Anton Raphael Mengs

{{Redirect|Mengs}}{{Infobox person | image = File:Mengs, Selbstbildnis.jpg | caption = ''Self-Portrait'', {{circa|1775}}, Uffizi, Florence | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1728|3|12}} | birth_place = Ústí nad Labem, Bohemia, Habsburg Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1779|6|29|1728|3|12}} | death_place = Rome, Papal States | occupation = Painter | movement = Neoclassical | children = Anna Maria Mengs | father = Ismael Mengs | relatives = Therese Mengs (sister)<br />Julia Charlotte Mengs (sister) }}

'''Anton Raphael Mengs''' (12 March 1728<ref>{{cite web| title = Anton Raphael Mengs (Bohemian painter) | url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374980/Anton-Raphael-Mengs | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date = 30 March 2012}}</ref> – 29 June 1779) was a German Neoclassical painter.

==Early life== thumb|''Self-portrait'', 1744 Mengs was born on 12 March 1728, at Ústí nad Labem in the Kingdom of Bohemia, the son of Ismael Mengs, a Danish-born painter who eventually established himself at Dresden, where the court of Electorate of Saxony and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth electors and kings was. His older sister, Therese Concordia Maron, was also a painter, as was his younger sister, Julia.<ref>[https://www.pastellists.com/Articles/MENGSj.pdf Jeffares, Neil. "Mengs, Julia Charlotte", ''Dictionary of pastellists before 1800'', July 30, 2020]</ref>

His and Therese's births in Bohemia were mere coincidence. Their mother was not their father's wife; Ismael carried on a years-long affair with the family's housekeeper, Charlotte Bormann. In an effort to conceal the births of two illegitimate children, Ismael took Charlotte, under the pretext of "vacations", to the nearest bigger town abroad, Ústí nad Labem (90 km upstream of the Elbe river). At least in Anton's case, Ismael Mengs took his baby and Charlotte back to Dresden a few weeks after the birth. There they lived for the next 13 years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Polt |first=John H. R. |editor-last=Font |editor-first=Jordi Aladró |title=Homenaje a Don Luis Monguió |series= Hispanic monographs: Series Homenajes 13 |publisher=Juan de la Cuesta |location=Newark, Delaware |date=1997 |pages=351–374 |chapter=Anton Raphael Mengs in Spanish Literature |chapter-url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/anton-raphael-mengs-in-spanish-literature-0/html/ffff658a-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html |isbn=978-0-936388-82-3}}</ref>

In 1741, Ismael moved his family from Dresden to Rome, where he copied in miniature some works of Raphael for the Elector of Saxony, which were intended for Dresden.<ref name=Williamson>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10189a.htm Williamson, George. "Anthon Rafael Mengs." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 21 July 2023 {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Adulthood== In 1749, Anton Raphael Mengs was appointed the first painter to Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony, but this did not prevent him from continuing to spend much of his time in Rome. There he married Margarita Guazzi, who had sat for him as a model in 1748. In 1749, Mengs accepted a commission from the Duke of Northumberland to make a copy, in oil on canvas, of Raphael's fresco ''The School of Athens'' for his London home. Executed in 1752–5, Mengs's painting is full-sized, but he adapted the composition to a rectangular format and added other figures. It is now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum.<ref>{{cite web|title=The School of Athens (after Raphael)|publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/pdf/O89799/the-school-of-athens-after-oil-painting-mengs-anton-raphael/|access-date=3 July 2014|archive-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806172540/http://collections.vam.ac.uk/pdf/O89799/the-school-of-athens-after-oil-painting-mengs-anton-raphael/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He converted to Catholicism, and in 1754 he became director of the Vatican painting school.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In 1757, Mengs painted a superb fresco on the dome of the church of Sant'Eusebio in Rome. His fresco painting ''Parnassus'' at Villa Albani gained him a reputation as a master painter.<ref name=Williamson/>

On two occasions he accepted invitations from Charles III of Spain to go to Madrid, first in 1761.<ref name=Williamson/> There he produced some of his best work, most notably the ceiling of the banqueting hall of the Royal Palace of Madrid, the subject of which was the ''Triumph of Trajan'' and the ''Temple of Glory.'' After the completion of this work in 1777, Mengs returned to Rome, where he died two years later, in poor circumstances, leaving twenty children, seven of whom were pensioned by the king of Spain.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Mengs, Antony Raphael|volume=18|page=129}}</ref>

Mengs died in Rome in June 1779 and was buried there in the Church of Santi Michele e Magno.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Dr. Hans W. |title=Stories of the german artists. |date=2010 |publisher=Wildside Press |isbn=978-1-4344-0687-3 |location=[Place of publication not identified] |pages=263 |oclc=942891996}}</ref>

==Career== [[File:Anton Raphael Mengs - Self Portrait - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|left|''Self-Portrait'', 1774 (on display at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool) ]]

His portraits and self-portraits show an attention to detail and insight often lost in his grander paintings.{{cn|date=March 2020}} His closeness to Johann Joachim Winckelmann<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/search.html|title=Web Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1000–1900)|work=wga.hu}}</ref> has enhanced his historical importance. Mengs came to share Winckelmann's enthusiasm for classical antiquity, and worked to establish the dominance of Neoclassical painting over the then popular Rococo style. At the same time, however, the influence of the Roman Baroque remained strong in his work, particularly in his religious paintings. He would have fancied himself the first neoclassicist, while, in fact, he may be the last flicker of Baroque art. Rudolf Wittkower wrote: "In the last analysis, he is as much an end as a beginning".<ref>Wittkower, p 469</ref> Goethe regretted that "so much learning should have been allied to a total want of initiative and poverty of invention, and embodied with a strained and artificial mannerism."<ref>Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, ''Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert''</ref> [[File:Mengs grave Rome.jpg|thumbnail|Mengs's grave in Rome]] [[File:Dolorosa (Museo Ibercaja Camón Aznar).jpg|thumb|''Our Lady of Sorrows'' (1765–1769), Museo Camón Aznar]] Mengs had a well-known rivalry with the contemporary Italian painter Pompeo Batoni. He was also a friend of Giacomo Casanova. Casanova provides accounts of his personality and contemporary reputation through anecdotes in his ''Histoire de ma vie''. Among his pupils in Italy were Anton von Maron (Antonio Maron; (Vienna, 1731- Naples, 1761).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KdVAAAAcAAJ Supplemento alla Serie dei trecento elogi e ritratti degli uomini i più illustri in Pittura, Scultura, e Architettura.] by Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi, published by Stamperia Allegrini, Pisoni, e comp, Florence (1776); column 1368–1369.</ref> His pupils in Spain included Agustín Esteve, Francisco Bayeu and Mariano Salvador Maella.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiepolo |first=Giovanni Battista |title=Giambattista Tiepolo, 1696-1770 |date=1996 |others=Keith Christiansen, Museo del Settecento veneziano, Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=0-87099-811-0 |location=New York |pages=246 |oclc=34958654}}</ref>

Besides numerous paintings in Madrid, the ''Ascension'' and ''St Joseph'' at Dresden, ''Perseus and Andromeda'' at Saint Petersburg, and the ceiling of the Villa Albani are among his chief works.<ref name="EB1911"/> A ''Noli me tangere'' was commissioned as an altar-piece by All Souls College, Oxford, and is now held in the National Gallery, London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/anton-raphael-mengs-noli-me-tangere |title=Noli me tangere |website=The National Gallery |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913101751/https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/anton-raphael-mengs-noli-me-tangere |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another altar-piece was installed in Magdalen College, Oxford.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

===Theoretical writings=== Mengs wrote about art in Spanish, Italian, and German. His friendship with Winckelmann notwithstanding, Mengs was little influenced by Winckelmann's ideas; the basis of his extensive writings on art is to be found in the traditional theories that go back to Bellori.<ref>Goldwater, Robert, and Treves, Marco, eds. ''Artists on Art, from the XIV to the XX Century''. Rev. edn., New York: Pantheon Books, 1947, pp. 244-5.</ref> He reveals an eclectic theory of art that sees perfection as attainable through a well-balanced fusion of diverse excellences: Greek design combined with the expression of Raphael, the chiaroscuro of Correggio, and the colour of Titian.<ref name="EB1911"/> All his theories and opinions (as well as biography) are in his 646 paged works, which were translated into English. <ref> The works of Anthony Raphael Mengs. First painter to his Catholic Majesty Charles III. Translated from the Italian. 1796. accessed 12/28/2025 from https://archive.org/details/worksofanthonyra00meng </ref>

== Selected works == * ''Ascension'' (Dresden, Court Church), 1751/1766 * ''St Joseph'' (Dresden, Court Church), 1751/1766 * ''The Glory of Saint Eusebius'' (ceiling fresco, Sant'Eusebio, Rome), 1757 (modello, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Canada Ottawa) * ''Portrait of Ferdinand I'' (National Museum of Capodimonte, Naples, Italy), 1759 * ''Charles III'' (Museo del Prado, Madrid), 1761 * ''Infante Don Louis de Borbon'' (Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio)

==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed" heights="190"> File:Anton Raphael Mengs, Prince of Asturias, Future Charles IV of Spain (са 1765) - 02.jpg|''Prince of Asturias, Future Charles IV of Spain'' (са. 1765) File:Anton Raphael Mengs - Infantin Maria Ludovica (1745-1792), Gemahlin von Leopold II.jpg|''Portrait of Maria Luisa of Spain'' File:Mengs, Helios als Personifikation des Mittages.jpg|''Helios as Personification of Midday'' (ca. 1765) File:Anton Raphael Mengs - St. John the Baptist Preaching in the Wilderness - Google Art Project.jpg|''St. John the Baptist Preaching in the Wilderness'' File:Mengs, Diana als Personifikation der Nacht.jpg|''Diana as Personification of the Night'' (ca. 1765) File:Anton Rafael Mengs - Retrato de la marquesa de Llano - Google Art Project.jpg|''La marquesa de Llano'' (ca. 1775) File:Anton Raphael Mengs 017.jpg|''Saint Peter'' File:Anton Raphael Mengs, The Triumph of History over Time (Allegory of the Museum Clementinum), ceiling fresco in the Camera dei Papiri, Vatican Library, 1772 - M0tty.jpg|''The Triumph of History over Time'', ceiling Vatican Library. File:William Burton Conyngham.jpg|''Portrait of William Burton Conyngham'' (1733–1796) File:Anton Raphael Mengs - The Dream of St. Joseph - Google Art Project.jpg|''The Dream of St. Joseph'' (ca. 1774) File:Johann Joachim Winckelmann (Raphael Mengs after 1755).jpg|''Johann Joachim Winckelmann'' at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (ca. 1777) File:“Portrait of a Lady”.webp|''Portrait of an Elegant Lady'' (1775), Germany File:Anton Raphael Mengs - Maria mit dem Kind und zwei Engeln - GG 126 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|''Madonna with Child and Two Angels'' (1770–1773), Kunsthistorisches Museum File:Mengs, Jupiter küsst Ganymed.jpg|''Jupiter Kissing Ganymede (''1760), Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==Sources== * {{cite book|first= Rudolf|last= Wittkower|year=1993|title= Pelican History of Art|chapter= Art and Architecture Italy, 1600–1750|others=1980|pages= 469|publisher= Penguin Books Ltd|author-link=Rudolf Wittkower }} * {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Anthon Rafael Mengs}} * [http://www.pastellists.com Neil Jeffares, Dictionary of pastellists before 1800, online edition] * [http://www.wikigallery.org/wiki/artist33817/Anton-Raphael-Mengs/page-1 Paintings by Anton Raphael Mengs at WikiGallery.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519103400/http://www.wikigallery.org/wiki/artist33817/Anton-Raphael-Mengs/page-1 |date=19 May 2019 }}

== External links == {{Commons}} *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/59328/rec/1 ''Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution''], a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mengs (see index) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070246/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/collections/18c/mengs.aspx 'Self-portrait' (1774)] at the [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool] * [http://www.abcgallery.com/M/mengs/mengs13.html 'Portrait of Charles III'] (1761) at the Museo del Prado * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Mengs, Raphael|short=x}} * [https://www.delamano.eu/artist/anton-raphael-mengs/ Scholarly articles] in English about Anton Raphael Mengs both in web and [https://www.delamano.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/8-MENGS-trinidad.pdf PDF] @ the [https://www.delamano.eu/ Spanish Old Masters Gallery]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mengs, Anton Raphael}} Category:1728 births Category:1779 deaths Category:German people of Danish descent Category:German male painters Category:18th-century German painters Category:German neoclassical painters Category:Artists from Ústí nad Labem Category:German Roman Catholics Category:Neoclassical painters Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism Category:Catholic painters