{{Short description|Hybrid genus of flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = | image_caption = | taxon = Brassicoraphanus | authority = Sageret<ref name=IPNI_60456470-2/> | synonyms = × ''Raphanobrassica'' <small>Karpech.</small> }}
'''''Brassicoraphanus''''' or '''× ''Brassicoraphanus''''' is any intergeneric hybrid between the genera ''Brassica'' (cabbages, etc.) and ''Raphanus'' (radish). The name comes from the combination of the genus names. Both diploid hybrids and allopolyploid hybrids are known and share this name.
==History== Early experimental crosses between species of these two genera had been sterile or nearly sterile, but large-scale experiments by Soviet agronomist Georgi Dmitrievich Karpechenko using ''Raphanus sativus'' and ''Brassica oleracea'' were remarkable because some of the plants produced hundreds of seeds. The second generation were allopolyploids, the result of gametes with doubled chromosome numbers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karpechenko |first=G. D. |author-link=Georgii Karpechenko |date=December 1928 |title=Polyploid hybrids of ''Raphanus sativus'' X ''Brassica oleracea'' L. |journal=Bulletin of Applied Botany |volume=17 |pages=305–408 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Classic papers in horticultural science |last=Karpechenko |first=G. D. |date=1989 |publisher=The Blackburn Press |isbn=9781930665064 |editor-last=Janick |editor-first=J. |pages=442–525 |chapter=Polyploid hybrids of ''Raphanus sativus'' L. X ''Brassica oleracea'' L. |author-link=Georgii Karpechenko |orig-year=1928}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karpechenko |first=G. D. |author-link=Georgii Karpechenko |date=December 1928 |title=Polyploid hybrids of ''Raphanus sativus'' X ''Brassica oleracea'' L. |journal=Zeitschrift für Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–85 |doi=10.1007/bf01740955 |s2cid=116381242 |issn=1617-4615}}</ref>
* ''P0'': ''Raphanus'' <math>2n_R = 18</math> x, a new crop in agriculture ''Brassica'' <math>2n_B = 18</math>
* ''F1'': sterile hybrid <math>n_R + n_B</math> * Some of ''F1'' spontaneously doubles their ploidy, resulting in the fertile allopolyploid <math>2n_R + 2n_B</math>
thumb|Hybrid speciation by spontaneous allopolyploidy. As Karpechenko realized, this process had created a new species, and it could justifiably be called a new genus, and proposed the name ''Raphanobrassica'' for them, but the earlier name ''Brassicoraphanus'' has priority. Plants of this parentage are now known as '''radicole'''.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=qBGpLizYW-IC|pg=PA573|text=radicole}} |title=Chemistry and world food supplies : the new frontiers, Chemrawn II : invited papers presented at the International Conference on Chemistry and World Food Supplies, Manila, Philippines, 6-10 December 1982 |date=1983 |publisher=Pergamon Press |isbn=0080292437 |editor-last=Shemilt |editor-first=L. W. |editor-link=Leslie Shemilt|edition=1st |location=Oxford |page=573 |oclc=9557528}}</ref>
Karpechenko wanted a plant with leaves of a cabbage and the roots of a radish, but got the opposite. It is useful as fodder for livestocks, but not humans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meneely |first=Philip Mark |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/951645141 |title=Genetics: genes, genomes, and evolution |last2=Dawes Hoang |first2=Rachel |last3=Okeke |first3=Iruka N. |last4=Heston |first4=Katherine |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-879536-0 |location=Oxford |pages=249 |oclc=951645141}}</ref>
Two other fertile forms of ''Brassicoraphanus'' are known by the following informal names: * The '''Raparadish''' group are allopolyploid hybrids between ''Raphanus sativus'' and ''Brassica rapa'', used as fodder crops * The '''Radicole''' group are allopolyploid hybrids between ''Raphanus sativus'' and ''Brassica oleracea'', used as fodder crops * '''Raphanofortii''' is the allopolyploid hybrid between ''Brassica tournefortii'' and ''Raphanus caudatus''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choudhary |first1=B. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=P. |last3=Singh |first3=K. |date=2000-10-10 |title=Synthesis, morphology and cytogenetics of ''Raphanofortii'' (TTRR, 2n = 38): a new amphidiploid of hybrid ''Brassica tournefortii'' (TT, 2n = 20) × ''Raphanus caudatus'' (RR, 2n=18) |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5–6 |pages=990–999 |doi=10.1007/s001220051572 |s2cid=22139768 |issn=0040-5752}}</ref>
Currently, it is thought that a great part of the flowering plants have some hybridization and polyploidization among their ancestors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Otto |first1=Sarah P. |last2=Whitton |first2=Jeannette |date=2000 |title=Polyploidy: incidence and evolution |journal=Annual Review of Genetics |volume=34 |pages=401–437 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.401 |pmid=11092833}}</ref>
==Taxonomy== In 1825, Augustin Sageret published the name ''Brassico-raphanus''. He intended it as a hybrid genus name, but at that time, for successful publication as a hybrid genus name, he should have given the parent genera in Latin, rather than French as he did.<ref name=IPNI_60456470-2>{{IPNI|taxon=''Brassico-raphanus'' |authority=Sageret|id=60456470-2|access-date=2025-12-30|mode=cs1}}</ref> The hyphen is removed as per the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, giving ''Brassicoraphanus''.<ref name=IPNI_60456471-2/> Names using the hybrid symbol × were published later, in 1929<ref name=IPNI_60456471-2>{{IPNI|taxon=''× Brassicoraphanus'' |authority=E.Fukush..|id=60456471-2|access-date=2025-12-30|mode=cs1}}</ref> and 1932.<ref name=IPNI_77254599-1>{{IPNI|taxon=''× Brassicoraphanus'' |authority=Terasawa|id=77254599-1|access-date=2025-12-30|mode=cs1}}</ref> In 1929, Georgii Karpechenko published the name × ''Raphanobrassica'' for the same combination of genera.<ref name=IPNI_77234198-1D>{{IPNI|taxon=''× Raphanobrassica'' |authority=Karpech..|id=77234198-1D|access-date=2025-12-30|mode=cs1}}</ref> {{As of|2025|December}}, sources varied in the authority used and which (if either) of the two genus names they accepted.
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite journal|last=Terasawa|first= Y.|date= 1933|title= Crossing between ''Brassico-raphanus'' and ''B. chinensis'' and ''Raphanus sativus''| journal=Japanese Journal of Genetics|volume= 8|issue=4|pages= 229–230|doi= 10.1266/jjg.8.229|doi-access= free}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Soo-Seong |last2=Lee |first2=Sun-Ae |last3=Yang |first3=Jungmin |last4=Kim |first4=Jongkee |date=2010-11-27 |title=Developing stable progenies of ×Brassicoraphanus, an intergeneric allopolyploid between Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus, through induced mutation using microspore culture |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |language=en |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=885–891 |doi=10.1007/s00122-010-1494-3 |pmid=21113703 |s2cid=22306496 |issn=0040-5752}}
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060614113647/http://holysmoke.org/cretins/speci.htm Observed Instances of Speciation]
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q87139557|from2=Q3758557}}
Category:Brassicaceae genera Category:Speciation events Category:Soviet inventions Category:Russian inventions Category:Plant nothogenera