communist Party of Vietnam|2010}}.</ref> There is a small airport in Banlung,<ref>{{harvnb|Palmer|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oR-Kmnj8wmAC&q=rattanakiri&pg=PA242 241]}}.</ref> but commercial flights to Ratanakiri have long been discontinued.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|Robinson|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E3pPhVSklJsC&pg=PA334 334]}}; {{harvnb|Ray|Bloom|2014}}.</ref>

==Demographics and towns== [[File:Tampuan Children.JPG|thumb|Tampuan children in Ratanakiri Province|alt=Six young children standing in front of a building with a woven wall]]

As of 2013, Ratanakiri Province had a population of approximately 184,000.<ref name=cips1011>{{harvnb|NISC|2014c|p=11}}.</ref> Its population nearly doubled between 1998 and 2013, largely due to internal migration.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014c|pp=11, 14–15}}; {{harvnb|NISC|2013a|p=17}}; {{harvnb|Van den Berg|Palith|2000|p=6}}.</ref> In 2013, Ratanakiri made up 1.3% of Cambodia's total population; its population density of 17.0 residents per square kilometer was just over one fifth the national average.<ref name=cips1011/> About 70% of the province's population lives in the highlands; of the other 30%, approximately half live in more urbanized towns, and half live along rivers and in the lowlands, where they practice wetland rice cultivation and engage in market activities.<ref name=bann/> Banlung, the provincial capital located in the central highlands, is by far the province's largest town, with a population of approximately 25,000.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|Robinson|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E3pPhVSklJsC&pg=PA292 292]}}.</ref> Other significant towns include Veun Sai in the north and Lomphat in the south, with populations of 2,000 and 3,000 respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|Robinson|2008|pp=296, 298}}.</ref>

In 2013, 37% of Ratanakiri residents were under age 15, 52% were age 15 to 49, 7% were age 50 to 64, and 3% were aged 65 or older; 49.7% of residents were male, and 50.3% were female.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2013b|p=30}}.</ref> Each household had an average of 4.9 members, and most households (85.6%) were headed by men.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014c|pp=15, 44}}.</ref>

While highland peoples have inhabited Ratanakiri for well over a millennium, lowland peoples have migrated to the province in the last 200 years.<ref name=bann/> As of 2013, various highland groups collectively called Khmer Loeu made up approximately half of Ratanakiri's population, ethnic Khmers made up 36%, and ethnic Lao made up 10%.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014a|pp=16, 97}}. Language is used as a proxy for ethnicity.</ref> Within the Khmer Loeu population, 35% were Tampuan as of 1996, 24% were Jarai, 23% were Kreung, 11% were Brou, 3% were Kachok, and 3% were Kavet, with other groups making up the remaining one percent.<ref>{{harvnb|ADB|2002|p=6}}.</ref> There are also very small Vietnamese, Cham, and Chinese minorities.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014a|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Van den Berg|Palith|2000|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Sisovanna|2012|pp=63, 65}}.</ref> Though the official language of Ratanakiri (like all of Cambodia) is Khmer, each indigenous group speaks its own language.<ref>{{harvnb|Constitution of Cambodia|loc=Article 5}}; {{harvnb|Tyler|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA34 34]}}.</ref> As of 2006, less than 10% of Ratanakiri's indigenous population could speak Khmer fluently.<ref name="clayton">{{harvnb|Clayton|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0iJD7lZR8WYC&pg=PA104 104]}}.</ref>

==Health, education, and development== {{see also|Health in Ratanakiri Province}} Health indicators in Ratanakiri have been improving rapidly but remain relatively poor by Cambodian standards.<ref name=":0" /> In 2015, life expectancy was 61.9, up from 41.2 in 2005.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2010, 10.6% of children died before the age of five in Ratanakiri and neighboring Mondulkiri, and 55% of children had moderately to severely stunted growth.<ref>{{harvnb|Hubbel|2007|p=34}}; {{harvnb|WFP}}; {{harvnb|Riddell|2006|p=258}}; {{harvnb|Directorate General for Health}}.</ref> Ratanakiri residents' historically poor health can be attributed to a variety of factors, including poverty, remoteness of villages, poor quality medical services, and language and cultural barriers that prevent Khmer Loeu from obtaining medical care.<ref>{{harvnb|Hubbel|2007|pp=34, 36}}; {{harvnb|Riddell|2006|p=258}}.</ref> As of 2006, the province had two hospitals, 14 health centers, and 15 health posts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Ministry of Health Health Equity and Quality Improvement Program (H-EQIP), 2016 - 2020 Supplemental Indigenous Peoples' and Ethnic Minority Consultations |url=https://hismohcambodia.org/public/fileupload/social_health_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921043759/https://hismohcambodia.org/public/fileupload/social_health_en.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-21 |website=hismohcambodia.org}}</ref> The Ratanakiri Provincial Referral Hospital lacks sufficient staff and equipment for major surgeries, for which transfer to urban hospitals is required.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Taking the First Step to Build a Network among Regional Hospitals |url=https://www.fidr.or.jp/english/report/20241206_eng.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.fidr.or.jp |language=ja}}</ref>

left|A village school in Ratanakiri|thumb|alt=Small white building standing in a field of red earth. A cow wanders in the foreground. As of 2024, Ratanakiri had 259 primary schools, 23 lower secondary schools, and seven upper secondary schools—a significant increase from 1998, when there were 76 primary schools, one lower secondary school, and one upper secondary school.<ref>{{harvnb|Ratanakiri Department of Planning|p=6}}; {{Cite web |last=Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport |date=March 11, 2024 |title=General Education Improvement Project (P174335) and Additional Financing (P181347): Environmental and Social Management Framework |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099031324173035172}}</ref> 65.3% of adults in Ratanakiri were literate as of 2019, compared to 84.5% in Cambodia overall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia |date=October 2020 |title=General Population Census of Cambodia 2019: National Report on Final Census Results |url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2025 |page=209}}</ref> In 2015, residents had on average 3.4 years of schooling, up from 0.2 years in 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Access to education has historically been limited in Ratanakiri because of the expense of books, distance to schools, children's need to contribute to their families' livelihood, frequent absence of teachers, and instruction that is culturally inappropriate and in a language foreign to most students.<ref>{{harvnb|Hubbel|2007|p=36}}.</ref> Bilingual education initiatives, in which students begin instruction in native languages and gradually transition to instruction in Khmer, began in Ratanakiri in 2002 and appear to have been successful.<ref>{{harvnb|Clayton|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0iJD7lZR8WYC&pg=PA104 104]}}; {{harvnb|Kosonen|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aP3iylRYWywC&pg=PT135 125]}}.</ref>

Ratanakiri is one of the least developed provinces in Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Development Programme |date=2019 |title=Human Development Report: Cambodia 2019 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/nhdrcambodia.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2015 |page=32}}</ref> As of 2013, only 14.9% of buildings in the province had permanent roofs, walls, and flooring.<ref>{{harvnb|NISC|2014b|pp=18, 23}}.</ref> As of 2019, the average home had approximately 2.0 rooms,<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia |date=October 2020 |title=General Population Census of Cambodia 2019: National Report on Final Census Results |url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2025 |page=232}}</ref> and about 51.2% of households had toilet facilities of any kind.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia |date=October 2020 |title=General Population Census of Cambodia 2019: National Report on Final Census Results |url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2025 |page=230}}</ref> The most common sources of water were rivers, springs, dams or lakes (19.5% of households), protected wells (17.1%), and unprotected wells (14.2%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia |date=October 2020 |title=General Population Census of Cambodia 2019: National Report on Final Census Results |url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2025 |page=231}}</ref> The most common source of light was battery power (53.1%), followed by government-provided power (41.2%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia |date=October 2020 |title=General Population Census of Cambodia 2019: National Report on Final Census Results |url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2025 |page=228}}</ref> Most households (79.2%) used firewood as the main fuel for cooking.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia |date=October 2020 |title=General Population Census of Cambodia 2019: National Report on Final Census Results |url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2025 |page=229}}</ref> A variety of NGOs, including Oxfam and Health Unlimited, work to improve health and living conditions in the province.<ref>{{harvnb|Riska}}.</ref>

==Culture== {{see also|Khmer Loeu|Culture of Cambodia}} Khmer Loeu typically practice subsistence slash and burn shifting cultivation in small villages of between 20 and 60 nuclear families.<ref>{{harvnb|Bourdier|2006|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA354 354]}}.</ref> Each village collectively owns and governs a forest territory whose boundaries are known though not marked.<ref>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA354 354]}}; {{harvnb|ADB|2008}}.</ref> Within this land, each family is allocated, on average, 1–2 hectares (2.5–5 acres) of actively cultivated land and 5–6 hectares (12.5–15 acres) of fallow land.<ref name=montagnards>{{harvnb|Jones|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oKSIm4CreP8C 44]}}.</ref> The ecologically sustainable cultivation cycle practiced by the Khmer Loeu generally lasts 10 to 15 years.<ref name=samath354>{{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA354 354]}}.</ref> Villagers supplement their agricultural livelihood with low-intensity hunting, fishing, and gathering over a large area.<ref name=samath354/>

Khmer Loeu diets in Ratanakiri are largely dictated by the food that is available for harvesting or gathering.<ref name=food>{{harvnb|Health Unlimited|2002}}; {{harvnb|Hamade|2003}}.</ref> Numerous food taboos also limit food choice, particularly among pregnant women, children, and the sick.<ref name=taboo>{{harvnb|Health Unlimited|2002}}.</ref> The primary staple grain is rice, though most families experience rice shortages during the six months before harvest time.<ref name=food14>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=14}}.</ref> Some families have begun to plant maize to alleviate this problem; other sources of grain include potatoes, cassava, and taro.<ref name=food14/> Most Khmer Loeu diets are low in protein, which is limited in availability.<ref name=food13>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=13}}.</ref> Wild game and fish are major protein sources, and smaller animals such as rats, wild chickens, and insects are also sometimes eaten.<ref name=food13/> Domestic animals such as pigs, cows, and buffaloes are only eaten when sacrifices are made.<ref name=food13/> In the rainy season, many varieties of vegetables and leaves are gathered from the forest.<ref name=food14/> (Vegetables are generally not cultivated.<ref name=food14/>) Commonly eaten fruits include bananas, jackfruit, papayas, and mangoes.<ref name=food16>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=16}}.</ref>

[[File:Kreung meeting house.jpg|Meeting house in a Kreung village near Banlung|thumb|alt=A stilted building with woven walls]] Houses in rural Ratanakiri are made from bamboo, rattan, wood, saek, and kanma leaves, all of which are collected from nearby forests; they typically last for around three years.<ref name=bann/> Village spatial organization varies by ethnic group.<ref name="brown12"/> Kreung villages are constructed in a circular manner, with houses facing inwards toward a central meeting house.<ref name="brown12"/> In Jarai villages, vast longhouses are inhabited by all extended families, with the inner house divided into smaller compartments.<ref name="brown12"/> Tampuan villages may follow either pattern.<ref name="brown12"/>

Nearly all Khmer Loeu are animist, and their cosmologies are intertwined with the natural world.<ref>{{harvnb|Tyler|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA34 34]}}; {{harvnb|Samath|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zvf_BS4zv_AC&pg=PA354 354]}}.</ref> Some forests are believed to be inhabited by local spirits, and local taboos forbid cutting in those areas.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=9}}; {{harvnb|Poffenberger|1999|loc=ch. 4–5}}.</ref> Within spirit forests, certain natural features such as rock formations, waterfalls, pools, and vegetation are sacred.<ref name=cfi9>{{harvnb|Brown|2006|p=9}}.</ref> Major sacrificial festivals in Ratanakiri occur during March and April, when fields are selected and prepared for the new planting season.<ref name=food5>{{harvnb|Hamade|2003|p=5}}.</ref> Christian missionaries are present in the province, and some Khmer Loeu have converted to Christianity.<ref>{{harvnb|Baird|2009}}; {{harvnb|Calvet|2009a}}; {{harvnb|AIPP|2006}}.</ref> Indigenous community representatives have described the missionaries as a major threat to their society.<ref>{{harvnb|AIPP|2006}}.</ref> The region's ethnic Khmer are Buddhist.<ref>{{harvnb|John|Phalla|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vN524v5qXhoC&pg=PA34 34]}}; {{harvnb|Short|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XW24koscGMkC&pg=PA171 171]}}.</ref> There is also a small Muslim community, consisting mainly of ethnic Cham.<ref>{{harvnb|Calvet|2009a}}.</ref>

Because of the province's high prevalence of malaria and its distance from regional centers, Ratanakiri was isolated from Western influences until the late 20th century.<ref name=geography115>{{harvnb|Fox|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FgkLncvMsC&pg=PA115 115]}}.</ref> Major cultural shifts have occurred in recent years however, particularly in villages near roads and district towns; these changes have been attributed to contact with internal immigrants, government officials, and NGO workers.<ref name=on19>{{harvnb|Van den Berg|Palith|2000|p=19}}.</ref> Clothing and diets are becoming more standardized, and traditional music is being displaced by Khmer music.<ref name=on19/> Many villagers have also observed a loss of respect for elders and a growing divide between the young and the old.<ref name=on19/> Young people have begun to refuse to abide by traditional rules and have stopped believing in spirits.<ref name=on19/>

== Notable people ==

* Pao Ham Phan, former provincial governor of Ratanakiri

==References== ===Notes=== {{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

===Works cited=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite web |title=1999–2000 Provincial Development Plan |url=http://mirror.undp.org/carere/database/carlib/docs/dpl/PRO/Rat/0000400.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724203250/http://mirror.undp.org/carere/database/carlib/docs/dpl/PRO/Rat/0000400.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |publisher=Ratanakiri Department of Planning |ref={{harvid|Ratanakiri Department of Planning}}}} * {{Cite web |title=2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey Fact Sheet |url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/GF22/GF22.pdf |access-date=14 July 2015 |publisher=Cambodia Directorate General for Health |ref={{harvid|Directorate General for Health}}}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.stat.go.jp/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/a02_tbl.pdf |title=Annex 1 |publisher=Cambodia National Institute of Statistics |access-date=21 July 2015 |ref={{harvid|National Institute of Statistics ("Annex 1")}}}} * {{cite news |last=Austin |first=Gordon |display-authors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413124913/http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/nov05/mining.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2010 |url=http://www.colored-stone.com/stories/nov05/mining.cfm |title=World Mining Report |newspaper=Colored Stone |date=November–December 2005}} * {{Cite journal |last=Baird |first=Ian G. |date=2009 |title=Identities and Space. 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==External links== *{{commons category-inline|Ratanakiri Province}}

{{Geographic location |Centre = Ratanakiri Province |North = Attapeu Province, {{flag|Laos}} |Northeast = Kon Tum Province, {{flag|Vietnam}} |East = |Southeast = Gia Lai Province, {{flag|Vietnam}} |South = Mondulkiri Province |Southwest = |West = Stung Treng Province |Northwest = }}

Category:Ratanakiri province Category:States and territories established in 1959