{{Short description|Ideology}} {{Distinguish|Suprematism}} {{Use American English|date = January 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}} '''Supremacism''' is the belief that a certain group of people is superior to, and should have authority over, all others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supremacist|title=Supremacist|date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> The presumed superior group can be defined by various characteristics, including [[Human development (biology)|age]], [[sex]], [[race (human categorization)|race]], [[ethnicity]], [[religion]], [[sexual orientation]], [[language]], [[social class]], [[ideology]], [[nationality]], [[culture]], [[generation]], or any other human attribute.
==National== {{See also|Chauvinism|Ethnic nationalism|Racial nationalism|Religious nationalism|Ultranationalism}}
===Indian supremacism=== In [[Asia]], Indians in [[Outline of ancient India|Ancient India]] considered all foreigners [[barbarian]]s. The [[Islam|Muslim]] scholar [[Al-Biruni]] wrote that the Indians called foreigners impure.<ref name="The First Spring p.313">''The First Spring: The Golden Age of India'' by Abraham Eraly p. 313</ref> A few centuries later, Dubois observes that "[[Hinduism|Hindus]] look upon Europeans as barbarians totally ignorant of all principles of honour and good breeding... In the eyes of a Hindu, a Pariah ([[Dalit|outcaste]]) and a European are on the same level."<ref name="The First Spring p.313"/>
===Russian chauvinism=== {{See also|Ruscism}}
{{Excerpt|Great Russian chauvinism|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}
===Sinocentrism=== {{Excerpt|Sinocentrism|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}The Chinese also considered Europeans repulsive, ghost-like creatures, and they even considered them devils. Chinese writers also referred to foreigners as barbarians.<ref>''The Haunting Past: Politics, Economics and Race in Caribbean Life'' by Alvin O. Thompson p. 210</ref>
==Racial== {{Further|Ethnocentrism|Nativism (politics)|Racism|Racism by country|Racial discrimination|Racial hierarchy|Racial hygiene|Racial segregation|Xenophobia}}
===Arab supremacism=== {{See also|Category:Arab supremacy|Racism in the Arab world|Racism in Muslim communities|Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East}} In [[Africa]], Southern [[Sudan]]ese allege that they are being subjected to a racist form of [[Arab supremacy]], which they equate with the historic [[white supremacy]] of [[South Africa]]'s [[apartheid]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theworld.org/2011/02/racism-in-sudan/ | title=Racism in Sudan | date=February 2011 | access-date=February 26, 2011 | archive-date=March 25, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325001604/http://www.theworld.org/2011/02/racism-in-sudan/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The alleged [[genocide]] and [[ethnic cleansing]] in the ongoing [[War in Darfur]] has been described as an example of [[Arab]] [[racism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnaibrith.ca/prdisplay.php?id=605 |title=Welcome To B'nai Brith |publisher=Bnaibrith.ca |date=August 4, 2004 |access-date=July 11, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919002351/http://bnaibrith.ca/prdisplay.php?id=605 |archive-date=September 19, 2010 }}</ref> For example, in their analysis of the sources of the conflict, Julie Flint and [[Alex de Waal]] say that [[Muammar Gaddafi|Colonel Gaddafi]], the leader of [[Libya]], sponsored "Arab supremacism" across the [[Sahara]] during the 1970s. Gaddafi supported the "[[Islamic Legion]]" and the Sudanese opposition "[[National Islamic Front|National Front]], including the [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brothers]] and the Ansar, the [[National Umma Party|Umma Party]]'s military wing." Gaddafi tried to use such forces to annex [[Chad]] from 1979 to 1981. Gaddafi supported the Sudanese government's [[Second Sudanese Civil War|war in the South]] during the early 1980s, and in return, he was allowed to use the Darfur region as a "[[Chadian–Libyan conflict|back door to Chad]]". As a result, the first signs of an "Arab racist political platform" appeared in Darfur in the early 1980s.<ref>Flint and de Waal, ''Darfur: A New History of a Long War'', rev. ed. (London and New York: Zed Books, 2008), pp. 47–49.</ref>
===Black supremacism=== {{Main|Black nationalism|Black separatism|Black supremacy}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2025}} [[Cornel West]], an African-American philosopher, writes that [[Black supremacy|black supremacist]] religious views arose in America as a part of [[Nation of Islam|black Muslim]] theology in response to [[White supremacy in the United States|white supremacy]].<ref>[[Cornel West]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=p89c2eTJgJgC Race Matters]'', Beacon Press, 1993, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p89c2eTJgJgC&pg=PA99 p. 99]: "The basic aim of [[Nation of Islam|black Muslim]] theology{{snd}}with its distinct black supremacist account of the origins of white people{{snd}}was to counter white supremacy."</ref>
====Hutu supremacism==== {{Excerpt|Hutu Power|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}
=== East Asian supremacism === East Asian supremacism and [[Racial nationalism|race-based nationalism]] appear among the people of [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Korea]], and [[East Asia]] holds an important stake in the global [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. It has also influenced [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[White nationalism|white nationalists]], such as [[Anders Behring Breivik]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/east-asian-supremacy-race-religion-and-hybrid-ideologies/ |title=<nowiki>CO25089 | East Asian Supremacy: Race, Religion, and Hybrid Ideologies</nowiki> |work=[[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies]] |date=25 April 2025 |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="Robert E. Kelly" /> Modern East Asian supremacists utilise the slogan "Some people are bronze (referring to [[black people]] and [[brown people]]), some people are silver (referring to [[white people]]), but we are golden (referring to the [[golden-yellow]] [[East Asian complexion]]).
====Han supremacism==== {{Main|Han nationalism|Han chauvinism}}
{{See also|Chinese nationalism|Racism in China}} Han supremacy is based on the perception that in China, the culture of the [[ethnic Han]] majority is superior to the cultures of the [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]]. The [[Chinese Communist Party]] has been accused of practicing [[Settler colonialism#China|settler colonialism]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramanujan |first=Shaurir |date=2022-12-09 |title=Reclaiming the Land of the Snows: Analyzing Chinese Settler Colonialism in Tibet |journal=The Columbia Journal of Asia |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.52214/cja.v1i2.10012 |issn=2832-8558 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finley |first=Joanne Smith |date=2022-09-01 |title=Tabula rasa: Han settler colonialism and frontier genocide in 're-educated' Xinjiang |journal=[[HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory]] |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=341–356 |doi=10.1086/720902 |issn=2575-1433 |s2cid=253268699 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=McGranahan |first1=Carole |title=Frontier Tibet: Patterns of Change in the Sino-Tibetan Borderlands |date=2019-12-17 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |isbn=978-90-485-4490-5 |editor-last=Gros |editor-first=Stéphane |pages=517–540 |chapter=Chinese Settler Colonialism: Empire and Life in the Tibetan Borderlands |doi=10.2307/j.ctvt1sgw7.22 |jstor=j.ctvt1sgw7.22 |doi-access=free |jstor-access=free}}</ref> and Han supremacy,<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/158374/left-deafening-silence-uighur-china |title=The Left's Deafening Silence on China's Ethnic Cleansing |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |date=7 July 2020 |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref> which can combine with [[Chinese nationalism#Ultranationalism|Chinese ultranationalism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=The domestic and international consequences of Xi's political philosophy |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-domestic-and-international-consequences-of-xis-political-philosophy/ |quote=To understand the wave of ‘little pink’ ultra-nationalism washing across the People’s Republic of China, it’s instructive to examine ‘Xi Jinping thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era’. |website=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=Olympics highlight dangerous Han supremacy in China: J. Michael Cole for Inside Policy |url=https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/olympics-highlight-dangerous-han-supremacy-china-j-michael-cole-inside-policy/ |quote=There are now worrying signs that this ultranationalism, which is now merging with Han supremacism, is out of control, with ramifications for Chinese policy-making that can only be surmised. Jingoism is now rampant on the Internet, with “little pink” armies assailing not only critics of Chinese behaviour abroad, but anyone within China who fails to remain within the acceptable bounds of the Han-centric superstate. |website=[[Macdonald–Laurier Institute]]}}</ref>
====Japanese supremacism==== {{See also|Racism in Japan|Ethnic nationalism in Japan|Japanese militarism|Japanese nationalism|Yamato nationalism|Category:Japanese supremacy}} Initially, in order to justify Japan's conquest of Asia, [[Japanese propaganda]] espoused the ideas of Japanese supremacy by claiming that the Japanese represented a combination of all Asian peoples and cultures, emphasizing the existence of their heterogeneous traits.<ref name="Eiji 2002">{{Cite book | last = Eiji| first = Oguma| year = 2002 | title = A genealogy of 'Japanese' self-images | publisher = Trans Pacific Press | isbn = 978-1-876843-83-0}}</ref> The [[Empire of Japan]] often opened [[Human zoo#Japan|human zoo]]s to showcase the supposed inferiority of other Asian peoples and Japanese superiority.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Jeffrey J. Hall |title=Japan's Nationalist Right in the Internet Age: Online Media and Grassroots Conservative Activism |quote= |page=103 |year=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 22, 2016 |title=In the Days of Human Zoos |url=https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/in-the-days-of-human-zoos |access-date=October 20, 2025 |work=CNRS News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 21, 2016 |title=Japan broadcaster NHK cleared of defamation for using 'human zoo' to describe Taiwan aborigines |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-broadcaster-nhk-cleared-of-defamation-for-using-human-zoo-to-describe-taiwan |access-date=October 20, 2025 |work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> Japanese propaganda started to place an emphasis on the ideas of Japanese supremacy of the Yamato race when the Second Sino-Japanese War intensified.<ref name="Eiji 2002"/> At the end of World War II, the Japanese government continued to adhere to the notion of racial homogeneity and racial supremacy, as well as an overall complex of social hierarchy, with the [[Yamato people|Yamato race]] at the top of the racial hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kushner| first = Barak| year = 2007| title = The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | isbn = 978-0-8248-3208-7}}</ref> Even in modern Japan, the concept related to "Yamato race" remains important, which means that even ethnic Koreans living there for generations can't get citizenship and there's less immigration despite a contracting population.<ref name="Robert E. Kelly">{{Cite web |first=Robert E. |last=Kelly |url=https://robertedwinkelly.com/2010/05/24/more-on-asian-multiculturalism-5-masters-theses-to-be-written/ |title=More on Asian Multiculturalism: 5 Masters Theses to be Written |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>
===White supremacism=== {{Main|White nationalism|White supremacy}}
{{See also|Eurocentrism}} Centuries of [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonialism in the Americas]], [[Asia]], [[Colonisation of Africa|Africa]] and [[Oceania]] were justified by [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] attitudes and sometimes, they were also justified by [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] attitudes.<ref>Takashi Fujitani, Geoffrey Miles White, Lisa Yoneyama, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltm9hv0_4A0C ''Perilous memories: the Asia-Pacific War(s)''], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltm9hv0_4A0C&pg=PA303 p. 303], 2001.</ref>
During the 19th century, "[[The White Man's Burden]]", the phrase which refers to the belief that whites have the obligation to make the societies of the other peoples more 'civilized', was widely used to justify colonial policies as a noble enterprise.<ref>{{cite book |author=Miller, Stuart Creighton |title=Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-300-03081-5 |page=5 |quote=...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune |date=February 4, 1999 |title=In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/02/04/edold.t_10.php |journal=[[International Herald Tribune]] |page=6}}: Notes that Rudyard Kipling's new poem, "The White Man's Burden", "is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."</ref> Historian [[Thomas Carlyle]], best known for his historical account of the [[French Revolution]], ''[[The French Revolution: A History]],'' argued that western policies were justified on the grounds that they provided the greatest benefit to "inferior" native peoples.<ref>{{cite web |title=Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question |url=http://cruel.org/econthought/texts/carlyle/carlodnq.html}}</ref> However, even at the time of its publication in 1849, Carlyle's main work on the subject, the ''[[Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question]],'' was poorly received by his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question |url=http://cruel.org/econthought/texts/carlyle/negroquest.html}}</ref>
According to William Nicholls, [[religious antisemitism]] can be distinguished from [[racial antisemitism]] which is based on [[Race (human categorization)|racial]] or [[ethnic group|ethnic]] grounds. "The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion ... a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon [[baptism]]." However, with racial antisemitism, "Now the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, even after baptism ... . From the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews... Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear."<ref>Nichols, William: ''Christian Antisemitism, A History of Hate'' (1993) p. 314.</ref>
One of the first [[typology (anthropology)|typologies]] which was used to classify various human races was invented by [[Georges Vacher de Lapouge]] (1854–1936), a theoretician of [[eugenics]], who published ''L'Aryen et son rôle social'' (1899 – "The [[Aryan]] and his social role") in 1899. In his book, he divides humanity into various, [[Racial hierarchy|hierarchical races]], starting with the highest race which is the "Aryan white race, dolichocephalic", and ending with the lowest race which is the "brachycephalic", "mediocre and inert" race, that race is best represented by [[Southern Europe]]an, [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] peasants".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hecht |first=Jennifer Michael |title=The end of the soul: scientific modernity, atheism, and anthropology in France |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0231128469 |location=New York |page=171 |oclc=53118940}}</ref> Between these, Vacher de Lapouge identified the "''[[Nordic theory|Homo europaeus]]''" ([[Teutons|Teutonic]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]], etc.), the "''[[Homo alpinus]]''" ([[Auvergne (province)|Auvergnat]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], etc.), and finally the "''[[Homo mediterraneus]]''" ([[Naples|Neapolitan]], [[Andalusia|Andalus]], etc.) Jews were brachycephalic just like the Aryans were, according to Lapouge; but he considered them dangerous for this exact reason; they were the only group, he thought, which was threatening to displace the Aryan aristocracy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hecht |first=Jennifer Michael |title=The end of the soul : scientific modernity, atheism, and anthropology in France |date=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231128469 |location=New York |pages=171–172 |oclc=53118940}}</ref> Georges Vacher de Lapouge became one of the leading inspirations of [[Nazi antisemitism]] and [[Nazi racial theories|Nazi racist ideology]].<ref>See [[Pierre-André Taguieff]], ''La couleur et le sang – Doctrines racistes à la française'' ("Colour and Blood – Racist doctrines ''à la française''"), Paris, [[Mille et une nuits]], 2002, 203 pages, and ''La Force du préjugé – Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles'', Tel [[Gallimard]], La Découverte, 1987, 644 pages</ref>
==== United States ==== {{Further|Racism in the United States|White nationalism in the United States|White supremacy in the United States}}
[[White Americans]] who participated in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] believed and justified their economic exploitation of African Americans by creating a [[Scientific racism|scientific theory of white superiority and black inferiority]].<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=41202851 |title=Uprooting Racism and Racists in the United States |last=Boggs |first=James |author-link=James Boggs (activist) |journal=The Black Scholar |publisher=Paradigm Publishers |date=October 1970 |volume=2 |number=2 |pages=2–5 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1970.11431000}}</ref> [[Thomas Jefferson]], who was a believer of scientific racism and enslaver of over 600 African Americans (regarded as property under the [[Articles of Confederation]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Finkelman |first1=Paul |title=Slavery in the United States |date=2012 |page=116 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5386&context=faculty_scholarship|publisher=Duke University School of Law}}</ref> wrote that blacks were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind."<ref>Paul Finkelman (November 12, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html?pagewanted=all "The Monster of Monticello"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved January 8, 2022.</ref>
A justification for the [[conquest]] of [[Tribe (Native American)|American Indian tribes]] emanated from their [[dehumanized]] perception as the "merciless Indian savages", as described in the [[United States Declaration of Independence]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/facebook-declaration-of-independence-hate-speech |access-date=January 8, 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Out West|date=2000|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|page=96}}</ref>
Before the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]], the [[Confederate States of America]] was founded with a [[Constitution of the Confederate States|constitution]] that contained clauses which restricted the government's ability to limit or interfere with the institution of "negro" slavery.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 11, 1861 |title=Constitution of the Confederate States |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_csa.asp}}: "No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed."</ref> In the 1861 [[Cornerstone Speech]], Confederate vice president, [[Alexander H. Stephens|Alexander Stephens]] declared that one of the Confederacy's foundational tenets was White Supremacy over African American slaves.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexander Stephens |author-link=Alexander H. Stephens |date=March 21, 1861 |title='Corner Stone' Speech |url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/cornerstone-speech/}}: "Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition."</ref> Following the war, a hate group, known as the [[Ku Klux Klan]], was founded in the [[Southern United States|American South]], after the end of the [[American Civil War]]. Its purpose has been to maintain White, Protestant supremacy in the US after the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period, which it did so through violence and intimidation.<ref>Eric Foner, ''Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877,'' Perennial (HarperCollins), 1989, pp. 425–426.</ref>
The [[Anti-Defamation League]]<ref>{{cite web|title=David Duke: Ideology|url=http://archive.adl.org/learn/ext_us/david_duke/ideology.html|website=ADL.org|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|access-date=March 23, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155704/http://archive.adl.org/learn/ext_us/david_duke/ideology.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> (ADL) and [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]<ref>{{cite web|title=American Renaissance|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/american-renaissance|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=March 21, 2015}}</ref> condemn writings about "Jewish Supremacism" by [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denier]], former [[Grand Wizard]] of the KKK, and [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorist]] [[David Duke]] as [[antisemitic]] – in particular, his book ''[[Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening to the Jewish Question]].''<ref>Duke, David. ''Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening to the Jewish Question.'' Aware Journalism, 2007.</ref> [[Kevin B. MacDonald]], known for his [[Kevin B. MacDonald#Theory of Judaism as a "Group Evolutionary Strategy"|theory of Judaism as a "group evolutionary strategy"]], has also been accused of being "antisemitic" and a "white supremacist" in his writings on the subject by the ADL<ref>{{cite web|title=Kevin MacDonald: Ideology|url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kevin_macdonald/ideology.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=2&item=kevin_macdonald|website=archive.adl.org/|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|access-date=March 21, 2015}}</ref> and his own university psychology department.<ref name="senate">{{cite news|title=Academic senate disassociates itself from Professor MacDonald|first=Tiffany|last=Rider|date=October 6, 2008|work=Daily 49er|url=http://www.daily49er.com/news/academic-senate-disassociates-itself-from-professor-macdonald-1.773982|access-date=July 31, 2017|archive-date=December 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215053951/http://www.daily49er.com/news/academic-senate-disassociates-itself-from-professor-macdonald-1.773982|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==== Nazi Germany ==== {{Further|Nazism|Consequences of Nazism|Nazi eugenics|Nazi racial theories|Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Victims of Nazi Germany}}
From 1933 to 1945, [[Nazi Germany]], under the rule of [[Adolf Hitler]], promoted the belief in the existence of a superior, [[Aryan race|Aryan]] ''[[Herrenvolk]]'', or [[master race]]. The [[Nazi propaganda|state's propaganda]] advocated the belief that [[Germanic peoples]], whom they called "Aryans", were a master race or a ''Herrenvolk'' whose members were superior to the [[Jews]], [[Slavs]], and [[Romani people]], so-called "gypsies". [[Arthur de Gobineau]], a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the [[Ancien Régime|ancien régime]] in France on [[Miscegenation|racial intermixing]], which he believed had destroyed the purity of the [[Nordic race]]. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a large and strong following in Germany, emphasized the belief in the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan and [[Jewish culture]]s.<ref>Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. ''World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia:'' Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006. p. 62.</ref>
== Religious == {{See also|Clerical fascism|Fundamentalism|Religious discrimination|Religious exclusivism|Religious fanaticism|Religious intolerance|Religious nationalism|Religious persecution|Religious segregation|Religious terrorism|Religious violence|Religious war|Sectarian violence|State religion}}
===Christianity === {{Main|Christian fundamentalism|Christian supremacy}}
{{Further|Christian fascism|Christian fundamentalism|Christian Identity|Christian nationalism|Christian reconstructionism|Christian right|Christian terrorism|Dominion theology|History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance|Kinism|Theonomy}}
Academics Carol Lansing and Edward D. English argue that [[Christian supremacy|Christian supremacism]] was a motivation for the [[Crusades]] in the [[Holy Land]], as well as a motivation for crusades against Muslims and pagans throughout Europe.<ref>Carol Lansing; Edward D. English, ''A companion to the medieval world,'' Vol. 7, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ecpGCF8-XCkC&pg=PA457 p. 457], {{ISBN|978-1405109222}}</ref> The [[blood libel]] is a widespread European [[conspiracy theory]] which led to centuries of [[pogroms]] and massacres of European Jewish minorities because it alleged that Jews required the pure blood of a Christian child in order to make [[matzah]] for [[Passover]]. [[Thomas of Cantimpré]] writes of the [[blood curse]] which the Jews put upon themselves and all of their generations at the court of [[Pontius Pilate]] where Jesus was sentenced to death: "A very learned Jew, who in our day has been converted to the (Christian) faith, informs us that one enjoying the reputation of a prophet among them, toward the close of his life, made the following prediction: 'Be assured that relief from this secret ailment, to which you are exposed, can only be obtained through Christian blood ("solo sanguine Christiano")."<ref>Albert Ehrman, "The Origins of the Ritual Murder Accusation and Blood Libel", ''Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought'', Vol. 15, No. 4 (Spring 1976): 86</ref> The [[Atlantic slave trade]] has also been partially attributed to Christian supremacism.<ref>Mary E. Hunt, Diann L. Neu, ''New Feminist Christianity: Many Voices, Many Views,'' SkyLight Paths Publishing, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HxU8716h2VgC&pg=PA122 p. 122], {{ISBN|978-1594732850}}</ref> The [[Ku Klux Klan]] has been described as a [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] Christian organization, along with many other white supremacist groups, such as the [[Posse Comitatus (organization)|Posse Comitatus]] and organizations which espouse [[Christian Identity]] and [[Positive Christianity]].<ref>R. Scott Appleby, ''The ambivalence of the sacred: religion, violence, and reconciliation'', Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict series, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8RqbMGvsz5MC&pg=PA103 p. 103], {{ISBN|978-0847685554}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = PublicEye.org – The Website of Political Research Associates|url = http://www.publiceye.org/rightwoo/rwooz9-07.html|website = publiceye.org|access-date = 4 July 2015}}</ref>
===Islam=== {{Main|Islamic extremism}}
{{Further|Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic nationalism|Islamic terrorism|Islamism|Islamofascism|Political aspects of Islam|Political Islam}}
Academics [[Khaled Abou El Fadl]], Ian Lague, and Joshua Cone note that, while the [[Quran]] and other [[Islamic holy books|Islamic scriptures]] express tolerant beliefs, such as [[Al-Baqara 256]] "there is no compulsion in religion",<ref name="qref|2|256">{{qref|2|256|b=yl}}</ref> there have also been numerous instances of Muslim or Islamic supremacism.<ref>Joshua Cohen, Ian Lague, Khaled Abou El Fadl, ''The place of tolerance in Islam,'' Beacon Press, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fMCMR68rNxQC&pg=PA23 p. 23], {{ISBN|978-0807002292}}</ref> Examples of how supremacists have interpreted Islam include the [[history of slavery in the Muslim world]], [[Caliphate]],<ref name="c737">{{cite journal | last=Cramer | first=Frederick H. | title=The Arab Empire: A Religious Imperialism | journal=Current History | publisher=University of California Press | volume=22 | issue=130 | year=1952 | issn=0011-3530 | jstor=45308160 | pages=340–347 | doi=10.1525/curh.1952.22.130.340 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45308160 | access-date=6 October 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Ottoman Empire]], the early-20th-century [[pan-Islamism]] promoted by [[Abdul Hamid II]],<ref>Gareth Jenkins, ''Political Islam in Turkey: running west, heading east?,'' Macmillan, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=c8VtheVUlfgC&pg=PA60 p. 59], {{ISBN|978-1403968838}}</ref> the ''[[jizya]]'' and supremacy of [[Sharia]] law, such as rules of marriage in Muslim countries being imposed on non-Muslims.<ref>Malise Ruthven, ''Islam: a very short introduction,'' Oxford University Press, 1997, Macmillan, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BL_rG9gIq64C&q=Islamic+supremacism p. 117], {{ISBN|978-0-19-950469-5}}</ref>
While non-violent [[proselytism]] of Islam ([[Dawah]]) is not Islamic supremacism, [[Forced conversion#Islam|forced conversion to Islam]] is Islamic supremacism.<ref name="p824">{{cite book | last=Dorsey | first=James M | chapter=The Battle for the Soul of Islam| publisher=Springer Nature Singapore | publication-place=Singapore | year=2024 | isbn=978-981-972806-0 | doi=10.1007/978-981-97-2807-7_1 | pages=1–32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=1988 |title=The Political Language of Islam |page=73}}</ref> Death penalty for [[apostasy in Islam]] is a sign of Islamic supremacism.<ref name="g263">{{cite journal | author=Sanjeev Kumar H. M. | title=Islam and the Question of Confessional Religious Identity: The Islamic State, Apostasy, and the Making of a Theology of Violence | journal=Contemporary Review of the Middle East | publisher=Sage Publications | volume=5 | issue=4 | date=10 October 2018 | issn=2347-7989 | doi=10.1177/2347798918806415 | pages=327–348}}</ref>
Numerous massacres and [[ethnic cleansing]] of Jews, Christians and non-Muslims<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39|title=The Forgotten Refugees – Historical Timeline|date=September 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927133652/http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39|access-date=March 20, 2019|archive-date=September 27, 2008}}</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=September 2025|reason=These sources are border-line unreliable, or at least biased and polemical.}} occurred in some Muslim-majority countries including in Morocco, Libya, and Algeria, where eventually Jews were forced to live in [[Mellah|ghettos]].<ref>[[Maurice M. Roumani|Roumani, Maurice]]. ''The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue'', 1977, pp. 26–27.</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=September 2025|reason=These sources are border-line unreliable, or at least biased and polemical.}} Decrees ordering the destruction of [[synagogue]]s were enacted during the [[Middle Ages]] in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 19, 1947 |title=The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html |access-date=July 2, 2011 |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=September 2025|reason=This source is prohibited from being used in most situation by the decision of English Wikipedia community in 2021 (per Wikipedia:RSPJVL)}} At certain times in Yemen, Morocco, and [[Baghdad]], Jews were [[Forced conversion#Islam|forced to convert to Islam]] or face the [[Capital punishment in Islam|death penalty]].<ref>[[Bat Ye'or]], ''The Dhimmi'', 1985, p. 61</ref>{{Independent source inline|date=September 2025|reason=These sources are border-line unreliable, or at least biased and polemical.}} While there were antisemitic incidents before the 20th century, antisemitism increased after the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]. Following the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], the [[1948 Palestinian exodus|Palestinian exodus]], the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|creation of the State of Israel]] and Israeli victories during the wars of [[Suez Crisis#Invasion|1956]] and [[Six-Day War|1967]] were a severe humiliation to Israel's opponents{{snd}}primarily Egypt, Syria, and Iraq.<ref>Lewis (1986), p. 204.{{full citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=The Bernard Lewis book cited earlier was published in 1988.}}</ref> However, by the mid-1970s the vast majority of Jews [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|had left Muslim-majority countries]], moving primarily to Israel, France, and the United States.<ref name="Shenhav">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7FoMi-qY4kC|title=The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity|first=Yehouda A.|last=Shenhav|date=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804752961 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The reasons for the Jewish exodus are varied and disputed.<ref name="Shenhav"/>
===Judaism=== {{Main|Jewish fundamentalism|Jewish supremacy}}
{{Further|Far-right politics in Israel|Halachic state|Israeli settler violence|Israeli war crimes|Jewish terrorism|Kahanism|Racism in Israel|Racism in Jewish communities|Zionist political violence}}
[[Ilan Pappé]], an [[expatriate]] Israeli historian, writes that the [[First Aliyah]] to Israel "established a society based on Jewish supremacy" within "[[Kibbutz|settlement-cooperatives]]" that were Jewish owned and operated.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ilan Pappé |title=The Israel/Palestine question |page=89 |year=1999 |publisher=Psychology Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nUqCwLOW-sC&pg=PA89 |quote=Whereas the First Aliya established a society based on Jewish supremacy, the Second Aliya's method of colonization was separation from [[Palestinians]].|author-link=Ilan Pappé |isbn=978-0415169479 }}</ref> [[Joseph Massad]], a professor of [[Arab studies]], believes that "Jewish supremacism" has always been a "dominating principle" in [[Religious Zionism|religious]] and secular [[Zionism]].<ref>David Hirsch, [http://www.yale.edu/yiisa/workingpaper/hirsh/David%20Hirsh%20YIISA%20Working%20Paper1.pdf Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: Cosmopolitan Reflections] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011202833/http://www.yale.edu/yiisa/workingpaper/hirsh/David%20Hirsh%20YIISA%20Working%20Paper1.pdf |date=2008-10-11 }}, The Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism Working Paper Series; discussion of [[Joseph Massad]]'s "The Ends of Zionism: Racism and the Palestinian Struggle", ''Interventions'', Vol. 5, No. 3, 440–451, 2003.</ref><ref>According to [[Joseph Massad]]'s [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mealac/faculty/massad/ "Response to the Ad Hoc Grievance Committee Report"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913023411/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mealac/faculty/massad/ |date=2006-09-13 }} on his [[Columbia University]] web site during a 2002 rally he said "Israeli Jews will continue to feel threatened if they persist in supporting Jewish supremacy." Massad says others have misquoted him as saying Israel was a "Jewish supremacist and racist state." See for example David Horowitz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CYqZjtVp00AC The professors: the 101 most dangerous academics in America],'' Regnery Publishing, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CYqZjtVp00AC&pg=PA271 271], 2006</ref>
Since the 1990s,<ref name="Feldman2017">{{cite web |url=https://wrldrels.org/2017/10/08/the-bnei-noah-children-of-noah/ |title=The Bnei Noah (Children of Noah) |last=Feldman |first=Rachel Z. |date=8 October 2017 |website=World Religions and Spirituality Project |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200121162034/https://wrldrels.org/2017/10/08/the-bnei-noah-children-of-noah/ |archive-date=January 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Feldman2018">{{cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Rachel Z. |date=August 2018 |title=The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion? |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737561/pdf |format=PDF |journal=[[Nova Religio|Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115 |s2cid=149940089 |eissn=1541-8480 |issn=1092-6690 |lccn=98656716 |oclc=36349271 |via=[[Project MUSE]] |access-date=4 November 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] [[rabbi]]s from Israel, most notably those affiliated to [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] and [[Religious Zionism|religious Zionist]] organizations,<ref name="Feldman2017"/><ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany">{{cite news |last=Ilany |first=Ofri |title=The Messianic Zionist Religion Whose Believers Worship Judaism (But Can't Practice It) |work=[[Haaretz]] |location=[[Tel Aviv]] |date=12 September 2018 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2018-09-12/ty-article-opinion/.premium/the-messianic-zionist-religion-that-wants-to-recruit-7-billion-members/0000017f-e1b5-d38f-a57f-e7f797080000 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200209223631/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-the-messianic-zionist-religion-that-wants-to-recruit-7-billion-members-1.6455144 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref> including [[The Temple Institute]],<ref name="Feldman2017"/><ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany"/> have set up a [[Noahidism|modern Noahide movement]]. These Noahide organizations, led by religious Zionist and Orthodox rabbis, are aimed at non-Jews in order to convince them to commit to follow the [[Seven Laws of Noah|Noahide laws]].<ref name="Feldman2017"/><ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany"/> However, these religious Zionist and Orthodox rabbis that guide the modern Noahide movement, who are often affiliated with the [[Third Temple|Third Temple movement]],<ref name="Feldman2017"/><ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany"/> expound a [[Racism|racist]] and supremacist [[ideology]] which consists in the belief that the Jewish people are God's [[Jews as the chosen people|chosen people]] and racially superior to non-Jews,<ref name="Feldman2017"/><ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany"/> and mentor Noahides because they believe that the Messianic era will begin with the [[Third Temple|rebuilding of the Third Temple]] on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]] to re-institute the [[Jewish priesthood]] along with the practice of [[Korban|ritual sacrifices]], and the establishment of a Jewish [[theocracy]] in Israel, supported by communities of Noahides.<ref name="Feldman2017"/><ref name="Feldman2018"/><ref name="Ilany"/> [[David Novak]], professor of [[Jewish principles of faith|Jewish theology]] and [[Jewish ethics|ethics]] at the [[University of Toronto]], has denounced the modern Noahide movement by stating that "If Jews are telling Gentiles what to do, it’s a form of [[imperialism]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-modern-noahide-movement/ |title=The Modern Noahide Movement |last=Kress |first=Michael |date=2018 |website=My Jewish Learning |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=ToI Staff |title=Chief rabbi: Non-Jews shouldn't be allowed to live in Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/chief-rabbi-non-jews-shouldnt-be-allowed-to-live-in-israel/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Real Reason Intermarriage Is Bad for the Jews |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-06-04/ty-article/.premium/why-intermarriage-is-bad-for-jews/0000017f-e643-d97e-a37f-f767dc260000 |access-date=2023-09-10}}</ref>
In 2002, [[Joseph Massad]] said that Israel imposes a "Jewish supremacist system of discrimination" on [[Palestinian citizens of Israel]], and he also said that this system of discrimination has been normalized within the discourse on how to end the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|conflict]], with various parties arguing that "it is pragmatic for Palestinians to accept to live in a Jewish supremacist state as third class citizens".<ref name=Ozajs>{{cite journal |title=On Zionism and Jewish Supremacy |author=Massad, Joseph |journal=New Politics |volume=8 |issue=4 |page=89 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/194900450 |id={{ProQuest|194900450}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shahadeh |first1=Sami Abou |title=So Long as Israel Enshrines Jewish Supremacy in Law, It Can't Be a Liberal Democracy |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-07-14/ty-article-opinion/.premium/israels-embrace-of-jewish-supremacy-means-it-cant-be-a-liberal-democracy/0000017f-da73-dc0c-afff-db7bea450000 |access-date=20 December 2024 |publisher=Harretz |date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
In the aftermath of the [[2022 Israeli legislative election]], the winning right-wing coalition included an alliance known as [[Religious Zionist Party]], which was described by Jewish-American columnist David E. Rosenberg as a political party "driven by Jewish supremacy and [[anti-Arab racism]]".<ref name="Rosenberg 2022">{{cite magazine |author-last=Rosenberg |author-first=David E. |date=30 October 2022 |title=What Makes Israel's Far Right Different |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/30/religious-zionism-israel-far-right-different/ |url-status=live |magazine=Foreign Policy |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Graham Holdings Company]] |issn=0015-7228 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108055156/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/30/religious-zionism-israel-far-right-different/ |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
== Sexual == ===Male supremacism=== {{Further|Sexism|Misogyny|Patriarchy|Hegemonic masculinity|Androcentrism}} [[Feminism|Feminist scholars]]<ref name="Graham 2017">{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Philip |year=2017 |chapter=Male Sexuality and Pornography |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X74pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |title=Men and Sex: A Sexual Script Approach |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=250–251 |doi= 10.1017/9781316874998.013 |isbn=978-1107183933 |lccn=2017004137 |quote=Patriarchal beliefs assert superiority of men with a right to leadership in family and public life.}}</ref> argue that in [[patriarchy]], male supremacism is upheld through a variety of cultural, political, religious, sexual, and interpersonal systems and relations.<ref name="Graham 2017"/><ref>[[Peggy Reeves Sanday]], ''Female power and male dominance: on the origins of sexual inequality,'' Cambridge University Press, 1981, [https://books.google.com/books?id=39ScGl-T3J0C&pg=PA6 pp. 6–8], [https://books.google.com/books?id=39ScGl-T3J0C&pg=PA113 113–114], [https://books.google.com/books?id=39ScGl-T3J0C&pg=PA174 174], [https://books.google.com/books?id=39ScGl-T3J0C&pg=PA182 182]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-28075-4}}</ref> Since the 19th century there have been a number of feminist movements opposed to male supremacism, usually aimed at achieving equal legal rights and protections for women in all cultural, political and interpersonal relations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus |year=2006 |publisher=Collins |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-722405-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Humm, Maggie |author-link=Maggie Humm |title=Modern feminisms: Political, Literary, Cultural |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-08072-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernfeminismsp0000humm }}</ref><ref name=Cornell>{{cite book |author=Cornell, Drucilla |author-link=Drucilla Cornell|title=At the heart of freedom: feminism, sex, and equality |year=1998 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-02896-5 }}</ref>
=== Female supremacism === {{Further|Sexism|Misandry|Matriarchy|Gynocentrism}}
Female supremacy relates to the belief that women are more capable in solving [[political]], [[economic]], and [[social]] problems than men. A few women first proposed that women are superior in the 1840s, and the idea expanded in 1874, during which Jane Fowler Willing, a staff member at [[Wesleyan university]], [[Emily Huntington Miller]], who worked in [[Northwestern university]], and [[Martha McClellan Brown]], from [[Alliance, Ohio]] met together at Fairpoint, New York for a national [[Sunday school]] assembly. They believed that they could cure society's ills better than men could, and decided to combat liquor trafficking to prove that they could do it better than men. They then created an assembly and a national organization to promote this female work.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mezvinsky |first1=Norton |title=An Idea of Female Superiority |journal=Journal of the Central Mississippi Valley American Studies Association |date=1961 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=17–26 |jstor=40640229 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40640229 |issn=2156-4876}}</ref>
==Social cleansing== {{Excerpt|Social cleansing|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}
===Political cleansing=== {{Excerpt|Political cleansing of population|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}
== See also == {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Chauvinism]] * [[Colonialism]] * [[Discrimination]] * [[Ethnocentrism]] * [[Eugenics]] * [[Nativism (politics)]] * [[Oppression]] * [[Persecution]] * [[Rule according to higher law]] * [[Parliamentary sovereignty|Legislative supremacy]] * [[Judicial independence|Judicial supremacy]] * [[Matriarchy|female supremacy]] * [[Social exclusion]] * [[Xenophobia]] {{div col end}}
==Notes== {{Reflist|2}}
{{Genocide navbox}} {{Narcissism}} {{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}
<!--Categories--> [[Category:Supremacism| ]] [[Category:Ethnic supremacy]] [[Category:Narcissism]] [[Category:Political theories]] [[Category:Prejudice and discrimination]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Social concepts]] [[Category:Pejorative terms]]