RWD 13

{{Short description|Polish touring plane of 1935}} {{Infobox aircraft |name =RWD-13 |image =RWD 13 front.jpg |caption =RWD 13 in the Polish Aviation Museum |type =Touring plane |national_origin = Poland |manufacturer =DWL Poland and Rogozarski Yugoslavia |designer = RWD team |first_flight = 15 January 1935 |introduction = 1935 |retired = |status = |primary_user = Poland |more_users = Yugoslavia Romania Brazil |produced = 1935-1939 |number_built =approx. 100 |unit cost = |developed_from = RWD-9 |variants = }} The '''RWD 13''' was a Polish touring plane of 1935, three-seater high-wing monoplane, designed by the RWD team. It was the biggest commercial success of the RWD.

==Development== The '''RWD 13''' was a touring plane, developed from a line of sports planes RWD 6 (a winner of Challenge 1932 international touring aircraft contest) and RWD 9 (a winner of Challenge 1934).<ref name=S>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Heinz A. F. |title=Historische Flugzeuge |date=1968 |publisher=Transpress Veb Verlag für Verkehrswessen |location=Berlin |page=127 |language=German}}</ref> It was designed by Stanisław Rogalski and Jerzy Drzewiecki of the RWD team, in the DWL workshops (''Doświadczalne Warsztaty Lotnicze'') in Warsaw, for and order of the LOPP paramilitary organization. The prototype was constructed using parts of a broken up RWD 6 (initially it was even supposed to be designated RWD 6bis), but its construction was more similar to newer RWD 9. It first flew on 15 January 1935 (registration SP-AOA). Since the RWD 13 was not supposed to be a competition aircraft, the main differences from the RWD 9 were: an inline engine with lower power output, instead of a radial engine, and simpler wing mechanization. It still had advantages, like short take-off and landing and ease of flying, with good stability. By 1939, some 85 were produced. thumb|RWD 13 with Walter Major 4 (SP-AOA), first flight on January 15, 1935 In 1937 an air ambulance variant '''RWD 13S''' was built (prototype markings SP-BFN), with a starboard hatch for stretchers in the fuselage. There was also developed a similar universal variant '''RWD 13TS''' (or ST, or S/T), that could be converted from a touring plane to an ambulance by removing the right-hand seat. By 1939, 15 RWD 13S were made, including a few RWD 13TS. A development of the RWD 13 was the five-seater RWD 15.

A licence was sold to Yugoslavia in 1938 and made four RWD 13, and two RWD 13s were produced 1939 there by Rogožarski. All four RWD 13s were converted in 1939 into ambulance RWD 13S aircraft.<ref>Петровић, Огњан М. (3/2004.). "Војни аероплани Краљевине СХС/Југославије (Део II: 1931 – 1941.)" (in (Serbian)). Лет - Flight 3: 42-44. {{ISSN|1450-684X}}.</ref>

A flying replica of the RWD 13 is under construction in Poland (as of 2008).

===Design=== Three-seater sports and touring strutted high-wing monoplane of a mixed construction. A fuselage of a metal frame, covered with canvas, in engine section with aluminium sheets. Two-spar rectangular wing of wooden construction, covered with canvas and plywood in front. Wings folded rearwards, and were equipped with automatic slats. Cantilever empennage, covered with plywood (stabilizers) and canvas (rudder and elevators). Closed cabin with three seats: two front seats fitted with dual controls, behind them a third seat and a space for a luggage. The cabin had a pair of doors. In RWD 13S there were two seats on the left side, and stretchers on the right. The single engine in front was a 4-cylinder air-cooled inverted straight engine 130 hp Walter Major 4, PZInż. Major (licensed Walter Major), or a de Havilland Gipsy Major. The propeller was a two-blade wooden Szomański of a fixed pitch. The landing gear was conventional, with a rear skid. The fuel tanks were in the wings with a capacity of 140 L.<ref name=S/> Fuel consumption of the aircraft was 28 litres/hour.

==Operational history==

===Poland=== Most RWD 13s were used by the Polish civilian aviation, initially, the Polish Aero Club (they were funded by the Ministry of Communication or the LOPP paramilitary organization - Air and Anti-gas Defence League). Three were used by the Ministry of Communication as utility aircraft, two were used by the LOT Polish Airlines, and several were in hands of private owners and companies.

The Polish Aero Club aircraft were also used for sport flying, taking part in numerous international contests and rallies, taking high places. Among others, they took the 1st, 4th, 6th and 7th places in a touring aircraft competition during the 4th International Air Meeting in Zurich in 1937. The RWD 13S won a prize of Esch town for the best air ambulance of an International Ambulance Aircraft Contest in Esch, Luxembourg in July 1938 (the contest itself was won by another Polish plane, the LWS-2).

[[File:RWD 13.jpg|thumb|right|RWD 13 'SP-BNU' in the Polish Aviation Museum]] Most air ambulances RWD 13S belonged to the Polish Red Cross, five to the Polish Air Force, but they carried civilian markings as well. Several (at least five) RWD 13, not counting air ambulances, were mobilized after the start of World War II and used as liaison aircraft during the Polish September Campaign. Some aircraft were evacuated to neighbouring countries, some were destroyed or seized by the Germans.

Most Polish RWD 13 were painted red, with a silver lightning painted on a fuselage and silver wings. RWD 13S were painted in ivory, with Red Cross markings, while RWD 13TS were painted in ivory, with a red lightning on the fuselage.

Only four RWD 13 were used in Poland after the war, that were returned by Romania in 1947 (in 1948 the Polish communist government lost interest in all Polish pre-war equipment remaining abroad). They were used until 1953-1955, with registrations: SP-MSZ (owned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MSZ in short), SP-ARG, SP-ARH, SP-ARL. SP-ARL is currently preserved in the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, with its pre-war registration SP-BNU (formerly used by LOT Polish Airlines).

===Spain=== Around 20 RWD 13s were exported before World War II. Four were sold to Spain by SEPEWE and were used as liaison aircraft by Franco's Aviación Nacional during the Spanish Civil War, under the name ''Polaca'' (numbers: 30-1 - 30-4). After the civil war, the remaining ones were used in aero clubs.

===Brasil=== In 1937-1938, eight RWD 13 were sold to Brazil and used there until the 1960s. One of them still remains in airworthy condition (PT-LFY).<ref name="Stefanicki">{{cite web |last1=Stefanicki |first1=Maciej |title=Samoloty RWD w Brazylii, Izraelu i USA |url=http://www.samoloty.ow.pl/str356.htm |website=samoloty.ow |accessdate=30 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709054823/http://www.samoloty.ow.pl/str356.htm |archivedate=9 July 2007 |language=Polish}}</ref>

===Palestine/Israel=== [[File:RWD 13 - Air dropping supplies to Yehiam, 1948.jpg|thumb|VQ-PAL dropping supplies to isolated Yehiam, northern Palestine, January 1948]] Two or three RWD 13 were sold to Jewish owners in Palestine. With the formation of the Sherut Avir, the air arm of the Haganah, in November 1947 two were included in its inventory. On 17 December 1947, one of them undertook the first air attack, with hand grenades and handguns, during the Israeli-Arab skirmishes (earlier, on 15 June 1936, an RWD 13 was the first aircraft to land in Tel Aviv). The two RWD 13s were among the first aircraft of the newly created Israeli Air Force, and were used for liaison and transport during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.<ref name="Stefanicki"/>

===Romania=== After the outbreak of World War II, 28 Polish RWD 13 were evacuated to Romania (23 RWD 13 and 5 RWD 13S). After the fall of Poland, they were taken over by Romanian civil and military aviation. After Romania joined the war on the Axis side and took part in the attack on the USSR, RWD 13 were used as liaison aircraft by the Air Force. Especially famous were air ambulances, used by the "Escadrila Albă" (White Squadron), flown by women. Twenty-one survived the war and the remaining ones were used in Romania until the 1950s.

===Other countries=== A single aircraft was used in Estonia. Two RWD 13, sent to the World's Fair, were sold after the outbreak of war in 1939 and used in the United States (N20651 and N20652), where their structure was modified by Lt. Joseph Malejki.<ref name=Malejki>{{cite web |title=Joseph Malejki - WWII Serviceman - 82FG - Squadron |url=http://www.82fg.org/malejki-joseph-m8725-82fg.cfm |website=www.82fg.org |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> Three (or one) aircraft were sold to Yemen. Several RWD 13 were evacuated to Latvia and they were probably later seized by the Soviets.

==Operators==

===Military operators=== ;{{BRA}} *Brazilian Air Force ;{{EST}} *Estonian Air Force operated one RWD 13S evacuated in September 1939 to Estonia. ;{{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia}} *Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia 1 ex-Royal Yugoslav Air Force. ;{{ISR}} *Sherut Avir ;{{flag|Germany|Nazi}} *Luftwaffe operated captured aircraft. ;{{POL}} *Polish Air Force ;{{flag|Romania|1867}} *Royal Romanian Air Force **''Escadrila Albă'' *Transnistrian air section ;{{SWE}} *Swedish Air Force operated single RWD 13 (under the designation '''Tp 11''') evacuated to Sweden in September 1939 ;{{flag|Spanish State|1938}} *Spanish Air Force ;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} *Yugoslav Royal Air Force operated Yugoslavian-made two RWD 13s, and two RWD 13S.

===Civil operators=== ;{{EST}} ;{{flag|Iran|1925}} *In May 1939, a single RWD 13 (SP-BNY) was given by the President of Poland to the Persian heir Mohammed Reza Pahlavi as a wedding gift. ;{{flag|British Mandate for Palestine}} *Aviron company operated 2 or 3 RWD 13s (registered as VQ-PAL and VQ-PAM) until 1948 when two aircraft were handed over to Israeli Air Force. ;{{POL}} *''Aeroklub Polski'' *LOT Polish Airlines ;{{flag|Romania}} ;{{flag|Spanish State}} ;{{SWE}} *After the war ex-Swedish Air Force aircraft was used with civilian markings SE-AOF until 1951. ;{{flag|United States|1912}} ;{{flagicon|Yemen|1927}} Kingdom of Yemen ;{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} *''SU Belgrade'' operated 2 RWD 13 aircraft.<ref name=GY>{{cite web |url=http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_YU-.html |title=Civil Aircraft Register - Yugoslavia |accessdate=30 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Specifications == thumb {{Aircraft specs | ref = ''Polish aircraft 1893-1939'' <ref name=Cynk>{{cite book |last1=Cynk |first1=Jerzy B |title=Polish aircraft 1893-1939 |publisher=Putnam |date=1971 |isbn=0-370-00085-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/polishaircraft1800cynk/page/539 539-546] |url=https://archive.org/details/polishaircraft1800cynk/page/539 }}</ref> | prime units? = met | crew = 1 or 2 | capacity = 1 or 2 passengers | length m = 7.85 | length note = | span m = 11.6 | span note = | height m = 2.05 | height note = | wing area sqm = 16 | wing area note = | aspect ratio =  | airfoil = IAW-192 (PZL-DJ3)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref> | empty weight kg = 530 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = 890 | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 930 | max takeoff weight note = | fuel capacity = {{cvt|140|L|USgal impgal}} in wing root tanks | more general =  | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = PZInż. Major | eng1 type = 4-cylinder air-cooled inverted in-line piston engine | eng1 hp = 120-130 | eng1 note = ::::or similar engines such as Walter Major or de Havilland Gipsy Major I | prop blade number = 2 | prop name = Szomański fixed-pitch wooden propeller | prop dia m =  | prop dia note =  | max speed kmh = 210 | max speed note = at sea level | cruise speed kmh = 180 | cruise speed note = *'''Landing speed:''' {{cvt|67|km/h|mph kn}} | stall speed kmh = | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = 900 | range note = | combat range km = | combat range note = | ferry range km = | ferry range note = | endurance =  | ceiling m = 4200 | ceiling note = | g limits =  | roll rate =  | climb rate ms = 3.8 | climb rate note = {{citation needed|date=October 2019}} | time to altitude = {{cvt|1000|m}} in 4 minutes 20 seconds | wing loading kg/m2 = 55.6 | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | power/mass = {{cvt|0.066|hp/lb|order=flip}} | more performance =  }}

==See also== {{aircontent| |related= *RWD 6 *RWD 9 *RWD 15 *RWD 20 |similar aircraft= *de Havilland Puss Moth *LWS-2 *SAI KZ III |lists= * List of aircraft of World War II |see also= *RWD 8 }}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Bibliography== *{{cite journal |last1=Arraez Cerda|first1=Juan|title=Les avions polonais de l'aviation nationaliste: PWS-10 et RWD-13|journal=Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire |date=December 2001 |issue=105 |pages=38–43 |trans-title=Polish Aircraft of the Nationalist Air Force: The PWS-10 and RWD-13|language=fr |issn=1243-8650}}

==Further reading== * {{cite book |last1=Glass |first1=Andrzej |title=Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893–1939 |date=1977 |publisher=WKiŁ |location=Warsaw |pages=313–318 |language=Polish}} *{{cite journal | last=Петровић |first=Огњан М. | date = 2004 | title = Војни аероплани Краљевине СХС/Југославије (Део II: 1931 – 1941.) | journal = Лет - Flight | volume = 3 | publisher = Музеј југословенског ваздухопловства | location = -{YU}--Београд | language = Serbian | issn = 1450-684X | pages = 42–44 }}

==External links== {{commons category|RWD 13}} *[http://www.airwar.ru/enc/law1/rwd13.html Photos and drawings of RWD 13] and [http://www.airwar.ru/enc/law1/rwd13s.html RWD 13S] at [http://www.airwar.ru Ugolok Neba] site *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120711012651/http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/reg_YU-.htm Civil Aircraft Register - Yugoslavija] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070702074127/http://www.samoloty.ow.pl/str353.htm Andrzej Glass: "Samoloty RWD 13 w Rumunii"] {{in lang|pl}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070709054823/http://www.samoloty.ow.pl/str356.htm Maciej Stefanicki: "Samoloty RWD w Brazylii, Izraelu i USA"] {{in lang|pl}}

Category:1930s Polish civil utility aircraft Category:RWD aircraft Category:High-wing aircraft Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1935 Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear Category:Single-engined piston aircraft