{{Short description|Single-species lichen genus}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2025}} {{Speciesbox | image = Racodium rupestre 261124164.jpg | greatgrandparent_authority = Abdollahz. & Crous (2020) | grandparent_authority = Link (1826) | parent_authority = Fr. (1829) | taxon = Racodium rupestre | authority = Pers. (1794) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2011"/> | synonyms = *''Rhacodium '' {{au|Spreng. (1827)}} *''Rhacodiopsis'' {{au|Donk (1975)}}<ref name="Donk 1975"/> }}
'''''Racodium''''' is a monotypic fungal genus in the family '''Racodiaceae''', which is itself the sole family of the order '''Racodiales'''.<ref name="2024 Outline"/> The genus contains a single species, '''''Racodium rupestre''''', a distinctive filamentous lichen that forms dark, thread-like growths on rocks by closely enveloping filaments of the green algal genus ''Trentepohlia''. The name has a complex taxonomic history, having been used for both this rock-dwelling lichen and an unrelated cellar fungus, until nomenclature experts formally conserved ''Racodium'' for the lichen genus in 2011. Modern DNA studies place this unusual lichen close to the Capnodiales, where it represents such a distinct evolutionary lineage that it has been assigned its own order and family.
==Taxonomy==
''Racodium'' was introduced by the mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon for a distinctive, thread-forming lichen that envelops filaments of the green algal species of genus ''Trentepohlia'';<ref name="Persoon 1794"/> the type species is ''R. rupestre''. Modern DNA work places these filamentous lichens within the order Capnodiales, but the two superficially similar genera have different positions there: ''Cystocoleus'' sits within Teratosphaeriaceae, whereas ''Racodium'' is more basal in the order and currently treated as ''incertae sedis'' (meaning "of uncertain placement"). ''Racodium'' has vertically arranged hyphae with smooth, non-corrugated walls and no lateral spines, whereas ''Cystocoleus'' has twisted hyphae with corrugated, warty walls; ''Racoleus'' also has vertical, smooth-walled hyphae but bears lateral spines and is tropical in distribution, in contrast to the temperate–subboreal ranges of ''Racodium'' and ''Cystocoleus''.<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2011"/>
The name's history is unusually tangled because ''Racodium'' was used in parallel for two unrelated organisms: lichenologists applied it to the rock-dwelling lichen (''R. rupestre''), while many mycologists used it for the non-lichenised "cellar fungus" (''R. cellare''). To settle this conflict, Hawksworth and Riedl argued that the genus should be fixed (typified) by the lichen, not the cellar mould; their conservation proposal was accepted under the botanical code. As a result, ''Racodium'' is now conserved (nom. cons.) for the lichen genus, and the cellar fungus is referred to elsewhere—sterile material under ''Zasmidium cellare'', and its conidial (spore-forming) state as ''Rhinocladiella ellisii''; molecular data place that fungus with ''Ramichloridium'' species. An older spelling, ''Rhacodium'', is treated as an orthographic variant and not used for the conserved name.<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2011"/>
Because Persoon's original material contained mixtures of ''Racodium'' and ''Cystocoleus'', a practical problem since the two often grow intermingled, Hawksworth and co-authors examined Persoon's specimens and designated as lectotype (a single, later-chosen name-bearing specimen) the sheet in which ''Racodium'' clearly predominates. That lectotypification fixes the application of ''R. rupestre'' and, by extension, stabilises ''Racodium'' as the name for the lichenised genus. The paper also lists historical synonyms (e.g., ''Rhacodium'' as an orthographic variant and ''Rhacodiopsis'' as illegitimate) and clarifies that several early uses of "''Byssus''/''Cystocoleus''/''Coenogonium nigra''" refer only pro parte to this taxon, reflecting the long-standing confusion.<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2011"/>
In 2020, Abdollahzadeh and colleagues formally circumscribed a new order, '''Racodiales''', to accommodate the ''Racodium'' lineage within the Capnodiales. The order (named for ''Racodium'') comprises the family '''Racodiaceae''' with ''Racodium'' as its type genus. They {{lichengloss|diagnosis|diagnosed}} the group by its thread-like lichen body (thallus) made of straight, longitudinally aligned fungal threads (hyphae) closely sheathing the photobiont; the thallus lacks a differentiated {{lichengloss|cortex}} (outer "skin") and forms dark brown to black wefts or circular patches without a sharp margin, with about 4–7 unbranched, non-nodulose hyphae surrounding each algal filament. Sexual and asexual fruiting bodies (ascomata and conidiomata) remain unknown. Their sequence data supported this lineage as distinct enough to merit its own order and followed the typification issues discussed by Hawksworth and co-authors in 2011.<ref name="Abdollahzadeh et al. 2020"/><ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2011"/>
==References== {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Abdollahzadeh et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Abdollahzadeh |first1=J. |last2=Groenewald |first2=J.Z. |last3=Coetzee |first3=M.P.A. |last4=Wingfield |first4=M.J. |last5=Crous |first5=P.W. |title=Evolution of lifestyles in Capnodiales |journal=Studies in Mycology |volume=95 |year=2020 |pmid=32855743 |pmc=7426231 |doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2020.02.004 |doi-access=free |pages=381–414}}</ref>
<ref name="Donk 1975">{{cite journal |last=Donk |first=M.A. |year=1975 |title=''Racodium'' Pers. not a genus of Lichenes |journal=Persoonia |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=273–276 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/61056/0008/003/0273.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Hawksworth |first1=David L. |last2=Santesson |first2=Rolf |last3=Tibell |first3=Leif |title=''Racoleus'', a new genus of sterile filamentous lichen-forming fungi from the tropics, with observations on the nomenclature and typification of ''Cystocoleus'' and ''Racodium'' |journal=IMA Fungus |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pmid=22679590 |pmc=3317361 |doi=10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.10 |doi-access=free |pages=71–79}}</ref>
<ref name="Persoon 1794">{{cite journal |last=Persoon |first=C.H. |year=1794 |title=Dispositio methodica fungorum |journal=Neues Magazin für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange |volume=1 |pages=81–128 [123] |language=de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzTsxjow7WMC&pg=PA123}}</ref>
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|last417=Shen |first417=H.W. |last418=Shen |first418=Y.M. |last419=Shu |first419=Y.X. |last420=Silva |first420=H.F. |last421=Silva-Filho |first421=A.G.S. |last422=Silva |first422=V.S.H. |last423=Simmons |first423=D.R. |last424=Singh |first424=R. |last425=Sir |first425=E.B. |last426=Sohrabi |first426=M. |last427=Souza |first427=F.A. |last428=Souza-Motta |first428=C.M. |last429=Sri-indrasutdhi |first429=V. |last430=Sruthi |first430=O.P. |last431=Stadler |first431=M. |last432=Stemler |first432=J. |last433=Stephenson |first433=S.L. |last434=Stoyneva-Gaertner |first434=M.P. |last435=Strassert |first435=J.F.H. |last436=Stryjak-Bogacka |first436=M. |last437=Su |first437=H. |last438=Sun |first438=Y.R. |last439=Svantesson |first439=S. |last440=Sysouphanthong |first440=P. |last441=Takamatsu |first441=S. |last442=Tan |first442=T.H. |last443=Tanaka |first443=K. |last444=Tang |first444=C. |last445=Tang |first445=X. |last446=Taylor |first446=J.E. |last447=Taylor |first447=P.W.J. |last448=Tennakoon |first448=D.S. |last449=Thakshila |first449=S.A.D. |last450=Thambugala |first450=K.M. |last451=Thamodini |first451=G.K. |last452=Thilanga |first452=D. |last453=Thines |first453=M. |last454=Tiago |first454=P.V. |last455=Tian |first455=X.G. |last456=Tian |first456=W.H. |last457=Tibpromma |first457=S. |last458=Tkalčec |first458=Z. |last459=Tokarev |first459=Y.S. |last460=Tomšovský |first460=M. |last461=Torruella |first461=G. |last462=Tsurykau |first462=A. |last463=Udayanga |first463=D. |last464=Ulukapı |first464=M. |last465=Untereiner |first465=W.A. |last466=Usman |first466=M. |last467=Uzunov |first467=B.A. |last468=Vadthanarat |first468=S. |last469=Valenzuela |first469=R. |last470=Van den Wyngaert |first470=S. |last471=Van Vooren |first471=N. |last472=Velez |first472=P. |last473=Verma |first473=R.K. |last474=Vieira |first474=L.C. |last475=Vieira |first475=W.A.S. |last476=Vinzelj |first476=J.M. |last477=Tang |first477=A.M.C. |last478=Walker |first478=A. |last479=Walker |first479=A.K. |last480=Wang |first480=Q.M. |last481=Wang |first481=Y. |last482=Wang |first482=X.Y. |last483=Wang |first483=Z.Y. |last484=Wannathes |first484=N. |last485=Wartchow |first485=F. |last486=Weerakoon |first486=G. |last487=Wei |first487=D.P. |last488=Wei |first488=X. |last489=White |first489=J.F. |last490=Wijesundara |first490=D.S.A. |last491=Wisitrassameewong |first491=K. |last492=Worobiec |first492=G. |last493=Wu |first493=H.X. |last494=Wu |first494=N. |last495=Xiong |first495=Y.R. |last496=Xu |first496=B. |last497=Xu |first497=J.P. |last498=Xu |first498=R. |last499=Xu |first499=R.F. |last500=Xu |first500=R.J. |last501=Yadav |first501=S. |last502=Yakovchenko |first502=L.S. |last503=Yang |first503=H.D. |last504=Yang |first504=X. |last505=Yang |first505=Y.H. |last506=Yang |first506=Y. |last507=Yang |first507=Y.Y. |last508=Yoshioka |first508=R. |last509=Youssef |first509=N.H. |last510=Yu |first510=F.M. |last511=Yu |first511=Z.F. |last512=Yuan |first512=L.L. |last513=Yuan |first513=Q. |last514=Zabin |first514=D.A. |last515=Zamora |first515=J.C. |last516=Zapata |first516=C.V. |last517=Zare |first517=R. |last518=Zeng |first518=M. |last519=Zeng |first519=X.Y. |last520=Zhang |first520=J.F. |last521=Zhang |first521=J.Y. |last522=Zhang |first522=S. |last523=Zhang |first523=X.C. |last524=Zhao |first524=C.L. |last525=Zhao |first525=H. |last526=Zhao |first526=Q. |last527=Zhao |first527=H. |last528=Zhao |first528=H.J. |last529=Zhou |first529=H.M. |last530=Zhu |first530=X.Y. |last531=Zmitrovich |first531=I.V. |last532=Zucconi |first532=L. |last533=Zvyagina |first533=E. |title=The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5146–6239 [5197] |year=2024 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154|hdl=11577/3540520 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar |from1=Q10648328 |from2=Q10684505 |from3=Q28872124}}
Category:Dothideomycetes Category:Monotypic Dothideomycetes genera Category:Lichen genera Category:Taxa described in 1829 Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries