Ranchu

{{Italic title}} {{Short description|Fancy goldfish}} {{Infobox goldfish breed | name = ''Ranchū'' | image = Goldfish Ranchu 2.jpg | country = Japan | type = Fantailed | aga = | bas = https://www.goldfish-types.info/goldfish-types/ranchu/ranchu.htm }}

The {{nihongo|'''''Ranchū'''''|蘭鋳, 蘭虫, 卵虫||"Dutch worm"}}, also '''''Maruko''''',<ref name="Wolf">{{cite book |last1=Wolf |first1=Herman |title=Goldfish Breeds and Other Aquarium Fishes, Their Care and Propagation: A Guide to Freshwater and Marine Aquaria, Their Fauna, Flora and Management. With 280 Explanatory Illustrations, Printed with the Text |date=1908 |publisher=Innes & sons |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924001144652/page/n86 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924001144652}}</ref> is a hooded variety of goldfish native to Japan, which lacks a dorsal fin.<ref name="Andrews">Andrews, Dr. Chris. "An Interpet Guide to Fancy Goldfish", Interpet Publishing, 2002. - {{ISBN|1-902389-64-6}}</ref> It is referred to as the "king of goldfish" by the Japanese.<ref name="GFSA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldfishpages.com/Articles/GFSAAsktheJudgesRanchus.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053042/http://www.goldfishpages.com/Articles/GFSAAsktheJudgesRanchus.pdf|title=GFSA - Ask the Judges|first1=Larry |last1=Christensen |first2=Peter |last2=Ponzio |first3=Scott |last3=Taylor |first4=Tony |last4=Reynolds|first5=John |last5=Parker|publisher=Goldfish Society of America|archive-date=October 14, 2018|website=golfishpages.com}}</ref> ''Maruko'' more commonly refers to the egg-fish goldfish.<ref name="Bristol">{{cite web |title=EGGFISH |url=https://www.goldfish-types.info/goldfish-types/eggfish/eggfish.htm |website=Bristol Aquarists' Society |accessdate=13 October 2018}}</ref>

==Breed origin== The ''ranchū'' is a member of the Japanese development of the lionhead.<ref name="Andrews" /> They are the direct outcome of crossbreeding experiments with Chinese lionhead specimens.<ref name="GFSA" />

<gallery> Image:Ranchu.JPG|Orange ''ranchū'' Image:Black Ranchu.jpg|Black ''ranchū'' Image:Blue Ranchu.jpg|Blue ''ranchū'' </gallery>

==Morphology== ''Ranchū'' have egg-shaped bodies and deep bellies – between 5/8 to 3/4 the length of the fish. These goldfish have no dorsal fin. Breeding standards require that the back should not have any vestiges of the dorsal fin on it. The back should be rounded, not flat like a lionhead. The area of the caudal peduncle should curve sharply downwards to meet the tail. The caudal peduncle itself is broad. A properly formed caudal peduncle avoids swimming motion impairments. The ''ranchū'' tail meets the caudal peduncle at a 45-degree angle, giving the fish a unique swimming motion. The tail lobes are rounded, and all other fins are paired.<ref name="GFSA" />

Compared to lionheads, ''ranchū'' have a particularly down-turned tail and tail fin.<ref name="Andrews" /> ''Ranchū'' have arched backs and much shorter tails, which are tucked in at a 45-degree angle.<ref name="Johnson">Johnson, Dr. Erik L., D.V.M. and Richard E. Hess. "Fancy Goldfish: A Complete Guide to Care and Collecting", Weatherhill, Shambhala Publications, Inc., 2006. - {{ISBN|0-8348-0448-4}}</ref>

''Ranchū'''s most prominent feature are their heads. Sufficient space between the eyes, and also from the eyes to the front of the head must be preserved. The gill cover should extend towards the tail. The head growth should seem to begin from the bottom of the gill cover and move upward.<ref name="Johnson" /> The head growths (wen) of ''ranchū'' fry may take at least a year to develop.<ref name=" Andrews" /> Fry possessing broad foreheads and square noses generally produce better wens.<ref name="Johnson" /> Mature ''ranchū'' can reach between 6 and 8 inches (15 to 20 centimeters) in length.

They may come in orange, red, white, grey and brown, as well as combinations of these colors. Scalation may either be metallic, nacreous (calico) or matte.<ref name="GFSA" /><ref name="Johnson" /> ''Ranchū'' with pale-yellow bodies and bright red heads are rare.<ref name="GFSA" />

They are well-adapted to fluctuations in pH levels and water quality.<ref name="Johnson" /> thumb|Top-view ''ranchū'' from the USA

==Classification, deportment and conformation== Japanese, Thai, American, and British ''ranchu'' breeders, as well as many goldfish societies, adhere to two strict viewing classifications, namely the top-view ''ranchū'' comportment and the side-view selection criteria.<ref name="GFSA" /><ref name="Johnson" /><ref name="Goldconnection">{{Cite web |url=http://www.goldfishconnection.com/articles/details.php?articleId=147&parentId=15 |title=Goldfish Connection - Types of Goldfish: Ranchu, date retrieved: 22 May 2007 |access-date=2007-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416021254/http://www.goldfishconnection.com/articles/details.php?articleId=147&parentId=15 |archive-date=2007-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NEO">[http://www.neoranchu.com/standards.html#Anchor-49221 NEO Ranchu Classification and Standards, date retrieved: 22 May 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113085508/http://www.neoranchu.com/standards.html#Anchor-49221|date=November 13, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Thaicenter">[http://www.thairanchucentre.com/grading.php Thai Ranchu Centre Ranchu Standards and Grading, date retrieved, 22 May 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519223307/http://www.thairanchucentre.com/grading.php|date=May 19, 2007}}</ref> Japanese aesthetic standards for ''ranchū'' are more exacting. ''Ranchū'' are often compared to sumo wrestlers, as the ''ranchū'' is a rounded fish with a head-growth (known as a "bramble-head"<ref name="GFSA" /><ref name="Johnson" />). However, traditional Japanese culture, aesthetics, and concepts regard these attributes of both ''ranchū'' and sumo wrestlers as an imposing and solid figure composed of massive circles and squares, which are abstract representations of balance, proportion, dignity, graceful movement and power.<ref name="Johnson" />

thumb|Three ''ranchū'' in a bag of water in a retail shop in Manchester, England.

===Top-view ''ranchū'' (TVR)=== In ancient China, goldfish were kept in large jars made of pottery or porcelain, so the only way one could see the fish was from the top. For this reason, generations of people selected goldfish with big bellies, big wens, and dragon eyes genes. Therefore, the top view ''ranchū'' is considered better aesthetically in Japan and China. The TVR should have a rectangle shape, a short tail, and big wen on the head. When swimming, their appearance should resemble a worm moving in water, which gives the ''ranchū'' its name (in Chinese, "luan chong" means "egg shape worm").<ref name="Johnson" /><ref name="GFSA" /><ref name="Ponzio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldfishpages.com/Articles/What%20is%20a%20Lionchu.pdf|title="What is a Lionchu?" by Peter Ponzio, an article from the Goldfish Pages Website (Goldfish Society of America), date retrieved: 26 May 2007|access-date=27 May 2007|archive-date=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725073933/http://www.goldfishpages.com/Articles/What%20is%20a%20Lionchu.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Side-view ''ranchū'' (SVR)=== A ''ranchū'''s back (seen from the side) is comparable to a traditional Japanese comb, which comes in two shapes. The negate or long style is long with rounded corners and is similar to the koban coin. The mature or the round style is shorter and is similar to a round coin viewed from the side, but still not as round as any circular coin. Both comb shapes are acceptable in ''ranchū'' exhibitions and competitions.<ref name="Johnson" /><ref name="GFSA" /><ref name="Ponzio" />

===Selection and judging=== Most goldfish shows and competitions judge ''ranchū'' in an aquarium setting. Judges view the fish from the side and the top, taking note of its comportment and conformation to physical standards, motion, and movements. The attachment of the tail to the caudal peduncle is also evaluated.<ref name="GFSA" /> True Japanese ''ranchū'' are judged from above in shallow bowls but not glass tanks. Although the overall shape of the ''ranchū'' is taken into account it is the top view that is the most important. Western goldfish societies tend to use glass tanks for judging, but a number of societies based on Japanese methods are now operational and follow the traditional way the ''ranchū'' are bred, kept, and judged. True Japanese ''ranchū'' enthusiasts keep their ''ranchū'' in shallow ponds or vats.

==Clinical and pathological effects== Goldfish (''Carassius auratus auratus'') are a domesticated variety of the Chinese Crucian carp "Gibelio" (''Carassius auratus gibelio''), a common Chinese carp.<ref>Komiyama et al 2009</ref> Perhaps 700 years ago, egg goldfish were first bred for their lack of a dorsal fin. Prior to the 17th century, lionhead goldfish with this trait were kept in China and Japan, and the ''ranchū'' breed was derived from them. A dorsal fin is found on all normal fish. This fin keeps the fish stable in the water and keeps them from rolling. Swimming speed, acceleration, and efficiency are all slower in goldfish missing dorsal fins than in normal goldfish. They must also deal with a tendency to roll to the side while moving or at rest, as well as a lack of directional stability.<ref>Blake et al 2009</ref> Ranchu goldfish are also susceptible to dropsy, bladder issues and too large wen growth that can cover gills and eyes due to selective breeding and inbreeding.

==See also== {{commons category|Ranchū}} *Goldfish **Lionhead **Lionchu **Oranda

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Goldfish breeds originating in Japan Category:Japanese words and phrases