{{Short description|Greek-American philosopher}} {{Infobox philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era = Contemporary philosophy |school_tradition = Analytic |name = Raphael Demos |image = Raphael Demos.jpg |caption = Demos in 1927 |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1892|1|23}} |birth_place = Smyrna, Aidin Vilayet, Ottoman Empire |death_date = {{death date and age|1968|8|8|1892|1|23}} |death_place = aboard ship, en route to the U.S. |main_interests = Moral philosophy |institutions = Harvard University |education = Harvard University (PhD, 1916) |notable_ideas = |thesis_title = The Definition of Judgment |thesis_url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76981226 |thesis_year = 1916 |doctoral_advisor = Alfred North Whitehead |academic_advisors = Bertrand Russell |doctoral_students = Donald Davidson |notable_students = Martin Luther King Jr. }} '''Raphael Demos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|oʊ|s}}; {{langx|el|Ραφαήλ Δήμου}};{{efn|{{IPA|el|ˈðimu|lang}}}} January 23, 1892 – August 8, 1968) was a Greek-American philosopher. He was Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity at Harvard University and an authority on the work of Plato. At Harvard, he taught Martin Luther King Jr.
== Early life == Demos was born to Ottoman Greek parents at Smyrna (now Izmir), in the Ottoman Empire, on January 23, 1892.<ref>[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095709912 Raphael Demos.] Oxford Reference. Retrieved 14 November 2016.</ref><ref name="Shook">{{cite book|author=Shook, John R. (Ed.)|title=The Bloomsbury encyclopedia of philosophers in America: From 1600 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjM0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA249|year=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4725-7056-7|page=249}}</ref> His father had been converted to evangelical Christianity by missionaries and had become an evangelical minister.<ref name="Feinb">{{cite book|author=Feinberg, Barry, & Ronald Kasrils.|title=Bertrand Russell's America: His transatlantic travels and writings. Volume One 1896–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD3v67J3RxwC&pg=PA40|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-1-135-09955-8|page=40}}</ref> Demos was brought up in Istanbul, and earned his A.B. degree in 1910 from Anatolia College in Marsovan.<ref name="Shook" />
According to the recollections of Bertrand Russell, Demos saved up and traveled steerage to the United States specifically to improve his education, having read all the books available to him at home.<ref name="Shook" /> Arriving in Boston in 1913 without money, he first worked as a waiter in a restaurant<ref name="Shook" /> and then as a janitor in the Harvard student halls of residence in order to fund his tuition at the university.<ref name="Monk" /> He studied under Bertrand Russell, who was temporarily at Harvard, and Russell found Demos to be one of his best students and was impressed by his enthusiasm for philosophy which he found refreshing.<ref name="Feinb" /><ref name="Monk">{{cite book|author=Monk, Ray|title=Bertrand Russell: The spirit of solitude 1872–1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzssomBIDRIC&pg=PA350|year=1996|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-684-82802-2|page=350}}</ref> Demos obtained his PhD in 1916 for a dissertation titled ''The Definition of Judgment''.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76981226 ''The definition of judgment''] WorldCat. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref> He was naturalized as an American citizen in 1921.<ref name="Shook" /><ref>[https://www.fold3.com/document/14640002/ Raphael Demos › Petition for Naturalization.] fold3. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref>
== Family == Demos married Jean and they had a son, John Demos, who attended Harvard University and became a noted historian at Yale University, and a daughter, Penny, who attended Radcliffe College. Jean was on the staff of the New England Conservatory of Music from where she later received an honorary doctor of music degree.<ref>[http://necmusic.edu/honorary-doctor-music NEC Honorary Doctor of Music Degree.] New England Conservatory of Music. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref> Demos's sister, Dorothy Demetracopoulou, graduated from Vassar College in 1927.<ref name=vass>[http://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/cgi-bin/vassar?a=d&d=miscellany19340411-01.2.27 RAPHAEL DEMOS TO LECTURE ON PLATO'S SOCIAL PROGRAM.] ''The Vassar Miscellany News'', Volume XVIII, No. 39, 11 April 1934, p. 4.</ref>
== Career == Demos began his academic career at Harvard as an assistant in philosophy in 1916–17, rising to assistant professor in 1926. He studied at the University of Cambridge in 1918–19.<ref name="Shook" /> Demos was credited by Alfred North Whitehead in the preface of ''Science and the Modern World'' (1925) for reading proofs and "for the suggestion of many improvements in expression."<ref>Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, 1925, p.ix.</ref> He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1927, awarded for "a study of the philosophy of evolution and social philosophy, principally in Paris, France",<ref name=gf>[http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/raphael-demos/ Raphael Demos.] John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref> for which he studied at the University of Paris in 1928–29.<ref name="Shook" /> In 1934, Demos lectured on Plato's social program, arguing that Fascism and Communism had their roots in his philosophy.<ref name=vass /> He became Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity in 1945 in succession to William E. Hocking and he was a member of the Doty committee which produced the report, ''General Education in a Free Society'', completed the same year. He was a fellow of Adams House.<ref name=crim>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1968/8/13/professor-raphael-demos-77-dies-praphael/ Professor Raphael Demos, 77, Dies.] ''The Harvard Crimson'', 13 August 1968. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref> In 1956, he received an award from the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as from the American Philosophy Association in 1959 and the Littauer Foundation in 1960.<ref name="Shook" /> He also taught at the Harvard Extension School.<ref name=gates>{{Citation | title = The Gates Unbarred: A History of University Extension at Harvard, 1910–2009| year = 2010 | author = Shinagel, Michael | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0674051355|page=52}}</ref>
Demos retired from Harvard in 1962 after which he taught at Vanderbilt University in 1962–63 and 1964–67. He taught at McGill University in Montreal in 1963–64.<ref name=crim />
In May 1963, Demos wrote to Martin Luther King Jr. asking whether King had ever been a student of his at Harvard. King replied to say that he had attended the university for two years as a special student and taken Demos's course on the Philosophy of Plato in 1952–53 for which he had received a B from Demos.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ireland|first=Corydon|date=January 16, 2013|title=When King came to Harvard|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/01/when-king-came-to-harvard/|access-date=2020-07-29|publisher=Harvard Gazette}}</ref> Coincidentally, King's wife, Coretta, had studied with Demos's wife Jean at the New England Conservatory of Music.<ref>[http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/letter-mlk-dr-raphael-demos Letter from MLK to Dr. Raphael Demos 19 July 1963.] The King Centre. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref><ref>John J. Ansbro, ''Martin Luther King, Jr: Nonviolent Strategies and Tactics for Social Change'', Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, p. 16.</ref>
== Death and legacy == Demos died of a heart attack on 8 August 1968 while on board the S.S. ''Anna Maria'' returning to the United States.<ref name="crim" /> Since 1967, he had been living in Athens with his wife, teaching philosophy at College Year in Athens, where he also served as Academic Director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-06 |title=New York Times Article on Raphael Demos & The Importance of Philosophy - CYA - College Year in Athens |url=https://cyathens.org/monthly-news/new-york-times-article-on-raphael-demos-the-importance-of-philosophy/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> His papers relating to Aristotle are held in the archives of Harvard University.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76973018 Papers of Raphael Demos, ca. 1950-ca. 1969 (inclusive).] WorldCat. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</ref> A volume of essays in Demos's honour was issued in 2016.
== Selected publications == *''The Dialogues of Plato''. Random House, New York, 1920. (Introduction) (Translated by Benjamin Jowett) *''Plato selections''. C. Scribner's Sons, New York, 1927. (Editor) (The Modern Student's Library) *''Complete works of Plato''. 1936. (Editor) *''[https://archive.org/details/philosophyofplat001587mbp The philosophy of Plato.]'' Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1939. *"Business and the good society", ''Harvard Business Review'', July–August 1955. *"The neo-Hellenic enlightenment (1750–1821): A general survey", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. XIX, No. 4 (October 1958), pp. 523–541.
== Notes == {{notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
== Further reading == *Andriopoulos, D. Z. (2016) ''The idea of Agathon: In honour of Raphael Demos, professor at Harvard University''. Athens: Philosophical Inquiry.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Demos, Raphael}} Category:1892 births Category:1968 deaths Category:Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty Category:Smyrniote Greeks Category:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire Category:American scholars of ancient Greek philosophy Category:Plato scholars Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Scholars of Greek mythology and religion Category:American people of Greek descent Category:Harvard Extension School faculty Category:20th-century American people of Greek descent Category:20th-century American philosophers