Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry

{{Short description|Pakistani physicist (1903–1988)}} {{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox scientist |name = Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry {{Nastaliq|رفیع محمد چوہدری}} |image = Professor Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry.jpg |image_size = 200px |caption = |birth_date = {{birth-date|1 July 1903}} |birth_name = Rao Rafi Muhammad |birth_place = Kahnaur, Rohtak district, Punjab, British India |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1988|12|04|1903|07|1}} |death_place = Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan |fields = Nuclear physics |occupation = Physicist |workplaces = Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) Government College University (GCU) High Tension Laboratory (HTL) Aligarh Muslim University University of Birmingham University of California Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) |alma_mater = Aligarh Muslim University University of Cambridge |doctoral_advisor = Ernest Rutherford |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = Tahir Hussain |notable_students = Samar Mubarakmand Noor Muhammad Butt |known_for = Gamma and beta decay, and his work in atomic and nuclear physics in Pakistan fission energy research |influenced = |awards = {{ubl|Sitara-i-Khidmat (1954)|Sitara-i-Imtiaz (1965)|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1998)|Hilal-i-Imtiaz (2004)}} |signature =  }} '''Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq| رفیع محمد چوہدری}}}}) FPAS HI, NI, SI, Skdt (1 July 1903 – 4 December 1988) best known as '''R. M. Chaudhry''', was a Pakistani nuclear physicist and a professor of particle physics at the Government College University.<ref name="chair">{{Cite web | author-link =Government College University, Lahore | title =Dr. Rafi Muhammad Chaudhri Chair in Physics | work =Chief Librarian Government College University Library, Lahore. | publisher =Government College University | date = 4 September 2009 | url =http://www.gcu.edu.pk/RafiCh_Chair.htm | access-date=20 December 2025 | archive-date =16 March 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160316200831/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/RafiCh_Chair.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref> His teaching and instructions on modern physics influenced many of his student to pursue career in physics who regard him as one of the key architects of having been the pioneer of experimental nuclear physics research in Pakistan<ref name=Dawn/> and, along with Abdus Salam and Ishrat Hussain Usmani, one of the main creators of Pakistan's nuclear weapons research program in the 1970s. Chaudhry, who served as professor of nuclear physics at Government College University, was later referred to by Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, one of his students, as "the true father of the nuclear weapons program of Pakistan".<ref>[http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/2371/aq-khan-and-samar-mubarakmand A.Q. Khan and Samar Mubarakmand – Krepon – Arms Control Wonk]</ref>

==Early life and education== Chaudhry was born on 1 July 1903 to a middle-class Rajput family (Rao) in Kahnaur, a small village in Rohtak district of Eastern Punjab.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust">{{Cite web |last = NPT |first = Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust |title = Dr. Rafi Mohammad Chaudhary [1903–1988] |work = Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust |publisher = Nazaria-i-Pakistan Publications |date = |url = http://nazariapak.info/famous-pakistanis/Scientists.html#DrRafi |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100113154236/http://www.nazariapak.info/famous-pakistanis/Scientists.html#DrRafi |url-status = dead |archive-date = 13 January 2010 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> He passed the university entrance exam with highest marks and earned a scholarship awarded by the Viceroy Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading. He used the scholarship to enroll as a student of chemical engineering at Aligarh University in 1923,<ref name="comsats" /> but after taking an engineering physics course, he decided to change his focus to thermodynamics and multivariable calculus.<ref name="comsats" /> He was successful as a physics student, earning the respect of his peers and professors.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/>

In 1927, Chaudhry took his BSc in Experimental physics, followed by his 1929 MSc in physics with First Class Honours.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/> The same year, Chaudhry gained attention from Hamidullah Khan, the Nawab of Bhopal of princely state of Bhopal, who awarded him a science scholarship for higher studies.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/> Under that scholarship, Chaudhry travelled to United Kingdom to study for his doctoral degree. Chaudhry joined the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge. At Cambridge, Chaudhry studied Calculus of mathematical Integrals, and learned Tensor calculus, quantum physics, and general relativity under Nobel laureate in Chemistry Ernest Rutherford.<ref name="comsats">{{Cite book |last=Hameed A. Khan |last2=Qurashi |first2=M.M. |last3=Hussain |first3= E. T. |last4=Hayee |first4= M. I. |year=2006 |title=Physics in Developing Countries – Past, Present & Future |url=https://comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> At Cavendish, he studied with Mark Oliphant, who particularly influenced him to study nuclear physics. Chaudhry and Oliphant carried out research in artificial disintegration of the atomic nucleus and positive ions. In 1932, Chaudhry earned his D.Phil in Nuclear physics from Cambridge University with his thesis "The action of positive ions in the electrical discharge through gases"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambridge University Library Catalogue |url=https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_ALMA21581015770003606&vid=44CAM_PROD&search_scope=SCOP_CAM_ALL&tab=cam_lib_coll&lang=en_US&context=L |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> under Ernest Rutherford.<ref name="chair"/> He then returned to India.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/>

==Professorship in Europe== At age 30, Chaudhry moved to Lahore and took an academic professorship in physics at the Lahore Islamia College.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/> In 1935, he became the chairman of the department of physics there, remaining in that position until 1938. In 1938, Chaudhry moved back to Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) to teach physics, again becoming head of his department.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/> In 1944, Chaudhry was contacted by Mark Oliphant, who offered him an opportunity to return to the Cavendish Laboratory. In response, Chaudhry moved to United Kingdom, where he joined Oxford University's Nuffield College and was appointed a Nuffield Fellow.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/> Along with Oliphant and Homi J. Bhabha, Chaudhry created a group of physicists that did research in theories of gamma and beta decay, as well as researching the neutrino—postulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930—Compton scattering, and the behaviour of slow neutrons during the atomic bombardment process.

==Return to India== [[File:Sir Mark Oliphant.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|In 1948 Mark Oliphant sent a letter to Muhammad Ali Jinnah recommending he hire Chaudhry.<ref>{{cite book | last =Khan | first =Feroze Hassan | title =Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb | publisher =Stanford University Press | page = 26 | date = 7 November 2012 | location =Stanford, CA | isbn =978-0804776011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>]] In 1948, months after the partition of India into dominions of India and Pakistan, Chaudhry was in Great Britain and was contacted by Indian Premier Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru offered him a senior position at the National Physical Laboratory of India. Oliphant wrote a letter to the governor-general of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The letter encouraged Jinnah to engage his country in research in nuclear technology, particularly nuclear physics.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"/>

==Pakistan== Following his settlement in Pakistan, the government of Pakistan asked him to engage research in physics at the Government College University. In 1952, Chaudhry established the High Tension Laboratory (now amalgamated into Center for Advanced Studies in Physics) as an offshoot of the Physics Department at Government College.<ref>Ashok Kapur, "1953–59: The Origins and Early History of Pakistani Nuclear Activities," Pakistan's Nuclear Development, (New York: Croom Helm, 1987), p. 36.</ref> Chaudhry was an instrumental figure in the installation of the 1.2 MeV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator in the High Tension Laboratory in 1954 for carrying out basic research in atomic and nuclear physics.<ref name="Government College University ">{{Cite web | last =GCU | first =Government College University | author-link =Government College University, Lahore | title =Center For Advance Studies in Physics (CASP) | publisher =Government College University press | url =http://www.gcu.edu.pk/CASP.htm | access-date =17 November 2009 | archive-date =7 March 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200307052735/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/CASP.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref> The research carried out at the laboratory resulted in research publications in Nature and it was visited by the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in 1958.<ref name="Government College University"/> At High Tension Laboratory, Chaudhry influenced many physicists who studied under him, such as N. M. Butt, Samar Mubarakmand and Abdul Majid who became the senior scientists in Pakistan's indigenous nuclear and space development. After retirement from Government College University in 1958 he continued as the director of High Tension Laboratory until 1965.

==Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission== [[File:Dr. Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry.jpg|thumb|right|Dr. Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry with English physicist, Thomas Allibone, Naeem Syed (in middle) and his other students in 1964, Government College, Lahore]] In 1960, Chaudhry joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, where he engaged nuclear technology research. He was the first director of the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), and was instrumental in the installation of nuclear particle accelerator there. Chaudhry published 42 research papers while at PINSTECH, and due to the sensitivity of the work, the papers were highly classified. Chaudhry was an administrative and influential figure in the establishment of PARR-I reactor as well, as being part team that supervised the first reactor criticality at PINSTECH. In 1967, Rafi supervised the team of scientists at PINSTECH that successfully produced the first batch of radioisotopes.

==Post career== In 1973, Rafi moved back to High Tension Laboratory at GCU Lahore. In 1975, he joined the Centre for Solid State Physics at the Punjab University and continued to work there as an honorary Professor; he was made Professor Emeritus in 1977. Chaudhry died peacefully at the age of 85 in Lahore.

==Recognition and honours== In 2004, the High Tension Laboratory was renamed as Rafi Chaudhry High Tension Laboratory by the president Pervez Musharaff.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1065508/dawn-letters-17-january-2004|url-status= live|author=M. Ikramul Haq|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117192559/http://www.dawn.com/2004/01/17/letted.htm|archive-date=2004-01-17|title =Remembering Dr. Rafi Chaudhry {{endash}} DAWN - Letters; 17 January, 2004|access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

==Family of physicists== Chaudhry had nine children, all of whom became physicists.<ref name=Dawn/> The most distinguished ones are Munawar Chaudhri, employed at the Cavendish Laboratory since 1970,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |date=2013-07-18 |title=Dr. M. Munawar Chaudhri |url=https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/directory/chaudhrim |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=www.phy.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> and Anwar Chaudhri.

==Awards== *Hilal-i-Imtiaz (2004)<ref name=Dawn/> *Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1998) *Sitara-i-Imtiaz (1965) *Sitara-i-Khidmat (1954)

==References== {{Reflist}} {{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhry, Rafi Muhammad}} Category:1903 births Category:1988 deaths Category:Pakistani nuclear physicists Category:Pakistani physicists Category:Pakistani scholars Category:Pakistani scientists Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge Category:Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford Category:Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan Category:Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers Category:People from Rohtak district Category:People from Punjab Province (British India) Category:Project-706 people Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz Category:Scientists from Lahore